@article{KomsiyskaBuchbergerDiehletal.2021, author = {Komsiyska, Lidiya and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ehrensberger, Moritz and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Critical review of intelligent battery systems}, volume = {14}, pages = {5989}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwertnerBuchbergerDiehletal.2025, author = {Schwertner, Stefan and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ferg, Rebekka and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Scholz, Florian and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles}, volume = {11}, pages = {11110424}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery's operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption.}, language = {en} } @article{HanzlHartmannHoelzleetal.2021, author = {Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters}, volume = {14}, journal = {IET Power Electronics}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1755-4543}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088}, pages = {1073 -- 1088}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMaderLotharetal.2017, author = {Hartmann, Christoph and Mader, Ralph and Lothar, Michel and Ebert, Christos and Margull, Ulrich}, title = {Massive Parallelization of Real-World Automotive Real-Time Software by GPGPU}, booktitle = {ARCS 2017: 30th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4395-7}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7948559}, pages = {101 -- 108}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannMargull2019, author = {Hartmann, Christoph and Margull, Ulrich}, title = {GPUart - An application-based limited preemptive GPU real-time scheduler for embedded systems}, volume = {2019}, journal = {Journal of Systems Architecture}, number = {97}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1383-7621}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2018.10.005}, pages = {304 -- 319}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @article{PrueferWeisserGlushychetal.2025, author = {Pr{\"u}fer, Kevin and Weisser, Eduard and Glushych, Viktor and Tr{\"o}ber, Philipp and Hartmann, Christoph and Volk, Wolfram}, title = {Seebeck Coefficient Modification via Extreme High-Speed Laser Material Deposition for Tool Materials}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {137}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.02.265}, pages = {265 -- 270}, year = {2025}, abstract = {During blanking and cold forming of metals, thermoelectricity almost always occurs. While thermoelectric voltages can be used for temperature measurement via a tool-workpiece thermocouple, currents significantly influence adhesion formation. In both cases, the thermoelectric behavior of tool and workpiece materials, characterized by the Seebeck coefficient, plays a decisive role. While a large difference in coefficients increases the accuracy of temperature measurement, similar coefficients improve wear behavior. Currently, there is no method to adjust the Seebeck coefficient of materials without experimental procedures, which restricts the selection of tool materials based on their Seebeck coefficient. This study presents a novel approach for adjusting the Seebeck coefficient of tool steels using tailored coatings applied by extreme high-speed laser material deposition (EHLA). Therefore, an analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of chemical composition, substrate material and its heat treatment on the thermoelectric and mechanical behavior of the coating. The results demonstrate that targeted modification via tailored EHLA coatings is possible.}, language = {en} }