@inproceedings{HuebnerFacchiMeyeretal.2013, author = {H{\"u}bner, Andreas and Facchi, Christian and Meyer, Markus and Janicke, Helge}, title = {A Model-Based Approach for RFID Application Testing}, booktitle = {Proceedings: 12th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, TrustCom 2013; 11th IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, ISPA-13; 12th IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications, IUCC-2013}, editor = {O'Conner, Lisa}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Los Alamitos}, isbn = {978-0-7695-5022-0}, issn = {2324-898X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TrustCom.2013.181}, pages = {1490 -- 1497}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{SpethRieblBrandmeieretal.2016, author = {Speth, Thomas and Riebl, Raphael and Brandmeier, Thomas and Facchi, Christian and Jumar, Ulrich and Al-Bayatti, Ali H.}, title = {VANET Coverage Analysis for GPS Augmentation Data in Rural Area}, volume = {49}, journal = {IFAC-PapersOnLine}, number = {30}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2405-8963}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.112}, pages = {245 -- 250}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @techreport{BroyFacchiGrosuetal.1993, author = {Broy, Manfred and Facchi, Christian and Grosu, Radu and Hettler, Rudi and Hussmann, Heinrich and Nazareth, Dieter and Regensburger, Franz and Slotosch, Oscar and St{\o}len, Ketil}, title = {The Requirement and Design Specification Language SPECTRUM}, series = {TUM-Info. 9312}, subtitle = {An Informal Introduction : Version 1.0. Part II}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, pages = {96}, year = {1993}, language = {en} } @article{FloresFernandezWurstSanchezMoralesetal.2022, author = {Flores Fern{\´a}ndez, Alberto and Wurst, Jonas and S{\´a}nchez Morales, Eduardo and Botsch, Michael and Facchi, Christian and Garc{\´i}a Higuera, Andr{\´e}s}, title = {Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling for Multi-Modal Vehicle Route Prediction}, volume = {22}, pages = {4498}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {12}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124498}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The prediction of the motion of traffic participants is a crucial aspect for the research and development of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). Recent approaches are based on multi-modal motion prediction, which requires the assignment of a probability score to each of the multiple predicted motion hypotheses. However, there is a lack of ground truth for this probability score in the existing datasets. This implies that current Machine Learning (ML) models evaluate the multiple predictions by comparing them with the single real trajectory labeled in the dataset. In this work, a novel data-based method named Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling (PROMOTING) is introduced in order to (a) generate probable future routes and (b) estimate their probabilities. PROMOTING is presented with the focus on urban intersections. The generation of probable future routes is (a) based on a real traffic dataset and consists of two steps: first, a clustering of intersections with similar road topology, and second, a clustering of similar routes that are driven in each cluster from the first step. The estimation of the route probabilities is (b) based on a frequentist approach that considers how traffic participants will move in the future given their motion history. PROMOTING is evaluated with the publicly available Lyft database. The results show that PROMOTING is an appropriate approach to estimate the probabilities of the future motion of traffic participants in urban intersections. In this regard, PROMOTING can be used as a labeling approach for the generation of a labeled dataset that provides a probability score for probable future routes. Such a labeled dataset currently does not exist and would be highly valuable for ML approaches with the task of multi-modal motion prediction. The code is made open source.}, language = {en} } @article{NeumeierBajpaiNeumeieretal.2022, author = {Neumeier, Stefan and Bajpai, Vaibhav and Neumeier, Marion and Facchi, Christian and Ott, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Data Rate Reduction for Video Streams in Teleoperated Driving}, volume = {23}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems}, number = {10}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, issn = {1558-0016}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3171718}, pages = {19145 -- 19160}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiFacchiFestag2022, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Facchi, Christian and Festag, Andreas}, title = {Cooperative Driving: Research on Generic Decentralized Maneuver Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles}, booktitle = {Smart Cities, Green Technologies, and Intelligent Transport Systems: 10th International Conference, SMARTGREENS 2021, and 7th International Conference, VEHITS 2021, Virtual Event, April 28-30, 2021, Revised Selected Papers}, editor = {Klein, Cornel and Jarke, Matthias and Helfert, Markus and Berns, Karsten and Gusikhin, Oleg}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-17097-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_18}, pages = {348 -- 370}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiFacchiFestag2024, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Facchi, Christian and Festag, Andreas}, title = {A Framework of Use Cases, Scenarios, and Metrics for Evaluation of V2X Maneuver Coordination}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-6270-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC61989.2024.10575992}, pages = {1 -- 8}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiLoboFacchi2024, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Lobo, Silas and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Prioritization of Maneuver Coordination Messages and the Impact of Decentralized Congestion Control}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 99th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Spring): Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-8741-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Spring62846.2024.10683237}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @article{RieblMonzVargaetal.2016, author = {Riebl, Raphael and Monz, Markus and Varga, Simon and Maglaras, Leandros and Janicke, Helge and Al-Bayatti, Ali H. and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Improved Security Performance for VANET Simulations}, volume = {49}, journal = {IFAC-PapersOnLine}, number = {30}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2405-8963}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.173}, pages = {233 -- 238}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiFacchi2023, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Decentralized V2X Priority Maneuver Coordination: Evaluation in Small Scale Scenarios}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE International Automated Vehicle Validation Conference (IAVVC), Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IAVVC57316.2023.10328122}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiFacchi2024, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Decentralized V2X Maneuver Sharing and Coordination Message for Cooperative Driving: Analysis in Mixed Traffic}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-9946-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421976}, pages = {5182 -- 5189}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiFacchi2023, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Negotiation Patterns for V2X Cooperative Driving: How complex Maneuver Coordination can be?}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 98th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Fall), Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-2928-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333579}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LoboBarbosadaSilvaFacchi2024, author = {Lobo, Silas and Barbosa da Silva, Leonardo and Facchi, Christian}, title = {To Cluster or not to Cluster: A VRU Clustering Based on V2X Communication}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-9946-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422659}, pages = {2218 -- 2225}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LoboNeumeierFernandezetal.2022, author = {Lobo, Silas and Neumeier, Stefan and Fernandez, Evelio and Facchi, Christian}, title = {InTAS: The Ingolstadt Traffic Scenario for SUMO}, booktitle = {SUMO User Conference 2020}, editor = {Alvarez Lopez, Pablo and Banse Bueno, Olaf Angelo and Armellini, Maria Giuliana and Behrisch, Michael and Bieker-Walz, Laura and Erdmann, Jakob and Fl{\"o}tter{\"o}d, Yun-Pang and Hilbrich, Robert and Nippold, Ronald and Rummel, Johannes and Schwamborn, Matthias and Wagner, Peter and Weber, Melanie}, publisher = {TIB Open Publishing}, address = {Hannover}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.52825/scp.v1i.102}, pages = {73 -- 92}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @misc{TrappFacchi2007, author = {Trapp, Peter and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Performance improvement using dynamic performance stubs}, series = {Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers (14)}, editor = {Der Pr{\"a}sident der Fachhochschule Ingolstadt,}, publisher = {Fachhochschule Ingolstadt}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, issn = {1612-6483}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-292}, pages = {13}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Dynamic Performance Stubs support performance improvement. They can be used to identify "hidden" bottlenecks and also to provide better estimations of the gain from performance improvement. The idea behind these stubbing mechanism will be described, the core concept will be explained and a closer look on the possibility of creating stubs will be given. Furthermore an introduction on "How to use dynamic performance stubs" is also included.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DietlFacchi2025, author = {Dietl, Laura and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Really, Pedestrian Trajectories: How Realistic are the Datasets?}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-3803-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097441}, pages = {301 -- 308}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @misc{RoeglingerFacchi2009, author = {R{\"o}glinger, Sebastian and Facchi, Christian}, title = {How can Car2X-Communication improve road safety}, series = {Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers (15)}, subtitle = {a statistical based selection and discussion of feasible scenarios}, editor = {Der Pr{\"a}sident der Hochschule f{\"u}r angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt,}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, issn = {1612-6483}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-309}, pages = {10}, year = {2009}, abstract = {A lot of applications have been sketched in the area of Car2X-Communication. Safety aspects are often mentioned among others as a motivation for Car2X-Communication systems. We present a statistical based selection of feasible applications with the goal of increasing safety. Therefore the official statistical information of the year 2007 has been considered. Additionally we will present some consequences for the introduction of Car2X-Communication systems including infrastructure.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DietlFacchi2025, author = {Dietl, Laura and Facchi, Christian}, title = {A Glimpse into the Future: An Inverse Soft Q-Learning's Soft Actor-Critic Approach for Pedestrian Path Prediction}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-3803-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097431}, pages = {111 -- 118}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @misc{TrappMeyerFacchi2011, author = {Trapp, Peter and Meyer, Markus and Facchi, Christian}, title = {How to Correctly Simulate Memory Allocation Behavior of Applications by Calibrating Main Memory Stubs}, series = {Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers (20)}, editor = {Der Pr{\"a}sident der Hochschule f{\"u}r angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt,}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, issn = {1612-6483}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-360}, pages = {23}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Dynamic performance stubs provide a framework to simulate the performance behavior of software modules and functions. Hence, they can be used as an extension to software performance engineering methodologies. The methodology of dynamic performance stubs targets to gain oriented performance improvement. Other applications include the identification of "hidden" bottlenecks and the prioritization of optimization alternatives. Main memory stubs have been developed to extend the simulation possibilities of the dynamic performance stubs framework. They are able to simulate the heap and stack behavior of software modules or functions. This paper extends and improves the simulation algorithm to be able to simulate constant stack values. Moreover, it presents calibration possibilities to improve the simulation results by determining the various overhead in the algorithm. The results are furthermore used to compensate inaccuracies in the simulation. Additionally, a proof of concept is given as validation of the results. This paper shows that, main memory stubs can be used to simulate the heap, stack and timing behavior exactly when considering the parameters determined by the calibration functions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiFestagFacchi2021, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Festag, Andreas and Facchi, Christian}, title = {A Survey on Decentralized Cooperative Maneuver Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-513-5}, issn = {2184-495X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0010442501000111}, pages = {100 -- 111}, year = {2021}, abstract = {V2X communications can be applied for maneuver coordination of automated vehicles, where the vehicles exchange messages to inform each other of their driving intentions and to negotiate for joint maneuvers. For motion and maneuver planning of automated vehicles, the cooperative maneuver coordination extends the perception range of the sensors, enhances the planning horizon and allows complex interactions among the vehicles. For specific scenarios, various schemes for maneuver coordination of connected automated vehicles exist. Recently, several proposals for maneuver coordination have been made that address generic instead of specific scenarios and apply different schemes for the message exchange of driving intentions and maneuver negotiation. This paper presents use cases for maneuver coordination and classifies existing generic approaches for decentralized maneuver coordination considering implicit and explicit trajectory broadcast, cost values and space-time reservation. We systematically describe the approaches, compare them and derive future research topics.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ChoutaUlasFacchi2025, author = {Chouta, Gnanambica and Ulas, Basak and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Enhancing V2X Simulation Framework for Motorcycles}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE International Automated Vehicle Validation Conference (IAVVC) Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-2526-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IAVVC61942.2025.11219479}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ObermaierRieblAlBayattietal.2019, author = {Obermaier, Christina and Riebl, Raphael and Al-Bayatti, Ali H. and Facchi, Christian and Khan, Sarmadullah}, title = {Limitations of HIL Test Architectures for Car2X Communication Devices and Applications}, booktitle = {Proceedings CSCS 2019: ACM Computer Science in Cars Symposium}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7004-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3359999.3360493}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HuebnerFacchiJanicke2012, author = {H{\"u}bner, Andreas and Facchi, Christian and Janicke, Helge}, title = {Rifidi Toolkit: virtuality for testing RFID systems}, booktitle = {ICSNC 2012: The Seventh International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications}, editor = {Borcoci, Eugen and Manoharan, Sathiamoorthy}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-61208-231-8}, url = {http://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article\&articleid=icsnc_2012_1_10_20086}, pages = {1 -- 6}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MeyerJanickeTrappetal.2011, author = {Meyer, Markus and Janicke, Helge and Trapp, Peter and Facchi, Christian and Busch, Marcel}, title = {Performance Simulation of a System's Parallelization}, booktitle = {ICSEA 2011: The Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering Advances}, editor = {Lavazza, Luigi and Fernandez-Sanz, Luis and Panchenko, Oleksandr and Kanstr{\´e}n, Teemu}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-61208-165-6}, issn = {2308-4235}, url = {http://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article\&articleid=icsea_2011_10_20_10141}, pages = {233 -- 238}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @article{TrappMeyerFacchietal.2011, author = {Trapp, Peter and Meyer, Markus and Facchi, Christian and Janicke, Helge and Siewe, Fran{\c{c}}ois}, title = {Building CPU Stubs to Optimize CPU Bound Systems: An Application of Dynamic Performance Stubs}, volume = {4}, journal = {International Journal on Advances in Software}, number = {1\&2}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, issn = {1942-2628}, url = {https://www.iariajournals.org/software/tocv4n12.html}, pages = {189 -- 206}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LoboBarbosadaSilvaFacchi2025, author = {Lobo, Silas and Barbosa da Silva, Leonardo and Facchi, Christian}, title = {VRU Basic Service: A V2X Comprehensive Analysis in a VRU Large-Scale Scenario}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)}, editor = {Aguiar, Ana and Higuchi, Takamasa and Sargento, Susana and Vinel, Alexey and Memedi, Agon}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-2437-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054143}, pages = {116 -- 123}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @article{MaksimovskiFestagFacchi2026, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Festag, Andreas and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Adaptive Message Generation Rules for V2X Maneuver Coordination Service}, volume = {14}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364}, pages = {6417 -- 6437}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Maneuver coordination enables connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to collaboratively plan, negotiate, and execute driving maneuvers, aiming to enhance safety, traffic flow, and energy efficiency. As part of the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication system, it operates as a dedicated service that relies on detailed, bidirectional interactions between vehicles, unlike traditional broadcast-based V2X services. While maneuver coordination is the focus of ongoing research and standardization, the rules that govern when and how vehicles generate Maneuver Coordination Messages (MCMs) within the Maneuver Coordination Service (MCS) are still not fully defined. These rules are essential for ensuring timely and reliable coordination. This paper proposes three adaptive MCM generation strategies based on the operation mode of the MCS, maneuver priority, and current channel load. The first approach defines MCM rules for intent sharing, maneuver negotiation, and execution phases, factoring in maneuver importance. The second adjusts the frequency of intent MCMs when a negotiation message is received from another vehicle. The third adapts frequency based on real-time channel load during intent sharing. For comparison, two baseline strategies are also evaluated. The proposed rules are tested for highway merging and lane change use cases in traffic scenarios with increasing vehicle density and high channel loads. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using metrics related to the network, message generation frequency, congestion control, and maneuver coordination. The results demonstrate significantly enhanced channel efficiency and communication reliability across all metrics. For example, under the final approach, maneuver negotiation time is reduced by a factor of five in congested V2X environments.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaksimovskiLoboFacchi2026, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Lobo, Silas and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Efficient Channel Load Reduction for V2X Maneuver Coordination Service}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE 102nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Fall): Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-0320-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2025-Fall65116.2025.11310480}, year = {2026}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HuebnerFacchiMeyeretal.2013, author = {H{\"u}bner, Andreas and Facchi, Christian and Meyer, Markus and Janicke, Helge}, title = {RFID systems from a cyber-physical systems perspective}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems}, editor = {Kucera, Markus and Waas, Thomas}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-3-00-042899-9}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6664946}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FacchiHaubnerHinkel1997, author = {Facchi, Christian and Haubner, Markus and Hinkel, Ursula}, title = {The SDL Specification of the Sliding Window Protocol Revisited}, booktitle = {SDL '97: Time for Testing: SDL, MSC and Trends}, editor = {Cavalli, Ana and Sarma, Amardeo}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, isbn = {978-0-444-82816-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044482816-3/50034-4}, pages = {507 -- 519}, year = {1997}, language = {en} }