@article{KomsiyskaBuchbergerDiehletal.2021, author = {Komsiyska, Lidiya and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ehrensberger, Moritz and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Critical review of intelligent battery systems}, volume = {14}, pages = {5989}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.}, language = {en} } @article{StoettnerHanzlTerbracketal.2025, author = {St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Hanzl, Christian and Terbrack, Christoph and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Holistic evaluation and optimization of multilevel inverter designs for electric vehicle applications}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Energy Reports}, number = {13}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-4847}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.03.001}, pages = {3561 -- 3573}, year = {2025}, abstract = {To advance the development of multilevel inverters (MLIs) for electric vehicle applications, this study introduces novel asymmetric MLI (AMLI) configurations featuring buffer modules to enhance efficiency. A comprehensive comparative analysis of 125 distinct inverter systems is conducted, integrating five different microtopologies and 25 representative symmetrical MLI (SMLI) and AMLI systems. Unlike previous studies, this work employs a successive design process with a graph-based approach to systematically minimize conduction losses. Furthermore, experimental loss measurements ensure practical relevance. By applying Pareto optimization with cost, energy losses, and total harmonic distortion as objective functions, the study identifies the most promising MLI systems among all considered ones. While the cascaded H-bridge MLI emerges as the most cost-effective solution, specific SMLI configurations with 12 or 18 battery cells per module and AMLI designs featuring buffer modules exhibit lower inverter losses. In both cases, the incorporation of microtopologies that enable parallel operation leads to a remarkable reduction in inverter losses by more than 30 \% compared to the least efficient MLI systems. Finally, a comparative assessment against a conventional B6-bridge SiC inverter highlights the significant advantages of these optimized MLI configurations in terms of efficiency and system performance.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinerHeiderHanzletal.2020, author = {Kleiner, Jan and Heider, Alexander and Hanzl, Christian and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Elger, Gordon and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Thermal behavior of an intelligent li-ion cell under vehicle conditions}, booktitle = {Proceedings: IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-5414-5}, issn = {2577-1647}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON43393.2020.9254336}, pages = {2081 -- 2086}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidGebauerHanzletal.2020, author = {Schmid, Michael and Gebauer, Emanuel and Hanzl, Christian and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Active model-based fault diagnosis in reconfigurable battery systems}, volume = {36}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics}, number = {3}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, issn = {1941-0107}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3012964}, pages = {2584 -- 2597}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{HanzlHartmannHoelzleetal.2021, author = {Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters}, volume = {14}, journal = {IET Power Electronics}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1755-4543}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088}, pages = {1073 -- 1088}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MayerArnetGankinetal.2019, author = {Mayer, Sebastian and Arnet, Christian and Gankin, Dennis and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Standardized framework for evaluating centralized and decentralized control systems in modular assembly systems}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-4569-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2019.8914314}, pages = {113 -- 119}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MayerGankinArnetetal.2019, author = {Mayer, Sebastian and Gankin, Dennis and Arnet, Christian and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Adaptive production control with negotiating agents in modular assembly systems}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-4569-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2019.8914498}, pages = {120 -- 127}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GerngrossHerrmannWestermaieretal.2017, author = {Gerngroß, Martin and Herrmann, Patrick and Westermaier, Christian and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Highly flexible needle winding kinematics for traction stators based on a standard industrial robot}, booktitle = {2017 7th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5386-1069-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/EDPC.2017.8328147}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GerngrossHerrmannEndischetal.2019, author = {Gerngroß, Martin and Herrmann, Patrick and Endisch, Christian and Westermaier, Christian}, title = {Optimization of the End Winding Patterns in Needle Wound Traction Stators}, booktitle = {Proceedings, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5386-6959-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMECH.2019.8722897}, pages = {314 -- 320}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @article{StoettnerHanzlEndisch2023, author = {St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Hanzl, Christian and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Experimental investigation of parasitic side effects in MOSFET-based multilevel inverter for electric vehicle applications}, volume = {2023}, pages = {109197}, journal = {Electric Power Systems Research}, number = {218}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1873-2046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109197}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @article{WilliamsNgaleuTheilerStrasseretal.2022, author = {Williams Ngaleu, Guy and Theiler, Michael and Straßer, Xenia and Hanzl, Christian and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Endisch, Christian and Lewerenz, Meinert}, title = {Influence of Switching on the Aging of High Power Lithium-Ion Cells}, volume = {8}, pages = {33}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8040033}, year = {2022}, abstract = {For intelligent battery systems that are able to control the current flow for each individual cell, the multilevel inverter is an interesting approach to replace the bidirectional AC/DC-converter and improve flexibility of charging system and signal quality in both directions. Therefore, the cells are modulated by switching varying the duty cycle, the current and the frequency up to the kHz-range. This is only beneficial if the switching does not lead to a significant additional aging. The scientific gap to assess and understand the impact of switching is investigated in this paper by testing 22 high-power 18650 lithium-ion cells (Samsung 25R). The cells are tested at 50 Hz and 10 kHz switching frequency during charge, discharge and charge/discharge at 50\% duty cycle. The tests are compared to eight reference tests with continuous current flow performed at the average and the maximum current for charge and discharge, respectively. The results are obtained by evaluating the remaining capacity, resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and dV/dQ analysis. Before reaching rollover, the investigated cells lose homogeneity and cathode capacity but no significant difference for the aging parameters are found. After rollover, the cell-to-cell variation is greater than the aging induced by the different cycling parameters.}, language = {en} }