@article{KomsiyskaBuchbergerDiehletal.2021, author = {Komsiyska, Lidiya and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ehrensberger, Moritz and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Critical review of intelligent battery systems}, volume = {14}, pages = {5989}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.}, language = {en} } @article{LiebhartSatzkeKomsiyskaetal.2020, author = {Liebhart, Bernhard and Satzke, Martin and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Application of nonlinear impedance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of lithium-ion battery cells under various operating conditions}, volume = {2020}, pages = {228673}, journal = {Journal of Power Sources}, number = {480}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York}, issn = {1873-2755}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228673}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{LiebhartKomsiyskaEndisch2019, author = {Liebhart, Bernhard and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Passive impedance spectroscopy for monitoring lithium-ion battery cells during vehicle operation}, volume = {2020}, pages = {227297}, journal = {Journal of Power Sources}, number = {449}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York}, issn = {1873-2755}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227297}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @article{HanzlHartmannHoelzleetal.2021, author = {Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters}, volume = {14}, journal = {IET Power Electronics}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1755-4543}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088}, pages = {1073 -- 1088}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchneiderLiebhartEndisch2021, author = {Schneider, Dominik and Liebhart, Bernhard and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Adaptive Variance Estimation of Sensor Noise within a Sensor Data Fusion Framework}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC 2021) Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-9539-1}, issn = {2642-2077}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC50364.2021.9459790}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LiebhartDiehlSchneideretal.2021, author = {Liebhart, Bernhard and Diehl, Simon and Schneider, Dominik and Endisch, Christian and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {Enhancing the Cell Impedance Estimation of a Lithium-Ion Battery System with Embedded Power Path Switches}, booktitle = {APEC 2021: Thirty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-8949-9}, issn = {2470-6647}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487173}, pages = {967 -- 974}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LiebhartDiehlSchmidetal.2021, author = {Liebhart, Bernhard and Diehl, Simon and Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {Improved Impedance Measurements for Electric Vehicles with Reconfigurable Battery Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition - Asia, 2021 (ECCE Asia 2021)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-6344-4}, issn = {2150-6086}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479060}, pages = {1736 -- 1742}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmidLiebhartKleineretal.2021, author = {Schmid, Michael and Liebhart, Bernhard and Kleiner, Jan and Endisch, Christian and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {Online Detection of Soft Internal Short Circuits in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs by Data-Driven Cell Voltage Monitoring}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress \& Exposition - Asia, 2021 (ECCE-Asia 2021)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway (NJ)}, isbn = {978-1-7281-6344-4}, issn = {2150-6086}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479175}, pages = {1711 -- 1718}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LiebhartDiehlEndisch2020, author = {Liebhart, Bernhard and Diehl, Simon and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Sensitivity analysis of battery cell aging estimators based on impedance spectroscopy regarding temperature compensation}, booktitle = {IEEE CCTA 2020, 4th IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-7140-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/CCTA41146.2020.9206395}, pages = {699 -- 705}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchneiderLiebhartEndischetal.2022, author = {Schneider, Dominik and Liebhart, Bernhard and Endisch, Christian and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {Enhanced state and parameter estimation within reconfigurable battery systems for electric vehicles}, booktitle = {2022 12th International Conference on Power, Energy and Electrical Engineering (CPEEE)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-6654-2049-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/CPEEE54404.2022.9738700}, pages = {71 -- 77}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderLiebhartEndisch2021, author = {Schneider, Dominik and Liebhart, Bernhard and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Active state and parameter estimation as part of intelligent battery systems}, volume = {2021}, pages = {102638}, journal = {Journal of Energy Storage}, number = {39}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1538}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102638}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{SchwertnerBuchbergerDiehletal.2025, author = {Schwertner, Stefan and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ferg, Rebekka and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Scholz, Florian and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles}, volume = {11}, pages = {11110424}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery's operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption.}, language = {en} }