@unpublished{SanchezMoralesBotschHuberetal.2020, author = {S{\´a}nchez Morales, Eduardo and Botsch, Michael and Huber, Bertold and Garc{\´i}a Higuera, Andr{\´e}s}, title = {High precision indoor positioning by means of LiDAR}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.06798}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @unpublished{SanchezMoralesMembarthGaulletal.2020, author = {S{\´a}nchez Morales, Eduardo and Membarth, Richard and Gaull, Andreas and Slusallek, Philipp and Dirndorfer, Tobias and Kammenhuber, Alexander and Lauer, Christoph and Botsch, Michael}, title = {Parallel Multi-Hypothesis Algorithm for Criticality Estimation in Traffic and Collision Avoidance}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.06773}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KruberSanchezMoralesChakrabortyetal.2020, author = {Kruber, Friedrich and S{\´a}nchez Morales, Eduardo and Chakraborty, Samarjit and Botsch, Michael}, title = {Vehicle Position Estimation with Aerial Imagery from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.08206}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KruberWurstBotsch2020, author = {Kruber, Friedrich and Wurst, Jonas and Botsch, Michael}, title = {An Unsupervised Random Forest Clustering Technique for Automatic Traffic Scenario Categorization}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.02121}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{DeepHeldSundarRametal.2020, author = {Deep, Yoshana and Held, Patrick and Sundar Ram, Shobha and Steinhauser, Dagmar and Gupta, Anshu and Gruson, Frank and Koch, Andreas and Roy, Anirban}, title = {Radar cross-sections of pedestrians at automotive radar frequencies using ray tracing and point scatterer modelling}, volume = {14}, journal = {IET Radar, Sonar \& Navigation}, number = {6}, publisher = {IET}, address = {Stevenage}, issn = {1751-8792}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2019.0471}, pages = {833 -- 844}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inbook{Hof2020, author = {Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Cybersicherheit f{\"u}r mobile und intelligente Komponenten}, booktitle = {Cybersicherheit f{\"u}r vernetzte Anwendungen in der Industrie 4.0}, subtitle = {Einf{\"u}hrung und Grundlagen}, editor = {Schulz, Thomas}, publisher = {Vogel Communications Group}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-8343-3424-4}, pages = {85 -- 205}, year = {2020}, language = {de} } @article{KundingerMayrRiener2020, author = {Kundinger, Thomas and Mayr, Celena and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Towards a Reliable Ground Truth for Drowsiness: A Complexity Analysis on the Example of Driver Fatigue}, volume = {4}, pages = {78}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, number = {EICS}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, issn = {2573-0142}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3394980}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{FothenBoehmPaula2020, author = {Fothen, Christoph and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Paula, Daniel}, title = {Kann die Verwendung digitaler Fahrzeugdaten zur Rekonstruktion von Verkehrsunf{\"a}llen unterhalb der Schwelle schwerster Unfallereignisse verh{\"a}ltnism{\"a}ßig sein?}, volume = {33}, journal = {NZV: Neue Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Verkehrsrecht}, number = {6}, publisher = {Beck}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, issn = {0934-1307}, url = {https://beck-online.beck.de/Bcid/Y-300-Z-NZV-B-2020-S-284-N-1}, pages = {284 -- 289}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{vonSawitzkyWintersbergerLoeckenetal.2020, author = {von Sawitzky, Tamara and Wintersberger, Philipp and L{\"o}cken, Andreas and Frison, Anna-Katharina and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Augmentation Concepts with HUDs for Cyclists to Improve Road Safety in Shared Spaces}, booktitle = {CHI'20: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6819-3}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3383022}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @misc{OPUS4-1977, title = {International Journal on Advances in Security. 13(1\&2)}, editor = {Hof, Hans-Joachim and Gersbeck-Schierholz, Birgit}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, issn = {1942-2636}, url = {http://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv13n12.html}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RewayFunkDrechslerWachtelGranadoetal.2020, author = {Reway, Fabio and Funk Drechsler, Maikol and Wachtel Granado, Diogo and Huber, Werner}, title = {Validity Analysis of Simulation-based Testing concerning Free-space Detection in Autonomous Driving}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-419-0}, issn = {2184-495X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0009573705520558}, pages = {552 -- 558}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LopesdaSilvaTabataCardosoBrotoetal.2020, author = {Lopes da Silva, Joed and Tabata, Alan Naoto and Cardoso Broto, Lucas and Pereira Cocron, Marta and Zimmer, Alessandro and Brandmeier, Thomas}, title = {Open Source Multipurpose Multimedia Annotation Tool}, booktitle = {Image Analysis and Recognition: 17th International Conference, ICIAR 2020, Proceedings, Part I}, editor = {Campilho, Aur{\´e}lio and Karray, Fakhri and Wang, Zhou}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-50346-8}, issn = {0302-9743}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50347-5_31}, pages = {356 -- 367}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{VriesmanBrittoJuniorZimmeretal.2020, author = {Vriesman, Daniel and Britto Junior, Alceu and Zimmer, Alessandro and Koerich, Alessandro Lameiras}, title = {Texture CNN for thermoelectric metal pipe image classification}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE 31st International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-3798-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTAI.2019.00085}, pages = {569 -- 574}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inbook{KolbWechSchwabeetal.2020, author = {Kolb, Jan Christopher and Wech, Lothar and Schwabe, Martin and Ruzok, Christopher and Trost, Christoph}, title = {Technische Aspekte des automatisierten Fahrens am Projekt des autonomen Shuttlebusses in Bad Birnbach}, booktitle = {Autonome Shuttlebusse im {\"O}PNV}, editor = {Riener, Andreas and Appel, Alexandra and Dorner, Wolfgang and Huber, Thomas and Kolb, Jan Christopher and Wagner, Harry}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-59405-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_5}, pages = {57 -- 91}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Die Entwickler von selbstfahrenden Fahrzeugen sind sich einig, dass es nach heutigem Stand der Technik {\"u}ber eine Milliarde Testkilometer bedarf, um ein autonom fahrendes Fahrzeug zu entwickeln. Daher {\"u}berrascht es nicht, dass der „autonome" Shuttlebus in Bad Birnbach lediglich als teilautomatisiert einzustufen ist. Dennoch ist das Projekt wertvoll, um Erkenntnisse f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von autonomen Fahrzeugen zu erlangen und deren Einsatz im {\"o}ffentlichen Personennahverkehr ({\"O}PNV) beurteilen zu k{\"o}nnen. Im vorliegenden Teilprojekt wurden innerhalb von vier Monaten {\"u}ber dreihundert Situationen dokumentiert, in denen die Fahrt unplanm{\"a}ßig unterbrochen wurde. Diese wurden anschließend ausgewertet und teilweise in Versuchen nachgestellt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass der Shuttlebus im aktuellen Betriebsmodell unfallfrei fahren kann. Allerdings ist f{\"u}r das unfall- und unterbrechungsfreie Fahren der durch die Zulassungsauflagen vorgeschriebene Operator an Bord zwingend erforderlich. Dieser muss an verschiedenen Stellen der Strecke - inklusive der Haltestellen - die Weiterfahrt best{\"a}tigen, den Bus um Hindernisse lenken und bei einem drohenden Unfall eingreifen. Ohne Operator k{\"a}me es zur Kollision, da die Technik des Busses nicht alle kritischen Situationen erkennt. Der Bus kann im aktuellen Entwicklungsstand weder fahrerlos betrieben noch als zuverl{\"a}ssige Erg{\"a}nzung im {\"O}PNV eingesetzt werden. Der Bus stellt dennoch einen wichtigen Schritt in Richtung autonomen Fahrens dar, welches weiterhin im Rahmen zuk{\"u}nftiger Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekte vorangetrieben werden muss.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{NeumeierHoeppFacchi2020, author = {Neumeier, Stefan and H{\"o}pp, Michael and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Yet Another Driving Simulator OpenROUTS3D: The Driving Simulator for Teleoperated Driving}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE ICCVE, The 8th IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), November 4-8, 2019, 2019 Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-0142-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVE45908.2019.8965037}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DeloozFestag2020, author = {Delooz, Quentin and Festag, Andreas}, title = {Network Load Adaptation for Collective Perception in V2X Communication}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE ICCVE, The 8th IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), November 4-8, 2019, 2019 Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-0142-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVE45908.2019.8964988}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{WeiglPonocny2020, author = {Weigl, Klemens and Ponocny, Ivo}, title = {Group sequential designs applied in psychological research}, volume = {16}, journal = {Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences}, number = {1}, publisher = {PsychOpen}, address = {Trier}, issn = {1614-2241}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.2811}, pages = {75 -- 91}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Psychological research is confronted with ever-increasing demands to save resources such as time and money while assuring high ethical standards. In medical and pharmaceutical research, group sequential designs have fundamentally changed traditional statistical testing approaches featuring only one analysis at the end of a single-stage study. They enable early stopping at an interim stage, after a group of observations, for efficacy or futility in case of an overwhelmingly large or small effect, respectively. Otherwise, the trial is continued to the next stage. On average over many studies time and money are saved and more ethical trials are facilitated by diminishing the risk of patients' exposure to inferior treatments. We provide an easy-to-use tutorial for psychological research replete with easily understandable figures highlighting the core idea of different group sequential designs, a workflow chart, an empirical real-world data set, and the annotated R code. Finally, we demonstrate the application of early stopping for efficacy.}, language = {en} } @article{SequeiraPatelAfrajetal.2020, author = {Sequeira, Gerald Joy and Patel, Akshay and Afraj, Shahabaz and Lugner, Robert and Brandmeier, Thomas}, title = {FEM-based methodology for crash severity estimation in frontal crash scenarios}, volume = {2020}, pages = {012019}, journal = {IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering}, number = {831}, publisher = {IOP}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1757-899X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/831/1/012019}, year = {2020}, abstract = {With the technological development of forward-looking sensors, researchers are exploring their use not only for advanced driver assistance systems but also to gain important pre-crash information. Based on this pre-crash information, if the occupant motion inside the vehicle structure can be predicted for the oncoming crash scenario, then an optimal restraint strategy can be planned before the crash. This paper introduces a two-step FEM simulation based methodology for predicting the occupant severity in head-on crash scenarios. In the first step, we simulate the vehicle level model with different impact positions and relative approach angles. The results of these simulations, linear velocities in the longitudinal and lateral direction and angular velocities (roll, pitch, and yaw) during in-crash phase are the loading conditions for next simulation step (occupant level). This step simulates the motion of the driver in different crash scenarios. In this paper, we investigate the head, neck, and chest injury risks from vehicle-to-vehicle crash both traveling at 50 kilometers per hour. Prediction of the head injury criterion, identifying the cases where additional deployment of side-airbags and discussion of injury criteria with contour plots are the main outcome of this paper.}, language = {en} } @article{GeisbauerWoehrlMittmannetal.2020, author = {Geisbauer, Christian and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Mittmann, Christoph and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Review of Safety Aspects of Calendar Aged Lithium Ion Batteries}, volume = {167}, pages = {090523}, journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, number = {9}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1945-7111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Nowadays, lithium ion batteries have found their place in a various field of portable applications. With the upcoming of electrically propelled vehicles, it is mandatory to guarantee a safe and predictable behavior during the whole lifetime and not only after manufacturing during performance tests. To gain a general overview of the abuse behavior, research on the topic of abusive tests on calendar-aged cells is being investigated, split up depending on the electrode composition and lined up against each other. It can be shown, that almost all abuse experiments have been performed with external heating tests in the past, still leaving research gaps that need to be filled.}, language = {en} } @article{StegerNitscheArbesmeieretal.2020, author = {Steger, Fabian and Nitsche, Alexander and Arbesmeier, Alexander and Brade, Katja and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Belski, Iouri}, title = {Teaching Battery Basics in Laboratories: Hands-On Versus Simulated Experiments}, volume = {63}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Education}, number = {3}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, issn = {1557-9638}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554}, pages = {198 -- 208}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Contribution: Prior studies comparing the effectiveness of different laboratory learning modes do not allow one to draw a universally valid conclusion, as other influences are mixed with the learning modes. In order to contribute to the existing body of work and to add another piece to the puzzle, this article demonstrates an improved methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-simulated laboratories in comparison to hands-on exercises using a battery basics practical course as a case study. Background: Computer-simulated experiments are becoming increasingly popular for conducting laboratory exercises in higher education and vocational training institutions. To ensure the consistent quality of laboratory learning, an accurate comparison between the results of simulated experiments and practical hands-on experiments is required. Intended Outcomes: In this article, the achievement of the following learning objectives were compared between the two laboratory modes: 1) comprehension of the most important parameters of battery cells and 2) knowledge on how these parameters can be determined using adequate experimental procedures. Application Design: To avoid interference of factors other than laboratory mode on the learning, laboratory instructions and experimental interfaces ensured identical execution of the experiments in the compared modes. Using a counterbalanced methodology, the two laboratory modes alternated by the session, while the experimental procedures remained constant regardless of the respective modes. Findings: Tests taken by the participants after conducting the laboratory experiments revealed that hands-on laboratories resulted in statistically significantly better student performance than simulated laboratories. This difference was even more pronounced for the participants that finished a vocational education and training program before the university studies.}, language = {en} } @article{KundingerSofraRiener2020, author = {Kundinger, Thomas and Sofra, Nikoletta and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Assessment of the Potential of Wrist-Worn Wearable Sensors for Driver Drowsiness Detection}, volume = {20}, pages = {1029}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041029}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Drowsy driving imposes a high safety risk. Current systems often use driving behavior parameters for driver drowsiness detection. The continuous driving automation reduces the availability of these parameters, therefore reducing the scope of such methods. Especially, techniques that include physiological measurements seem to be a promising alternative. However, in a dynamic environment such as driving, only non- or minimal intrusive methods are accepted, and vibrations from the roadbed could lead to degraded sensor technology. This work contributes to driver drowsiness detection with a machine learning approach applied solely to physiological data collected from a non-intrusive retrofittable system in the form of a wrist-worn wearable sensor. To check accuracy and feasibility, results are compared with reference data from a medical-grade ECG device. A user study with 30 participants in a high-fidelity driving simulator was conducted. Several machine learning algorithms for binary classification were applied in user-dependent and independent tests. Results provide evidence that the non-intrusive setting achieves a similar accuracy as compared to the medical-grade device, and high accuracies (>92\%) could be achieved, especially in a user-dependent scenario. The proposed approach offers new possibilities for human-machine interaction in a car and especially for driver state monitoring in the field of automated driving.}, language = {en} } @article{BoehmKubjatkoPaulaetal.2020, author = {B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Paula, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles}, volume = {10}, journal = {Open Engineering}, number = {1}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2391-5439}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007}, pages = {140 -- 146}, year = {2020}, abstract = {With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction.}, language = {en} } @article{NeblKotzurKochetal.2020, author = {Nebl, Christoph and Kotzur, Frank-Oliver and Koch, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Prediction of constant power delivery of lithium-ion cells at high loads}, volume = {2020}, pages = {101552}, journal = {Journal of Energy Storage}, number = {30}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1538}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101552}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Available energy and available capacity are key factors for dimensioning batteries. Discharge duration of a battery and its dependency on discharge current amplitude are well described by Peukert's law from low to medium current ranges. Other equations describe this dependency up to very high current rates, including the currents occurring during a short circuit. It is not current and capacity, but energy and power which are the key parameters for dimensioning battery systems. Thus, the available power of battery cells, vs. the discharge duration was investigated from low to high constant power discharge loads. Based on the results of these experiments, a correlation of the maximum discharge duration for low to medium discharge power pulses, similar to the Peukert's equation was found. Additionally, a new equation is proposed, describing the power range from low to very high discharge power rates. The result of this work simplifies the design of battery systems, its electromechanical components, as well as improves the prediction of available boost power cost-effective way e.g. for hybrid electric vehicles.}, language = {en} }