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Predicting Autonomous Driving Behavior through Human Factor Considerations in Safety-Critical Events
(2024)
This paper investigates the ability of autonomous driving systems to predict outcomes by
considering human factors like gender, age, and driving experience, particularly in the context of
safety-critical events. The primary objective is to equip autonomous vehicles with the capacity to
make plausible deductions, handle conflicting data, and adjust their responses in real-time during
safety-critical situations. A foundational dataset, which encompasses various driving scenarios
such as lane changes, merging, and navigating complex intersections, is employed to enable vehicles
to exhibit appropriate behavior and make sound decisions in critical safety events. The deep
learning model incorporates personalized cognitive agents for each driver, considering their distinct
preferences, characteristics, and requirements. This personalized approach aims to enhance the
safety and efficiency of autonomous driving, contributing to the ongoing development of intelligent
transportation systems. The efforts made contribute to advancements in safety, efficiency, and overall
performance within autonomous driving systems. To describe the causal relationship between external
factors like weather conditions and human factors, and safety-critical driver behaviors, various
data mining techniques can be applied. One commonly used method is regression analysis. Additionally,
correlation analysis is employed to reveal relationships between different factors, helping to
identify the strength and direction of their impact on safety-critical driver behavior.
Keywords: car following; decision making; driving behavior; naturalistic driving studies; safety-critical
events; cognitive vehicles
1. Introduction
Despite the increasing prevalence of vehicle automation, the persistently high number
of car crashes remains a concern. Safety-critical events in human-driven scenarios have
become more intricate and partially uncontrollable due to unforeseen circumstances. Investigating
human driving behavior is imperative to establish traffic baselines for mixed
traffic, encompassing traditional, automated, and autonomous vehicles (AVs). Various
factors, such as weather conditions affecting visibility in longitudinal car-following (CF)
behavior [1,2], influence human driving behavior [3].
Car-following behavior, illustrating how a following vehicle responds to the lead
vehicle in the same lane, is a crucial aspect. Existing car-following models often make
assumptions about homogeneous drivers, neglecting significant heterogeneity in driving
experience, gender, character, emotions, and sociological, psychological, and physiological
traits. Failing to account for this heterogeneity hampers a comprehensive understanding of
car-following behavior, limiting model accuracy and applicability. In the development of
more realistic car-following models for mixed traffic, acknowledging the diversity among
drivers is crucial. By including individual variations such as risk-taking tendencies, reaction
times, decision-making processes, and driving styles, the modeling of real-world
driving complexities can be improved. Simplifying drivers into a few categories overlooks
the richness and variety of their characteristics, prompting the need for a more comprehensive
approach to capture nuances within different driver profiles. To address these
Smart Cities
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Entwicklungen und Trends im Nachhaltigkeitscontrolling, insbesondere hinsichtlich der strategischen Bedeutung der fünf Stufen der Nachhaltigkeit, des Einflusses von Stakeholdergruppen, Zielsetzungen und Instrumenten anhand von drei Studien des Fachkreis Green Controlling for Responsible Business und gibt Implikationen für die Controlling- und Unternehmenspraxis.
Erste Schritte zur Implementierung eines Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements im Unternehmen
Dieser kompakte Band geht auf zentrale Prinzipien und Konzepte ein, die Unternehmen helfen, ein Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement aufzubauen und weiterzuentwickeln. Darüber hinaus bietet er einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Ansätze und Instrumente des Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements, damit Unternehmen ihre Aktivitäten analysieren, bewerten und verbessern können, um ökologische und soziale Auswirkungen zu reduzieren und langfristige Wertschöpfung zu ermöglichen.
Diese grundlegende Einführung richtet sich an die Führungskräfte in den Unternehmen, die sich mit Fragen des Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements beschäftigen. Zunächst werden die relevanten normativen und regulativen Anforderungen an das unternehmerische Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement vorgestellt, bevor konkret erste Schritte zur Implementierung eines Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements entwickelt werden. Die beiden letzten Kapitel stellen ein geeignetes Steuerungssystem sowie die Grundlagen der Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation eines Unternehmens vor.
An integrative definition of digital, innovation, and sustainable: A bridge between disciplines
(2023)
It needs to be clarified how digital, innovation, and sustainable concepts are interdependent and what dimensions they encompass from an organizational perspective. This article aims to fill these gaps. 12,249 articles are analyzed, of which 776 are minimum C-ranked according to VHB-Jourqual, and 457 pass the quality filters. Only 48 publications deal with all three concepts, and 24 offer definitions. This results from an eight-step systematic literaturereview. Three dimensions for 'digital' (data, technologies, and networks), three dimensions for ‘sustainable’(environmental, social, and economic), and four dimensions for ‘innovation’(product, service, business model, and process) are elaborated in a framework. Based on this, an integrated definition is derivedusing a content analysis.The DIS-definition can be used for strategic decision-making processes and bridges the disciplines of technology, innovation, and sustainability management. Finally, a canvas that clarifies the concepts and their connections is proposed for interdisciplinary management discussions.
Der Vorschlag einer drastischen Erhöhung des Mindestreservesatzes durch die EZB erhitzt die Gemüter. Nach teils heftiger Kritik hochrangiger Bankenvertreter in Deutschland werden die „üblichen“ Beschuldigungen vorgebracht und von Medien z.T. unreflektiert wiedergegeben bzw. kommentiert. Die Banken erhielten seit Herbst 2022 – so das gängige Muster - risikolose und ungerechte Subventionen und wüssten nichts Besseres mit ihren Einlagen bei der Bundesbank anzufangen.
Diese Kritik greift zu kurz und ist teils sachlich falsch.
The following contribution deals with the environmental conditions of highly gifted and
sensitive people (HGSP). Three researchers from different perspectives (physics, pedagogy,
and innovation management) empathize with the target group and try to understand their
experiences. From three interviews with adults, a first point of view is defined adopting the
Grounded Theory methodology. Adult interviews are compared with the perceptions of an
adolescent from today moving between state and private education systems. By comparing
both perspectives, differences and similarities are worked out. The discussions are used to
develop an online test focusing on creativity, motivation for achievement, and cognitive
capacities, as these are core categories identified that seem to be highly important in
combination. The empirical test is intended to provide the state education system with a simple
and interactive solution to identify a large group of people who need further support. To
achieve a high participation rate, the test will be designed for a maximum of one hour and the
implementation and evaluation will be carried out digitally. The authors' vision is to create an
adaptive environment that can effectively adjust to and educate diverse groups of learners
without over- or under burdening teachers and learners. A key finding of our case-based
research is that the existing school and higher education structures are not able to provide
sufficient support and challenge for HGSP. Support measures for HGSP are needed as well
as a new understanding of learning and teaching, so that new competencies can be built that
consider people's self-regulation, creativity, and motivation for achievement, in addition to
cognition and meta-cognition. Kuhl (2004, 18) explains why the capacities of self-regulation
are paramount for highly gifted students. When they want to meet a challenge, they face
problems that are more difficult and therefore need more persistence, resilience, and selfmotivation. However, to support these special needs, teachers are often not ready or capable
to do so, nor do these needs fit with the performance requirements of the regular curriculum.
Circular Innovator Education
(2021)
The following article is a first step towards raising the awareness of these new trainers (who are conscious and innovators themselves) and giving them methods, tools, and inspiration to develop sustainable innovators to think holistically. Innovators are the proportion of entrepreneurs who do not copy or optimize what already exists but commercialize new technologies or new ideas. Circular innovators are the doers who create systemic innovations solving our current social and ecological crisis.
In this chapter, the EIL (Effective Innovation Leadership) framework is tested empirically. First, peer-reviewed journals in the innovation management, leadership, and transformation discipline are analyzed. Second, a pre-test with 58 executives takes place. The response behavior of the participants varies depending on the company's degree of digital maturity. Third, 20 innovation leaders employed in mature digital companies answer the survey. The participants perceive their company as innovative and state that up to 89% of created innovations are digital. Values relevant to digital innovation leaders are innovation, responsibility, positivity, and transparency. Relevant strengths are creativity and learning. Both strongly correlate with a few efficacy items. Decisiveness correlates with innovation strategy. Entrepreneurship, self-regulation, and culture correlate with each other. Creativity connects the value of innovation and the practice of communication. The insights from this chapter contribute to building a reliable and valid factor-based effective digital innovation leadership questionnaire in the future.
Application of the Effective Innovation Leadership Model in a Digital Innovation Project: Case Study
(2020)
Germany has become sedate and partially missed digital opportunities generating value. Since 1995, the term innovation leadership is getting increasing attention. Still, there exists no clear definition. The effective innovation leadership (EIL) model resulted from a Ph.D. thesis and is grounded in the iteration of six data sets. It has been used in industry since 2014. This chapter examines the application of the EIL model in one German middle-class enterprise in 2018/2019. Core challenges in the systemic context, which hinder the effectiveness of innovation leadership in the organizational context, are the support of people across functions and hierarchies as well as inflexible structures and digital access. Especially negative pressure coming from an overvaluation of the shareholder, egos fighting for power, extensive drama triangular, fixed mindsets, and freeloaders hinder the effectiveness of innovation leadership. A comparison of the EIL model with rival theory shows that innovation leadership is close to entrepreneurial approaches and an integral part of innovation management.
In this article, we contribute to the longstanding debate among economists regarding the question of “nature or nurture” with respect to economics students’ attitudes toward various allocation mechanisms for a scarce resource. While previous research starts the debate by beginning with first-year economics students, we aim to evaluate pre-firstyear individuals, i.e., school pupils. Drawing on the seminal works of Haucap, J., & Just, T. (2010). Not guilty? Another look at the nature and nurture of economics students. European Journal of Law and Economics, 29(2), 239–254 and Frey, B. S., Pommerehne,W.W., & Gygi, B. (1993). Economics indoctrination or selection? Some empirical results. The Journal of Economic Education, 24(3), 271–281, we investigate a sample of pupils ranging from the 5th to the 13th grades to determine whether pupils are “born economists” (nature), develop economic thinking (nurture), or both. We find that young individuals start to think differently in early grades and that their thinking and attitudes are shaped differently throughout their school careers, thereby providing support for the effects of both nature and nurture. Our findings show that school time impacts fairness judgments, particularly regarding price mechanisms. Regarding learning or indoctrination, we find that economics-inclined pupils are positively affected by lessons in economics in school, while pupils who are economics-averse draw completely diametric conclusions from economics lessons, thereby exhibiting increased disapproval of price allocation over the course of these classes and increased approval of the first come, first served and governmental action mechanisms.Moreover, we find strong effects of gender and migration background in this context. This study is the first to elucidate the development of economic thinking in 5th–13th grade pupils. Our results are important for economists, educators,
and researchers because they can serve as a starting point for subsequent investigations in this under-researched field.
Evaluating the impact of deviating technical standards on business processes, trade and innovation
(2023)
Surrounding the increasingly intense discussions about the emergence of new global standardization regimes in context of China’s rise as a dominant standardization power, there has been much talk about countries purposefully using deviating national standards to impose trade barriers. The discussion of whether and to what degree technical standards deviate from international standards and how this affects business, trade, innovation and the standard system is of global relevance. As research about the impact of deviating technical standards is still strongly underrepresented in the academic community, this research analyses the different “degrees” of deviation and the respective impact of minor or negligible deviation and strong deviation on businesses trading in a global context. By using a mixed research method based on literature review, analysis of standard documents and semi-structured interviews, this study discusses peculiarities and challenges associated with deviating technical standards. This is of relevance with regards to international trade and especially trade with countries that became increasingly important players in the international standardization regime. Our research will therefore add further insights to a better understanding of the close linkage between economic growth and standardization. This paper further highlights how deviating technical standards impact companies around the globe and how these companies could use a newly developed risk indicator to not only engage in the standard game but also to better assess consequences.
Das chinesische Normungssystem unterliegt seit Gründung der Volksrepublik 1949 einem kontinuierlichen Wandel. Mit der wirtschaftlichen Öffnung und wachsender Bedeutung am internationalen Handel wurde jedoch eine umfangreichere Modernisierung des chinesischen Normungssystems unausweichlich. Nachdem erste Versuche der Erneuerung des Normungssystems im Hauruckverfahren wenig Erfolg zeigten, geht China seit 2015 nun im Rahmen seiner Reformpläne für das Normungssystem einem
ganzheitlicheren Ansatz nach. Einem Ansatz, der den Anforderungen und Ansprüchen
einer führenden Wirtschaftsmacht in einem globalen Markt entspricht. Im Vergleich zu anderen führenden Normungsmächten wie Europa oder die USA gilt China als Nachzügler in der internationalen Normung. Das bietet jedoch den Vorteil, dass China aus den Erfahrungen anderer Nationen lernen und selbst ein Normungssystem etablieren kann, welches die besten Aspekte anderer Systeme aufgreift und gleichzeitig Chinas wirtschaftlichem Führungsanspruch gerecht wird.
The massive shift to working from home during the Covid-19 pandemic triggered discussions about its potential impact on the future demand for office space and the risk it poses to the performance of office markets. Against this background, the goal of this paper is to investigate the link between working from home and the evolution of key indicators of office occupier markets across Europe over the past three decades. Based on the data from Eurostat and CBRE, the paper uses panel regression to investigate the temporal as well as cross-sectional relationships between the share of the workforce working from home and office rents and vacancy rates in major cities. The results are interesting in several ways. Firstly, changes in the share of employees working from home did not appear to have any significant impact on the evolution of rents or vacancy rates over time. However, occasional homeworking was significant in explaining cross-sectional differences in office market indicators. Moreover, contrary to the initial expectations, higher share of employees occasionally working from home appeared to be associated with stronger performance of the respective office market. As explanation, the paper proposes a hypothesis that this was due to working from home being only one aspect of broader changes in the office work environment and related socio-economic trends that had a net beneficial effect on office occupier markets. Although the results refer to historical developments and may not be fully applicable to the current context of the pandemic, they highlight the need to consider working from home in a broader perspective of office occupier trends and ways of working.