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In the years 2016 to 2018 the Bavarian-Czech Academic Agency (BTHA) funded in summary four bilateral projects between
Aschaffenburg University and CVUT Prague: JEUMICO, TRILAMICO, JODEXRA, and AXROCO. The effective combination
of equipment, manpower, and know-how of both partners resulted in the development of stress-compensated iridium
coatings for astronomical X-ray mirrors. The findings have been published at scientific conferences and in joint papers. This
poster gives a review on the social , political and educational aspects of the collaborations in form of a photo documentation.
The recent progress in cubesat technologies allows scientific payloads for these minisatellites to be considered. We will discuss the possible miniature X/EUV and UV telescopes and monitors as potential minisats payloads. The advanced electronics image detectors allows the size of the optics to be miniaturized, still providing valuable scientific results.
In December 2017 the two projects JEUMICO (an acronym for
Joint European Mirror Cooperation) and TRILAMICO (standing for Trilateral
Mirror Collaboration) are ending. Different aspects of this Bavarian-Czech
collaboration between Aschaffenburg University and the Czech Technical University
in Prague are discussed. The multiple dimensions of this cooperation
are scientific achievements, public relation measures, internationalization of
education, financial aspects, inter-cultural communication, and also the actual
political situation within Europe.
Das Projekt JEUMICO wird vom Projektträger BAYHOST im Rahmen eines
Programms für bilaterale wissenschaftliche Projekte zwischen Tschechien und
Bayern gefördert. Inhaltlich werden von der Hochschule Aschaffenburg und der
Technischen Universität Prag hier gemeinsam Röntgenoptiken für ein geplantes
astronomisches Experiment an Bord einer NASA-Höhenrakete entwickelt.
We present optic designs based on biomimetic, namely technical applications of
animal eyes principles (here: Lobster Eyes) for the special application of wide
field X-ray imaging. Thereby we show and discuss some experimental results
and correlate them with simulations. Preliminary results of an ongoing study on
other strange animal mirror eyes with potential scientific and technical
applications are also discussed. Some of them are based on the principle of
multilayer multi-mirror active optics arrangements. The Lobster Eye X-ray optics
needs special reflective coatings for a better performance, which are currently
developed within the Bavarian-Czech cooperation project JEUMICO.
Within the project JEUMICO, an acronym for Joint European
Mirror Competence, the Aschaffenburg University of Applied Sciences and the
Czech Technical University in Prague started a collaboration to develop mirrors
for X-ray telescopes. Corresponding mirror segments use substrates of
at
silicon wafers which are coated with thin iridium lms, as this material is
promising high re
ectivity in the X-ray range of interest. The sputtering parameters
are optimized in the context of the expected re
ectivity of the coated
X-ray mirrors. In near future measurements of the assembled mirror modules
optical performances are planned at an X-ray test facility.
This paper focuses on a theoretical background that motivated
the experimental campaign of multiple layer coatings of X-ray mirrors, and
the first results of the testing of the prepared samples. Simulations of the use
of different overcoats were performed in order to improve the reflectivity of
thin iridium coatings designed for X-ray optics effective in the energy up to
10 keV. Samples based on these simulations were prepared and are being tested
for the properties that influence the X-ray optical performance, such as layer
homogeneity, density and surface micro-roughness. Further the topic of the
coating stress was addressed, as it is an issue in case of thin, lightweight X-ray
mirrors and affects the time stability of layers. The discussion and preliminary
results conclude our contribution.
This contribution describes optical payloads of CubeSat nanosatellites and their limiting factors. Some prominent examples are presented, and performance characteristics are discussed in the context of different commercial and scientific applications. Furthermore, the optical payload market has been evaluated and identified suppliers of commercial-of-the-shelf products are listed.
For space-born astronomical X-ray telescopes, iridium-based reflective layer systems are known as highly effective
mirrors coatings. During the recent years, Aschaffenburg University of Applied Sciences and the Czech Technical
University in Prague jointly developed stress compensated chromium-iridium coatings for this application. To overcome the disturbing reflectivity reduction of the iridium absorption edge around 2 keV photon energy, thin overcoat layers of chromium were applied in addition. Now a prototype of a wide-field, imaging X-ray telescope
of Lobster Eye type is assembled at the company RIGAKU. For this purpose a small series of 34 mirrors based on 100 x 50 mm semiconductor grade silicon substrates has been coated at Aschaffenburg University. The applied tri-layer system consists of a stack of 40 nm chromium, which act as adhesive layer and compensates layer stress, a 30 nm iridium thick reflective layer, and an additional overcoat layer of 6 nm chromium. This layer system
have been analysed by AFM and TEM images. The mirrors are assembled into an aluminium frame to build a 2D Lobster Eye type telescope. The designed focal length of this wide field X-ray telescope is two meter. To study the performance of the tri-layer coating system, a twin LE telescope with convenient gold coatings was manufactured also. Performance measurements of both telescopes and under same conditions are planned at the PANTER test facility at the Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. First experimental results,
their comparison with theoretical simulations and the comparison between both models will be presented in this contribution.
Im Rahmen einer bayerisch-tschechischen Kooperation entstanden zwei Röntgenteleskope, bestückt mit Gold- und Iridium-beschichteten Planspiegeln. Deren Charakterisierung erfolgte an der Röntgentestanlage PANTER, welche parallel auf die Teleskope einfallendes Sternenlicht simuliert. Die Teleskope haben eine Winkelauflösung von ca. 4 Bogenminuten und eine Brennweite von rund 2 Metern.
Im Rahmen einer bayerisch-tschechischen Kooperation entstanden zwei mechanisch baugleiche Röntgenteleskope, bestückt mit Gold- und Iridium-beschichteten Planspiegeln. Die Charakterisierung der nach dem ägyptischen Gott HORUS benannten Teleskope erfolgte an der Röntgentestanlage PANTER des Max-Plack-Instituts für extraterrestrische Physik. Diese Vakuum-Testanlage simuliert parallel auf die Teleskope einfallendes Sternenlicht, wobei hier die Strahlung aus einer Röntgenquelle in 120 Metern Abstand stammt. Die Messungen selbst fanden in einer daran angebauten 12 Meter langen Testkammer von 3,5 Metern Durchmesser statt. Im März 2021 sahen die HORUS-Teleskope zum erstem Mal Röntgenlicht. Während der Testkampagne von ca. 54 Stunden Dauer wurden 536 Einzelmessungen an den beiden Teleskopen durchgeführt, bei denen Photonenenergien und Einfallswinkel variiert wurden. Von einer empfindlichen CCD-Kamera, einem Prototyp der eROSITA-Satellitenkamera, wurden hierbei insgesamt 11.153.574 Röntgenphotonen individuell detektiert, analysiert und digital verarbeitet. Die beiden Weitwinkel-Röntgenteleskope haben eine Winkelauflösung von circa 4 Bogenminuten und eine Brennweite von rund zwei Metern.
Recent progress in nanosatellite technologies allows to consider innovative new CubeSat missions for scientific purposes. We present and evaluate the design of a small and cost effective CubeSat mission to monitor lunar meteoroid impacts by detecting their optical flashes. The poster summarizes the results of a comprehensive survey of past and recent ground based and satellite based projects focussing on lunar impact monitoring and discusses important aspects of the proposed mission and various alternatives for their solutions. Several spacecraft orbits around Moon and their usefulness for lunar impact observation are studied. In addition, we discuss the environmental risks and challenges, which such spacecraft needs to face, mainly thermal management and radiation tolerance. Finally, we present and discuss the design an optical camera suitable to detect meteoroid impacts on the lunar surface.
Conventional mining might not be sufficient to support the growth of humankind which is heavily dependent upon rare materials in technical applications. Asteroid mining might be an answer, with Near-Earth objects (NEOs) being the first targets. However, the first step in the asteroid mining cascade is to probe reachable
asteroids. Moreover, to identify the best candidates for further activities hundreds to thousands of asteroids must be screened. The fast progressing development of CubeSats might allow the space community to do the initial in-situ screening in a minimalistical and economical manner. Additionally, formation flying might enable the miniaturization of optical payloads for asteroid composition analysis in CubeSats. The recent developments in formation flying are summarised in this study and the possibility of utilizing formation flying CubeSats for
asteroid surveillance explored.
Due to the recent progress in satellite control engineering, tandem flight arrangements of mini-satellites are currently in discussion and
under consideration for future space missions. CubeSat technologies offer an interesting possibility for space-born telescope payloads
based on this approach. In such a scenario, two small satellites will fly at a constant distance of a few meters up to 100 meters. Thereby,
the front satellite will carry the telescope optics and the second satellite the detector system. Related formation flight requirements were
addressed in the NetSat-Mission, composed of four 3U-CubeSats, launched 2020. Space technology challenges concern in particular orbit
control by an appropriate propulsion system as well as precision attitude pointing towards the joint target, and could be transferred from the
NetSat-mission to the proposed Tandem Mission. This will allow space-based telescopes with a long focal length even placed on board of
small or miniature CubeSat-type satellites. Cost effective Kirkpatrick-Baez type X-ray telescopes represent an important application here as
they have longer focal lengths compared to previous astronomical observatories using Wolter I type X-ray mirrors.
Röntgenteleskop-Funktionstests durch Beobachtung astronomischer Objekte am sichtbaren Nachthimmel
(2022)
Lobster-Eye-Röntgenteleskope nutzen reflektierende Planspiegel unter streifendem Einfall und zeichnen sich durch ein großes Beobachtungsfeld aus. Die Spiegel reflektieren auch sichtbare Strahlung hervorragend. Nach Röntgen-messungen im Labor wurden nun weitere Tests durchgeführt, um die Abbildungs-eigenschaften mit realen Objekten des sichtbaren Himmels zu untersuchen.
The effective area is one of the main telescope parameters when justifying real space application. We discuss the estimation of the effective collecting area of an X-ray telescope by two different methods, an analytical method and a simulation algorithm, and then compare the results. The Lobster Eye type telescopes considered here are designed for rocket experiments and CubeSat flights.
We address the problem of estimation the sensitivity of astronomical X-ray telescopes of Lobster Eye type , with emphasis on calculation of effective areas for telescopes designed for rocket and CubeSat flights. This parameter is one of the principal parameters when justifying the real space application. Indeed, the larger the effective area is, the more efficient the optical system is, able to provide images of fainter and more distant celestial targets. We discuss the estimation of the effective collecting area of a X-ray telescope by two different methods and then compare the results: the analytical method and then the simulation algorithm.