TY - JOUR A1 - Raiyn, Jamal A1 - Weidl, Galia T1 - Predicting Autonomous Driving Behavior through Human Factor Considerations in Safety-Critical Events JF - Smart Cities N2 - This paper investigates the ability of autonomous driving systems to predict outcomes by considering human factors like gender, age, and driving experience, particularly in the context of safety-critical events. The primary objective is to equip autonomous vehicles with the capacity to make plausible deductions, handle conflicting data, and adjust their responses in real-time during safety-critical situations. A foundational dataset, which encompasses various driving scenarios such as lane changes, merging, and navigating complex intersections, is employed to enable vehicles to exhibit appropriate behavior and make sound decisions in critical safety events. The deep learning model incorporates personalized cognitive agents for each driver, considering their distinct preferences, characteristics, and requirements. This personalized approach aims to enhance the safety and efficiency of autonomous driving, contributing to the ongoing development of intelligent transportation systems. The efforts made contribute to advancements in safety, efficiency, and overall performance within autonomous driving systems. To describe the causal relationship between external factors like weather conditions and human factors, and safety-critical driver behaviors, various data mining techniques can be applied. One commonly used method is regression analysis. Additionally, correlation analysis is employed to reveal relationships between different factors, helping to identify the strength and direction of their impact on safety-critical driver behavior. Keywords: car following; decision making; driving behavior; naturalistic driving studies; safety-critical events; cognitive vehicles 1. Introduction Despite the increasing prevalence of vehicle automation, the persistently high number of car crashes remains a concern. Safety-critical events in human-driven scenarios have become more intricate and partially uncontrollable due to unforeseen circumstances. Investigating human driving behavior is imperative to establish traffic baselines for mixed traffic, encompassing traditional, automated, and autonomous vehicles (AVs). Various factors, such as weather conditions affecting visibility in longitudinal car-following (CF) behavior [1,2], influence human driving behavior [3]. Car-following behavior, illustrating how a following vehicle responds to the lead vehicle in the same lane, is a crucial aspect. Existing car-following models often make assumptions about homogeneous drivers, neglecting significant heterogeneity in driving experience, gender, character, emotions, and sociological, psychological, and physiological traits. Failing to account for this heterogeneity hampers a comprehensive understanding of car-following behavior, limiting model accuracy and applicability. In the development of more realistic car-following models for mixed traffic, acknowledging the diversity among drivers is crucial. By including individual variations such as risk-taking tendencies, reaction times, decision-making processes, and driving styles, the modeling of real-world driving complexities can be improved. Simplifying drivers into a few categories overlooks the richness and variety of their characteristics, prompting the need for a more comprehensive approach to capture nuances within different driver profiles. To address these Smart Cities KW - Autonomes Fahrzeug KW - Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6511/7/1/18 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ smartcities7010018 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 460 EP - 474 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rötzel, Peter A1 - Roetzel, Lina T1 - “Tis Early Practice only Makes the Master”: Nature and Nurture in Economic Thinking During School Time – A Research Note on Economics Education JF - Open Education Studies N2 - In this article, we contribute to the longstanding debate among economists regarding the question of “nature or nurture” with respect to economics students’ attitudes toward various allocation mechanisms for a scarce resource. While previous research starts the debate by beginning with first-year economics students, we aim to evaluate pre-firstyear individuals, i.e., school pupils. Drawing on the seminal works of Haucap, J., & Just, T. (2010). Not guilty? Another look at the nature and nurture of economics students. European Journal of Law and Economics, 29(2), 239–254 and Frey, B. S., Pommerehne,W.W., & Gygi, B. (1993). Economics indoctrination or selection? Some empirical results. The Journal of Economic Education, 24(3), 271–281, we investigate a sample of pupils ranging from the 5th to the 13th grades to determine whether pupils are “born economists” (nature), develop economic thinking (nurture), or both. We find that young individuals start to think differently in early grades and that their thinking and attitudes are shaped differently throughout their school careers, thereby providing support for the effects of both nature and nurture. Our findings show that school time impacts fairness judgments, particularly regarding price mechanisms. Regarding learning or indoctrination, we find that economics-inclined pupils are positively affected by lessons in economics in school, while pupils who are economics-averse draw completely diametric conclusions from economics lessons, thereby exhibiting increased disapproval of price allocation over the course of these classes and increased approval of the first come, first served and governmental action mechanisms.Moreover, we find strong effects of gender and migration background in this context. This study is the first to elucidate the development of economic thinking in 5th–13th grade pupils. Our results are important for economists, educators, and researchers because they can serve as a starting point for subsequent investigations in this under-researched field. KW - Education KW - Fairness KW - Wirtschaftliches Verhalten KW - Schüler KW - Wirtschaftsstudent Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2022-0188 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2022-0188 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weithmann, Sabrina A1 - Luedtke, Susann T1 - Evaluating the impact of deviating technical standards on business processes, trade and innovation JF - Journal of Standardisation N2 - Surrounding the increasingly intense discussions about the emergence of new global standardization regimes in context of China’s rise as a dominant standardization power, there has been much talk about countries purposefully using deviating national standards to impose trade barriers. The discussion of whether and to what degree technical standards deviate from international standards and how this affects business, trade, innovation and the standard system is of global relevance. As research about the impact of deviating technical standards is still strongly underrepresented in the academic community, this research analyses the different “degrees” of deviation and the respective impact of minor or negligible deviation and strong deviation on businesses trading in a global context. By using a mixed research method based on literature review, analysis of standard documents and semi-structured interviews, this study discusses peculiarities and challenges associated with deviating technical standards. This is of relevance with regards to international trade and especially trade with countries that became increasingly important players in the international standardization regime. Our research will therefore add further insights to a better understanding of the close linkage between economic growth and standardization. This paper further highlights how deviating technical standards impact companies around the globe and how these companies could use a newly developed risk indicator to not only engage in the standard game but also to better assess consequences. KW - Normung KW - standardization KW - deviation KW - technical standard KW - deviating technical standards KW - China KW - Normung Y1 - 2023 UR - https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/jos/article/view/6898 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2023.6898 VL - 2023 IS - Vol. 2 SP - 1 EP - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rötzel, Peter A1 - Jöris, Sabine T1 - Trends im Nachhaltigkeitscontrolling - Empirische Ergebnisse aus der Green Controlling Studie 2022 des ICV JF - Controlling N2 - Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Entwicklungen und Trends im Nachhaltigkeitscontrolling, insbesondere hinsichtlich der strategischen Bedeutung der fünf Stufen der Nachhaltigkeit, des Einflusses von Stakeholdergruppen, Zielsetzungen und Instrumenten anhand von drei Studien des Fachkreis Green Controlling for Responsible Business und gibt Implikationen für die Controlling- und Unternehmenspraxis. KW - Nachhaltigkeitscontrolling KW - Green Controlling KW - Controllerstudie KW - Sustainability KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Controlling Y1 - 2023 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 44 EP - 51 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morawski, Jaroslaw T1 - Impact of working from home on European office rents and vacancy rates JF - Zeitschrift für Immobilienökonomie N2 - The massive shift to working from home during the Covid-19 pandemic triggered discussions about its potential impact on the future demand for office space and the risk it poses to the performance of office markets. Against this background, the goal of this paper is to investigate the link between working from home and the evolution of key indicators of office occupier markets across Europe over the past three decades. Based on the data from Eurostat and CBRE, the paper uses panel regression to investigate the temporal as well as cross-sectional relationships between the share of the workforce working from home and office rents and vacancy rates in major cities. The results are interesting in several ways. Firstly, changes in the share of employees working from home did not appear to have any significant impact on the evolution of rents or vacancy rates over time. However, occasional homeworking was significant in explaining cross-sectional differences in office market indicators. Moreover, contrary to the initial expectations, higher share of employees occasionally working from home appeared to be associated with stronger performance of the respective office market. As explanation, the paper proposes a hypothesis that this was due to working from home being only one aspect of broader changes in the office work environment and related socio-economic trends that had a net beneficial effect on office occupier markets. Although the results refer to historical developments and may not be fully applicable to the current context of the pandemic, they highlight the need to consider working from home in a broader perspective of office occupier trends and ways of working. KW - Office Markets, Working from Home, Covid-19 KW - Telearbeit KW - Geschäftsraummiete KW - Gewerbeimmobilien KW - COVID-19 Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1365/s41056-022-00057-z VL - 2022 IS - April SP - 1 EP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogl, Markus A1 - Rötzel, Peter T1 - Chaoticity Versus Stochasticity in Financial Markets: Are Daily S&P 500 Return Dynamics Chaotic? JF - Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation N2 - In this study, we empirically show the dynamics of daily wavelet-filtered (denoised) S&P 500 returns (2000–2020) to consist of an almost equally divided combination of stochastic and deterministic chaos, rendering the series unpredictable after expiration of the Lyapunov time, resulting in futile forecasting attempts. We achieve a clear distinction of the true nature of the underlying time series dynamics by applying a novel and combinatory chaos analysis framework comparing the wavelet-filtered S&P 500 returns with respective surrogate datasets, Brownian motion returns and a Lorenz system realisation. Furthermore, we are the first to show the strange attractor of especially the daily-frequented S&P 500 return system graphically via Takens´ embedding and by spectral embedding in combination with Laplacian Eigenmaps. Finally, we critically discuss implications and future prospects in terms of financial forecasting. KW - nonlinear dynamics KW - chaos KW - recurrence analysis KW - finance KW - prediction KW - Aktienrendite KW - Kreditmarkt Y1 - 2022 VL - 2022 IS - Forthcoming SP - 1 EP - 51 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jost, Thomas A1 - Tödter, Karl-Heinz T1 - Schuldenquoten in der Eurozone mit neuer Defizitregel abbauen JF - Ökonomenstimme KW - Fiskalregeln KW - Geldpolitik KW - Öffentliche Schulden KW - Europäische Union KW - Schuldenquote KW - Eurozone Y1 - 2022 VL - 2022 IS - 2022/10 SP - 1 EP - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weithmann, Sabrina A1 - Luedtke, Susann ED - Tichauer, Peter T1 - Erneuerung und Innovation statt Empörung: Ideen und Lösungen für Normung mit China JF - China Insights Wirtschaftsmagazin N2 - Normung galt lange als ein rein technisches Thema für ausgewiesene Spezialisten. Neuerdings erhält das Thema zusätzliche Aufmerksamkeit durch Vertreter aus industrie- und geopolitischen Fachkreisen, insbesondere aufgrund des Entwicklungsprojekts zur Seidenstraße. Die Autorinnen skizzieren den Erneuerungsbedarf für die Normungswelt und fordern mehr Innovation, um den wachsenden Herausforderungen in der internationalen Normung entgegen zu treten. KW - Normung KW - China KW - deviating technical standards KW - Seidenstrasse KW - Technische Innovation KW - Normung KW - China Y1 - 2022 UR - http://files.eyunhan.com/eweb_upload/assets/pdf/generic/web/viewer.html?file=pdf/1646878080418307e1253-54b1-4adb-8c3e-4d468c872da820220310100800418.pdf VL - 2022 IS - 01-2022 SP - 10 EP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Butz-Seidl, Annemarie T1 - Zuwendungsnießbrauch an GmbH-Anteilen: Gestaltungschancen und Risiken JF - Erbfolgebesteuerung N2 - Der unentgeltliche Zuwendungsnießbrauch an GmbH-Beteiligungen ist eine häufig genutzte Gestaltung, die auf die Versorgung von Angehörigen im Rahmen der vorweggenommenen Erbfolge abzielt. Aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht soll mit der Bestellung Nicht-Gesellschaftern eine regelmäßige Einkunftsquelle verschafft werden; daneben gilt es, bei den Beteiligten ertragsteuerliche, erbschaft- und schenkungsteuerliche Privilegien zu nutzen. Konkret geht es und die Ausschöpfung von Progressionsvorteilen und Freibeträgen. Grundsätzlich bleibt aber festzuhalten, dass die Bestellung eines Zuwendungsnießbrauchs an GmbH-Anteilen nach wie vor mit erheblichen rechtlichen und steuerlichen Unsicherheiten behaftet ist. KW - GmbH-Anteile; Zuwendungsnießbrauch; vorweggenommene Erbfolge; Zivilrecht; Ertragsteuerrecht; Schenkungsteuerrecht; KW - Nießbrauch KW - GmbH KW - Vorweggenommene Erbfolge KW - Steuerrecht Y1 - 2021 VL - 2021 IS - 12 SP - 313 EP - 318 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Butz-Seidl, Annemarie T1 - Vorbehaltsnießbrauch an GmbH-Anteilen: Gestaltungsempfehlungen in der Praxis JF - Erbfolgebesteuerung N2 - Der Nießbrauch an GmbH-Beteiligungen ist eine in der Praxis beliebte Gestaltungsform, die regelmäßig eine flexible Zuweisung von Vermögenssubstanz auf der einen und den daraus fließenden Erträgen auf der anderen Seite ermöglicht. Ja nach Zielsetzung werden unterschiedliche Nießbrauchsmodelle gewählt. Der Vorbehaltsnießbrauch wird häufig zur Gestaltung der Unternehmensnachfolge genutzt, während der Zuwendungsnießbrauch auf die Versorgung von Angehörigen im Rahmen der vorweggenommenen Erbfolge abzielt. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Variante 1. In einem Folgebeitrag wird der Zuwendungsnießbrauch als Gestaltungsmodell auf den Prüfstand gestellt. KW - Vorbehaltsnießbrauch KW - GmbH KW - Gesellschaftsanteil KW - Nießbrauch KW - GmbH-Beteiligung KW - Unternehmensnachfolge KW - Gestaltungsempfehlungen KW - Zivilrecht KW - Einkommensteuerrecht KW - Schenkungsteuerrecht KW - Musterfall Y1 - 2021 VL - 2021 IS - 4 SP - 98 EP - 104 ER -