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    <completedDate>2024-08-07</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Dopamine dip-liquid overcoatings for soft X-ray reflectivity enhancement</title>
    <abstract language="eng">It has been known for some time that sputtered low-density coatings deposited under vacuum (e.g. carbon or B4C), applied on top of high-density metallic coatings, can enhance the reflectivity in the soft x-ray band (below ~5 keV). In the last years, we experimented with novel carbonated coatings obtained by dip-liquid deposition, in which a thin film is formed on the surface of a mirror by immersion in a suitable precursor solution. After several attempts with different chemical compounds, we found an optimal candidate both for the reflectivity performance and for the convenience of the deposition process, which is much simpler and inexpensive compared to conventional processes. In particular, such coatings can enhance the soft x-ray response at the reflection angles employed in future telescopes, like ATHENA (ESA), Lynx (NASA) and eXTP (CAS). In this paper we consider the application of dip-liquid overcoatings on conventional coatings (Au, Ir) or in combination with recently proposed chromium overcoatings and their possible uses to enhance the reflectivity of x-ray mirrors at low, medium or higher energies, presenting the first experimental results of x-ray tests on these coatings.</abstract>
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    <author>Vincenzo Cotroneo</author>
    <author>Ricardo Bruni</author>
    <author>Marta Maria Civitani</author>
    <author>Thorsten Döhring</author>
    <author>Eugenio Gibertini</author>
    <author>Luca Magagnin</author>
    <author>Giovanni Pareschi</author>
    <author>Giacomo Rivolta</author>
    <author>Suzanne Romaine</author>
    <author>Leandra Sethares</author>
    <author>Giorgia Sironi</author>
    <author>Gianpiero Tagliaferri</author>
    <author>Giuseppe Valsecchi</author>
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      <value>astronomical telescopes</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>soft x-ray</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reflectivity enhancement</value>
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      <value>dopamine overcoatings</value>
    </subject>
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    <issue>67</issue>
    <volume>MA2025-02</volume>
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    <publisherName>The Electrochemical Society</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Polydopamine Coatings for Enhanced Soft X-Ray Reflectivity in Space Telescope Mirrors</title>
    <abstract language="eng">It has been known for years that sputtered low-density coatings deposited under vacuum (e.g. carbon or B4C), applied on top of high-density metallic coatings, can enhance their reflectivity in the soft X-ray band (below ~5 keV). However, the physical deposition techniques, as vacuum-based sputtering, to produce B4C or amorphous coatings are usually difficult and highly costing. Polydopamine (PDA), a bio-polymer inspired by mussels, exhibits exceptional surface binding and it’s nowadays a popular material used in surface engineering for multipurpose applications (Ryu, 2018). PDA thin film are typically produced in aqueous solution by the oxidative polymerization of dopamine, commonly known as one of the “hormones of happiness”, resulting in nanometric PDA coating with tunable thickness and morphology. In recent years, we have introduced and investigated a novel and scalable strategy for enhancing the soft X-ray reflectivity of telescope mirrors used in space missions based on dip-liquid deposition of PDA thin films as carbon-rich coating (carbon 62.7 %wt. in DA monomer) (Cotroneo, 2022). This method is very versatile and quick and offers a low-cost alternative to conventional carbon-like coating, while maintaining or even exceeding performance in the energy range below ~5 keV. Experimental tests across three X-ray beamlines—including two synchrotron facilities—demonstrated consistent reflectivity enhancement, especially in the 1–4 keV energy range and with a good match between theoretical predictions and experimental reflectivity profiles. When applied over traditional coatings (e.g Au, Ir), the dip-liquid overcoats produced improvements of up to 100% in effective area for some specific X-ray bands compared to conventional single-metal films. These results are particularly compelling for nickel-replicated mirrors with gold coatings, a common architecture in cost-sensitive space missions.&#13;
 &#13;
 Bibliography&#13;
 &#13;
 &#13;
 Cotroneo, V., 2022. Dopamine dip-liquid overcoatings for soft x-ray reflectivity enhancement.&#13;
 SPIE Proceedings.&#13;
 &#13;
 &#13;
 Ryu, J. H., 2018. Polydopamine Surface Chemistry: A Decade of Discovery.&#13;
 ACS Applied Materials &amp;amp; Interfaces.</abstract>
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