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    <pageLast>2002203</pageLast>
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    <issue>13</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
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    <completedDate>2021-04-07</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Tunable Bulk Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings Electrified via Femtosecond Laser Reductive Sintering of CuO Nanoparticles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This contribution demonstrates and discusses electrically tunable polymer planar Bragg gratings based on bulk cyclic olefin copolymers. A lithographic single-writing-step method and femtosecond laser reductive sintering of copper(II) oxide nanoparticles are subsequently employed in order to generate buried photonic structures and copper conducting paths on top of the polymer substrate. This way, the necessary number of process steps for fabricating a planar polymer-based electro-optical device is greatly reduced. The response of a fully electrified grating structure follows temperature changes, induced by the copper conducting path, with sensitivities up to −31 pm K−1. Dilatometric measurements show that the specimen's behavior is correlated to the situationally reduced thermal expansion of the bulk polymer substrate. In consequence, the tuning response of the photonic platform follows a second order polynomial, whereas a direct current of 30 mA, which correlates to a power consumption of 18.3 mW, leads to a local temperature increase and a residual Bragg wavelength shift of 19.6 K and −547 pm, respectively. Moreover, the outstanding flexibility of the proposed fabrication concept is underlined by demonstrating alternative conducting path geometries, whereas one of the additional designs is adapted to control the spectral width of the Bragg grating's reflection peak.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Optical Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202002203</identifier>
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    <author>Stefan Kefer</author>
    <author>Kay Bischoff</author>
    <author>Gian-Luca Roth</author>
    <author>Julian Haubner</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schmauss</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
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      <value>Bragg gratings</value>
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      <value>CuO nanoparticles</value>
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      <value>cyclic olefin copolymers</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>electro-optic tuning</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>integrated photonics</value>
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      <value>Femtosekundenlaser</value>
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      <value>Bragg-Reflektor</value>
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    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Intelligent Sensors and Signals</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Material Testing &amp; Sensor Technology</collection>
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    <id>2450</id>
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    <pageNumber>10</pageNumber>
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    <issue>18</issue>
    <volume>42</volume>
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    <publisherName>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Lattice-Like Waveguides With Integrated Bragg Gratings in Planar Cyclic Olefin Copolymers</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This contribution demonstrates femtosecond laser direct writing of lattice-like waveguides in planar cyclic oleﬁn copolymer substrates. Based on numerical simulation and experimental near-ﬁeld analysis, stable single-mode waveguiding around wavelengths of 1550 nm is demonstrated. The waveguiding mechanism is based on a hexagonal array of laser-induced, positive refractive index modiﬁcation lines. Thus, the lateral extension of the guided mode can be adapted by varying the fabrication parameters and, in consequence, the resulting cross-sectional arrangement of the refractive index perturbations. With an optical attenuationof 2.2 dB·cm-1 around 1550 nm, the fabricated waveguides are well-suited for on-chip integrated photonic devices. Moreover, the waveguides can also be equipped with Bragg gratings to enable the application of the photonic platform as a sensing device. Dependingon their length, the Bragg grating structures exhibit reﬂectivities ofup to 99% and spectral widths down to 0.3 nm. The ﬂexibility of the fabrication process and the sensing capabilities of the lattice-like waveguides with integrated Bragg gratings are underlined by an exemplary application study demonstrating a relative pressure sensor. For that, a photonic platform is micromilled to generate a 300 µm thick diaphragm and a reference pressure chamber. The strain introduced to the diaphragm by external pressure changes can then be quantiﬁed by the integrated photonic structures.This way, absolute pressure sensitivities of up to 38 pm·kPa-1 can be achieved in a relative pressure range from −60 to 100 kPa. The newly-developed lattice-like waveguides with integrated Bragggratings are therefore well-suited for the realization of novel and adaptable photonic devices and sensors.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Lightwave Technology</parentTitle>
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    <author>Stefan Kefer</author>
    <author>Natalie Pape</author>
    <author>Kay Bischoff</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schmauss</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
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      <value>Wellenleiter</value>
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