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  <doc>
    <id>2244</id>
    <completedYear>2023</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2024-02-26</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2023-09-27</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fundamental Considerations and Analysis of the Energy Distribution in Laser Turning with Ultrashort Laser Pulses</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This article discusses the process of the laser turning of rotational symmetric, cylindrical components using ultrashort laser pulses with respect to the geometrical conditions and the resulting energy distribution during the laser turning process. As a result, process predictions and potential process optimizations are feasible. Particular attention is drawn to the laser spot formation on the cylindrical surface of the work piece in conjunction with the positioning of the laser beam relative to the rotation axis of the specimen. Based on fundamental calculations and experimental results, an optimum processing strategy is discussed, whereat the use of a trepanning optic in the laser turning process and the forming of a particular surface structure is additionally being issued.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">mdpi Micromachines</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/10/1838</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/mi14101838</identifier>
    <enrichment key="copyright">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="HAB_Review">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Keine Lizenz - es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht</licence>
    <author>Julian Zettl</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ultrashort pulse laser</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>laser turning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>tangential processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>trepanning optic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Ultrakurzzeitlaser</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">ZeWiS</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2257</id>
    <completedYear>2023</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>16/5775</issue>
    <volume>2023</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-08-23</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Drilling Sequence Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms to Reduce Heat Accumulation for Femtosecond Laser Drilling with Multi-Spot Beam Profiles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We report on laser drilling borehole arrays using ultrashort pulsed lasers with a particular focus on reducing the inadvertent heat accumulation across the workpiece by optimizing the drilling sequence. For the optimization, evolutionary algorithms are used and their results are verified by thermal simulation using Comsol and experimentally evaluated using a thermal imaging camera. To enhance process efficiency in terms of boreholes drilled per second, multi-spot approaches are employed using a spatial light modulator. However, as higher temperatures occur across the workpiece when using simultaneous multi-spot drilling as compared to a single-spot process, a subtle spatial distribution and sequence of the multi-spot approach has to be selected in order to limit the&#13;
resulting local heat input over the processing time. Different optimization approaches based on evolutionary algorithms aid to select those drilling sequences which allow for the combination of a high efficiency of multi-spot profiles, a low-generated process temperature and a high-component quality. In particular, using a 4 x 4 laser spot array allows for the drilling of 40,000 boreholes in less than 76 s (526 boreholes/s) with a reduced temperature increase by about 35%, as compared to a single spot process when employing an optimized drilling sequence.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">MDPI Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/17/5775</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma16175775</identifier>
    <enrichment key="copyright">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="HAB_Review">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Keine Lizenz - es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht</licence>
    <author>Christian Lutz</author>
    <author>Jonas Helm</author>
    <author>Katrin Tschirpke</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>USP laser processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser drilling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optimization of heat accumulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Evolutionary Algorithms</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal simualtions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Laserbohren</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Ultrakurzzeitlaser</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Angewandte Lasertechnik und Photonik (alp)</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2258</id>
    <completedYear>2023</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>16</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-05-06</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Static and Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid-PBF-LB/M-Built and Hot Isostatic Pressed Lattice Structures</title>
    <abstract language="deu">We report on a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of maraging steel&#13;
body-centred cubic lattice structures fabricated by a hybrid additive manufacturing technology that combines laser powder bed fusion with in situ high-speed milling. As the mechanical properties of additive manufactured components are inferior to, e.g., cast components, surface modifications can improve the mechanical behaviour. Different hybrid additive manufacturing technologies have been designed using additive and subtractive processes, improving process quality. Following this, mechanical testing is performed with respect to static tensile properties and dynamic stress, hardness, and porosity, comparing specimens manufactured by laser powder bed fusion only to those manufactured by the hybrid approach. In addition, the influence of different heat-treatment techniques on the mechanical behaviour of the lattice structures is investigated, namely solution and aging treatment as well as hot isostatic pressing. Thus, the influence of the superior surface quality due to the hybrid approach is evaluated, leading to, e.g., an offset of about 14–16% for the static testing of HIP lattice structures. Furthermore, the dynamic load behaviour can be improved with a finished surface, heading to a shift of the different zones of fatigue behaviour in the testing of hybrid-built specimens.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Mechanical Properties of Polymeric, Metallic, and Composite Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/9/3556</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093556</identifier>
    <enrichment key="copyright">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="HAB_Review">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>David Sommer</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lattice structures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hot isostatic pressing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fatigue behaviour</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Isostatisches Heißpressen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Selektives Laserschmelzen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Angewandte Lasertechnik und Photonik (alp)</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-h-ab/files/2258/StaticandDynamicMechanicalBehaviour.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2247</id>
    <completedYear>2022</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2962</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2962</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>14</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-07-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">UV-Femtosecond-Laser Structuring of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We report on the laser ablation of cyclic olefin copolymer using an amplified ultrashort pulsed laser in the ultraviolet spectral range. In addition to a high ablation depth per laser-structured layer up to 74 μm at a fluence of 22 J cm−2, an excellent mean roughness 𝑅𝑎&#13;
 of laser-patterned surfaces down to 0.5 μm is demonstrated. Furthermore, with increasing fluence, increasing ablation efficiencies up to 2.5 mm3 W−1 min−1 are determined. Regarding the quality of the ablation, we observed steep ablation flanks and low debris formation, though for fluences above 10.5 J cm−2 the formation of troughs was observed, being attributed to multiple reflections on the ablation flanks. For comparison, laser ablation was performed under identical conditions with an infrared laser wavelength. The results highlight that UV ablation exhibits significant advantages in terms of ablation efficiency, surface roughness and quality. Moreover, our results show that a larger UV focus spot accelerates the ablation process with comparable quality, paving the way for high-power UV ultrashort pulsed lasers towards an efficient and qualitative tool for the laser machining of cyclic olefin copolymer. The production of complex microfluidics further underlines the suitability of this type of laser.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymers</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142962</identifier>
    <enrichment key="copyright">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="HAB_Review">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Kay Bischoff</author>
    <author>Dominik Mücke</author>
    <author>Gian-Luca Roth</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Femtosekundenlaser</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Angewandte Lasertechnik und Photonik (alp)</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2248</id>
    <completedYear>2023</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1778</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1781</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>48</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-03-24</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Integration of Bragg gratings in aerosol-jetted polymer optical waveguides for strain monitoring capabilities</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We demonstrate and discuss the integration of Bragg gratings in aerosol-jetted polymer optical waveguides, produced in the optical assembly and connection technology for component-integrated bus systems (OPTAVER) process. By using a femtosecond laser and adaptive beam shaping, an elliptical focal voxel generates different types of single pulse modification by nonlinear absorption in the waveguide material, which are arranged periodically to form Bragg gratings. Integration of a single grating structure or, alternatively, an array of Bragg grating structures in the multimode waveguide yields a pronounced reflection signal with typical multimodal properties, i.e., a number of reflection peaks with non-Gaussian shapes. However, the main wavelength of reflection, located around 1555 nm, is evaluable by means of an appropriate smoothing algorithm. When loaded by mechanical bending, a pronounced Bragg wavelength shift of this reflected peak up to 160 pm is detected. This demonstrates that the additively manufactured waveguides can be used not only for signal transmission but also as a sensor.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Optics Letters</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.481801</identifier>
    <enrichment key="copyright">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="HAB_Review">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Kay Bischoff</author>
    <author>Stefan Kefer</author>
    <author>Alexander Wienke</author>
    <author>Ludger Overmeyer</author>
    <author>Stefan Kaierle</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Bragg-Reflektor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Lichtwellenleiter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Angewandte Lasertechnik und Photonik (alp)</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2249</id>
    <completedYear>2023</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2693</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2693</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>19</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-10-02</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Preparation of Dispersed Copper(II) Oxide Nanosuspensions as Precursor for Femtosecond Reductive Laser Sintering by High-Energy Ball Milling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This contribution demonstrates and discusses the preparation of finely dispersed copper(II) oxide nanosuspensions as precursors for reductive laser sintering (RLS). Since the presence of agglomerates interferes with the various RLS sub-processes, fine dispersion is required, and oversized particles must be identified by a measurement methodology. Aside from the established method of scanning electron microscopy for imaging individual dried particles, this work applies the holistic and statistically more significant laser diffraction in combination with dynamic image analysis in wet dispersion. In addition to direct ultrasonic homogenization, high-energy ball milling is introduced for RLS, to produce stable nanosuspensions with a high fine fraction, and, above all, the absence of oversize particles. Whereas ultrasonic dispersion stagnates at particle sizes between 500 nm and 20 μm, even after 8 h, milled suspension contains a high proportion of finest particles with diameters below 100 nm, no agglomerates larger than 1 μm and a trimodal particle size distribution with the median at 50 nm already, after 100 min of milling. The precursor layers produced by doctor blade coating are examined for their quality by laser scanning microscopy. The surface roughness of such a dry film can be reduced from 1.26 μm to 88 nm by milling. Finally, the novel precursor is used for femtosecond RLS, to produce homogeneous, high-quality copper layers with a sheet resistance of 0.28 Ω/sq and a copper mass concentration of 94.2%.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Nanomaterials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13192693</identifier>
    <enrichment key="copyright">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="HAB_Review">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Kay Bischoff</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Laserstrahlsintern</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Femtosekundenlaser</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Angewandte Lasertechnik und Photonik (alp)</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2254</id>
    <completedYear>2023</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>122623</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>122623</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>keine</issue>
    <volume>387</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-07-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Light-controllable hybrid aligning layer based on LIPSS on sapphire surface and PVCN-F film</title>
    <abstract language="deu">The creation of aligning layers for the uniform orientation of liquid crystals is significant for both research and the application of liquid crystals. For all applications, the creation of aligning layers possessing controllable characteristics such as azimuthal and polar anchoring energies, easy-axis of director alignment and pretilt angle, in the same way as it is achieved by using photoaligning layers processed by light, is very important. Here, aligning properties of hybrid aligning layers created on the basis of sapphire surfaces additionally coated by photoaligning layer of PVCN-F are studied. These hybrid layers possess the properties of the nano-structured sapphire layer and the photosensitive PVCN-F layer, and complement each other. The irradiation time dependence of the azimuthal anchoring energy of the hybrid layers is studied. By using certain experimental conditions during irradiation of hybrid layers, e.g., polarization of light and irradiation time, a minimum value of the azimuthal anchoring energy, close to zero, was obtained. Atomic force microscope studies of the irradiated hybrid layers were also carried out. It was found that the behavior of the contact angle of nematic droplets placed on treated sapphire surfaces are in good agreement with properties of hybrid aligning layers and parameters of structuring surface obtained from AFM images.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Journal of Molecular Liquids</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122623</identifier>
    <enrichment key="copyright">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="HAB_Review">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Igor Gvozdovskyy</author>
    <author>Daria Bratova</author>
    <author>Z. Kazantseva</author>
    <author>S. Malyuta</author>
    <author>Petro Lytvyn</author>
    <author>Simon Schwarz</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Flüssigkristall</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Saphir</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Kristallfläche</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Angewandte Lasertechnik und Photonik (alp)</collection>
    <collection role="forschungsschwerpunkte" number="">Innovative Material Processing</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2384</id>
    <completedYear>2024</completedYear>
    <publishedYear/>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>382</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>392</pageLast>
    <pageNumber>11</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>4</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI AG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Rheological Investigation of Highly Filled Copper(II) Oxide Nanosuspensions to Optimize Precursor Particle Content in Reductive Laser-Sintering</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this article, the particle concentration of finely dispersed copper(II) oxide nanosuspensions as precursors for reductive laser sintering (RLS) is optimized on the basis of rheological investigations. For this metallization process, a smooth, homogeneous and defect-free precursor layer is a prerequisite for adherent and reproducible copper structures. The knowledge of the rheological properties of an ink is crucial for the selection of a suitable coating technology as well as for the adjustment of the ink formulation. Different dilutions of the nanosuspension were examined for their rheological behavior by recording flow curves. A strong shear thinning behavior was found and the viscosity decreases exponentially with increasing dilution. The viscoelastic behavior was investigated by a simulated doctor blade coating process using three-interval thixotropy tests. An overshoot in viscosity is observed, which decreases with increasing thinning of the precursor. As a comparison to these results, doctor blade coating of planar glass and polymer substrates was performed to prepare precursor layers for reductive laser sintering. Surface morphology measurements of the resulting coatings using laser scanning microscopy and rheological tests show that homogeneous precursor layers with constant thickness can be produced at a particle–solvent ratio of 1.33. A too-high particle content results in an irregular coating layer with deep grooves and a peak-to-valley height Sz of up to 7.8 μm. Precise dilution control allows the fabrication of smooth surfaces with a Sz down to 1.5 μm.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Liquids</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2673-8015</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/liquids4020019</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:35:45Z","timestamp":1714696545026},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["FKZ 13FH153KX0"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liquids"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:p&gt;In this article, the particle concentration of finely dispersed copper(II) oxide nanosuspensions as precursors for reductive laser sintering (RLS) is optimized on the basis of rheological investigations. For this metallization process, a smooth, homogeneous and defect-free precursor layer is a prerequisite for adherent and reproducible copper structures. The knowledge of the rheological properties of an ink is crucial for the selection of a suitable coating technology as well as for the adjustment of the ink formulation. Different dilutions of the nanosuspension were examined for their rheological behavior by recording flow curves. A strong shear thinning behavior was found and the viscosity decreases exponentially with increasing dilution. The viscoelastic behavior was investigated by a simulated doctor blade coating process using three-interval thixotropy tests. An overshoot in viscosity is observed, which decreases with increasing thinning of the precursor. As a comparison to these results, doctor blade coating of planar glass and polymer substrates was performed to prepare precursor layers for reductive laser sintering. Surface morphology measurements of the resulting coatings using laser scanning microscopy and rheological tests show that homogeneous precursor layers with constant thickness can be produced at a particle\u2013solvent ratio of 1.33. A too-high particle content results in an irregular coating layer with deep grooves and a peak-to-valley height Sz of up to 7.8 \u03bcm. 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    <title language="eng">Optimization of Mechanical Properties and Evaluation of Fatigue Behavior of Selective Laser Sintered Polyamide-12 Components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this paper, a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of selective laser sintered polyamide components is presented, for various different process parameters as well as environmental testing conditions. For the optimization of the static and dynamic mechanical load behavior, different process parameters, e.g., laser power, scan speed, and build temperature, were varied, defining an optimal parameter combination. First, the influence of the different process parameters was tested, leading to a constant energy density for different combinations. Due to similarities in mechanical load behavior, the energy density was identified as a decisive factor, mostly independent of the input parameters. Thus, secondly, the energy density was varied by the different parameters, exhibiting large differences for all levels of fatigue behavior. An optimal parameter combination of 18 W for the laser power and a scan speed of 2666 mm/s was determined, as a higher energy density led to the best results in static and dynamic testing. According to this, the variation in build temperature was investigated, leading to improvements in tensile strength and fatigue strength at higher build temperatures. Furthermore, different ambient temperatures during testing were evaluated, as the temperature-dependent behavior of polymers is of high importance for industrial applications. An increased ambient temperature as well as active cooling during testing was examined, having a significant impact on the high cycle fatigue regime and on the endurance limit.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Surface roughness optimization of hybrid PBF-LB/M-built Inconel 718 using in situ high-speed milling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractWe report on the optimization of the surface roughness of hybrid additive manufactured Ni superalloys, combining a conventional laser powder bed fusion process with in situ high-speed milling. This remarkable hybrid approach has only recently been applied to different steel types and barely to Ni superalloys which opposite to steel appear to be challenging for milling processes, particularly within the powderbed of laser powder bed fusion. Different influencing factors on the surface roughness are varied in this study, following the Taguchi method. Their effect is evaluated with respect to the average surface roughness and the maximum surface roughness. The signal-to-noise ratio for the varied parameters infeed, z-pitch, feed rate, and spindle speed is calculated, determining their relevance on the surface roughness, and defining an optimal parameter combination. As the surface quality is optimized to $$\varvec{R_a=0.47\, \mu m}$$&#13;
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    <abstract language="eng">We present an in situ process monitoring approach for remote fiber laser cutting, which is based on evaluating images from a high-speed camera. A specifically designed image processing algorithm allows the distinction between complete and incomplete cuts by analyzing spectral and geometric information of the melt pool from the captured images of the high-speed camera. The camera-based monitoring system itself is fit to a conventional laser deflection unit for use with high-power fiber lasers, with the optical detection path being coaxially aligned to the incident laser. Without external illumination, the radiation of the melt from the process zone is recorded in the visible spectral range from the top view and spatially and temporally resolved. The melt pool size and emitted sparks are evaluated in dependence of machining parameters such as feed rate, cycles, and focus position during cutting electrical sheets.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">High speed melt flow monitoring and development of an image processing algorithm for laser fusion cutting</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This contribution presents high-speed camera monitoring of melt pool dynamics for steel during laser fusion cutting and compares the images with recordings in aluminum. The experiments are performed by a 4 kW multimode fiber laser with an emission wavelength of 1070 nm. To visualize the thermal radiation from the process zone during the cutting process, the kerf is captured at sample rates of up to 170 000 frames per second without external illumination with a spectral response between 400 and 700 nm, allowing measurements of the melt flow dynamics from geometric image features. The dependencies of the melt flow dynamics on laser processing parameters, such as feed rate, gas pressure, and laser power, can be evaluated. The monitoring system is placed both off-axis and mounted to a conventional cutting head, with the monitoring path aligned to the processing laser for a coaxial and lateral view of the cut kerf. The measured signal characteristics of the images captured from the melt pool are examined in the visible spectral range of the emitted thermal radiation from the process zone. Moreover, a specifically developed image processing algorithm is developed that process and analyze the captured images and extract geometric information for a measurement of the melt flow.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Evaluation of a Cut Interruption Algorithm for Laser Cutting Steel and Aluminum with a High-Speed Camera</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We report on a monitoring system based on a high-speed camera for fiber laser fusion cutting. The monitoring system is used without an external illumination retrofit on a conventional cutting head, with the optical path aligned coaxially to the incident laser, permitting a direct, spatially, and temporally resolved detection of the melt pool area in the cut kerf from the top view. The dependence of the melt pool area on laser processing parameters such as laser power and feed rate are thus evaluated for stainless steel, zinc-coated steel, and aluminum, respectively. The signal characteristics of the images captured from the melt pool are examined in the visible spectral range of the emitted secondary thermal radiation from the process zone. An ad hoc developed image processing algorithm analyzes the spectral and geometric information of the melt pool from high-speed camera images and distinguishes between complete and incomplete cuts.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
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    <author>Max Schleier</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
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      <value>Laserschneiden</value>
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      <type>swd</type>
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    <title language="eng">Vision transformer based cut interruption detection and prediction of laser fusion cutting from monitored melt pool images</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Incomplete cuts during laser fusion cutting result in a closed kerf, preventing the workpiece from detaching from the sheet and resulting in rework or rejection. We demonstrate the approach of a vision transformer, used for image classification, to detect cut interruption during laser fusion cutting in steel and aluminum. With events impending an incomplete cut in steel, we attempt to predict cut interruption before they even occur. To build a data set for training, cutting experiments are carried out with a 4 kW fiber laser, forcing incomplete cuts by varying the process parameters such as laser power and feed rate. The thermal radiation from the process zone during the cutting process is captured with a size of 256 × 256 px2 at sample rates of 20 × 103 fps. The kerf is recorded with a spectral sensitivity between 400 and 700 nm, without external illumination, which enables the melt to be observed in the range of the visual spectrum. The vision transformer model, which is used for image classification, splits the image into patches, linearly embedded with an added position embedding, and fed to a standard transformer encoder. For training the model, a set of images was labeled for the respective classes of a complete, incomplete, and impending incomplete cut. With the trained model, incomplete cuts in steel and aluminum can then be recognized and impending incomplete cuts in steel can be predicted in advance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
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    <author>Max Schleier</author>
    <author>Cemal Esen</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
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      <value>Laserschneiden</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Laserschmelzen</value>
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    <title language="eng">Birefringence in Injection-Molded Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Substrates and Its Impact on Integrated Photonic Structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This contribution quantifies the birefringence within injection-molded cyclic olefin copolymer plates and discusses its impact on the mechanical properties of the plates. It also focuses on the impact of birefringence on integrated waveguides and Bragg gratings and provides fabrication guidelines for such structures. The anisotropy in all three dimensions of the workpiece is examined by means of polarimetry and a prism coupler. It is found that the birefringence is inhomogenously distributed within the workpieces, whereas the maximum birefringence not only varies locally, but also depends on the observation direction. Overall, a maximum birefringence of 10 × 10−4 is found at the plate’s surface near the injection gate. The anisotropy then reduces exponentially towards the center of the workpiece and saturates at 1.8 × 10−4, in a depth of 0.4 mm. Thus, the birefringence strongly affects near-surface photonic structures. It is found that, depending on their orientation and the local birefringence of the substrate, waveguides and Bragg gratings fabricated with comparable parameters behave completely differently in terms of polarization-dependent optical attenuation, cross-sectional intensity distribution and Bragg reflection signal. For example, the support of the TM mode can vary between total loss and an optical attenuation of 0.9 dB × cm−1. In consequence, this study underlines the importance of quantifying the birefringent state of an injection-molded cyclic olefin copolymer workpiece if it is supposed to serve as a substrate for integrated photonic structures. The study furthermore demonstrates that birefringence effects can be omitted by burying the photonic structures deeper into the volume of the thermoplastic.</abstract>
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    <author>Stefan Kefer</author>
    <author>Tobias Limbach</author>
    <author>Natalie Pape</author>
    <author>Kathrin Klamt</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schmauss</author>
    <author>Ralf Hellmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>cyclic olefin copolymer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>birefringence</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>integrated photonics</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Bragg grating</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>injection molding</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Bragg-Reflektor</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Wellenleiter</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Doppelbrechung</value>
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    <issue>57/102798</issue>
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    <title language="eng">Increased relative density and characteristic melt pool Signals at the edge in PBF-LB/M</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Limited process control can cause metallurgical defect formation and inhomogeneous relative density in laser powder bed fusion manufactured parts. This study shows that process monitoring, based on optical melt-pool signal analysis is capable of tracing relative density variations: Unsupervised machine learning, applied to cluster multiple-slice monitoring data, reveals characteristic patterns in this noisy time-series signal, which can be co-registered with geometrical positions in the build part. For cylindrical 15–5 PH stainless steel specimens, manufactured under constant process parameters and post-analyzed by µ-computer tomography, correlations between such patterns and an increased local relative density at the edge have been observed. Finite element method (FEM) modeling of thermal histories at exemplary positions close to the edge suggest pre-heating effects caused by neighboring laser scan trajectories as possible reasons for the increased melt pool intensity at the edge.</abstract>
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    <author>Jorrit Voigt</author>
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    <title language="eng">UV-ultrashort pulsed laser ablation of fused silica</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The authors report on ultraviolet ultrashort pulsed laser ablation of fused silica and compare the achievable micromachining results to those obtained by using the fundamental emission wavelength in infrared. Ablation in ultraviolet reveals a stable efficiency for increasing fluences, whereas using an infrared beam exhibits a decreasing trend of the ablation efficiency at higher and increasing fluences. In addition, a significant improvement in the surface quality is found by using an ultraviolet wavelength in a fluence range up to 20 J/cm2 compared to infrared, e.g., revealing an Ra of down to 0.45 μm on using the ultraviolet wavelength compared to Ra = 0.56 μm on using infrared at fluences up 15 J/cm2. Moreover, taking advantage of the high available pulse energy, the authors compare the achievable ablation efficiency and surface roughness using a conventionally focused ultraviolet beam and a defocused ultraviolet beam, finding that the defocused ultraviolet beam possesses a processing quality comparable to that of the focused beam. Finally, the authors exemplify the potential of ultraviolet ultrashort pulsed laser ablation by using a Tesla mixer for microfluidic integration of fused silica.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
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