@inproceedings{RivoltaBruniCivitanietal.2022, author = {Rivolta, Giacomo and Bruni, Ricardo and Civitani, Marta Maria and Cotroneo, Vincenzo and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Gibertini, Eugenio and Magagnin, Luca and Pareschi, Giovanni and Romaine, Suzanne and Sethares, Leandra and Sironi, Giorgia and Tagliaferri, Gianpiero and Valsecchi, Giuseppe}, title = {Development in carbon-based coatings for X-ray astronomy}, series = {IWXM 2022, 7th International Workshop on Metrology for X-ray Optics, Mirror Design and Fabrication, Berlin, 5th - 8th April 2022}, booktitle = {IWXM 2022, 7th International Workshop on Metrology for X-ray Optics, Mirror Design and Fabrication, Berlin, 5th - 8th April 2022}, year = {2022}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenastronomie}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{CotroneoBruniCivitanietal.2022, author = {Cotroneo, Vincenzo and Bruni, Ricardo and Civitani, Marta Maria and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Gibertini, Eugenio and Magagnin, Luca and Pareschi, Giovanni and Rivolta, Giacomo and Romaine, Suzanne and Sethares, Leandra and Sironi, Giorgia and Tagliaferri, Gianpiero and Valsecchi, Giuseppe}, title = {Dopamine dip-liquid overcoatings for soft X-ray reflectivity enhancement}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {2022}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, number = {12181}, doi = {10.1117/12.2630212}, pages = {1218117 -- 1218117}, year = {2022}, abstract = {It has been known for some time that sputtered low-density coatings deposited under vacuum (e.g. carbon or B4C), applied on top of high-density metallic coatings, can enhance the reflectivity in the soft x-ray band (below ~5 keV). In the last years, we experimented with novel carbonated coatings obtained by dip-liquid deposition, in which a thin film is formed on the surface of a mirror by immersion in a suitable precursor solution. After several attempts with different chemical compounds, we found an optimal candidate both for the reflectivity performance and for the convenience of the deposition process, which is much simpler and inexpensive compared to conventional processes. In particular, such coatings can enhance the soft x-ray response at the reflection angles employed in future telescopes, like ATHENA (ESA), Lynx (NASA) and eXTP (CAS). In this paper we consider the application of dip-liquid overcoatings on conventional coatings (Au, Ir) or in combination with recently proposed chromium overcoatings and their possible uses to enhance the reflectivity of x-ray mirrors at low, medium or higher energies, presenting the first experimental results of x-ray tests on these coatings.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenspiegel}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringStieglitzHudecetal.2022, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stieglitz, Veronika and Hudec, Rene and Sapsai, Iryna and Friedrich, Peter and Burwitz, Vadim}, title = {Characterization of a lobster-eye type X-ray telescope}, series = {EPJ Web of Conferences}, volume = {266 (2022)}, booktitle = {EPJ Web of Conferences}, doi = {10.1051/epjconf/202226613010}, pages = {1 -- 2}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Lobster-eye type X-ray telescopes use reflecting plano mirrors under grazing incidence and can observe a large field of view. As part of a Bavarian-Czech cooperation, two telescopes were build, equipped with mirrors coated with gold and iridium. Their X-ray characterization was carried out at the PANTER test facility, which simulates parallel starlight incident on the telescopes. The telescopes have an angular resolution of about 4 arc minutes in X-rays and a focal length of about 2 meters. The used X-ray mirrors reflect and focus visible light as well; their functionality in the optical regime was checked in laboratory tests. Now another test campaign will be carried out to examine the telescope resolution for real objects of the visible night sky and the imaging properties for star constellations.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{DoehringStieglitzFriedrichetal.2023, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stieglitz, Veronika and Friedrich, Peter and Burwitz, Vadim and Jelinek, Martin and Hudec, Rene}, title = {Testing of lobster-eye type telescopes with X-rays and visible light}, series = {SPIE Proceedings}, volume = {2023}, booktitle = {SPIE Proceedings}, number = {12576}, publisher = {SPIE}, organization = {TH Aschaffenburg}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2665429}, pages = {1257606-1 -- 1257606-5}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Reflective coatings for astronomical X-ray optics were developed at the "Aschaffenburg Competence Center for Astronomical and Space Instrumentation" (ACCASI) since several years. As part of a Bavarian-Czech cooperation between the Technical University of Aschaffenburg and the Czech Technical University of Prague, now two mechanically identical telescopes were built. One telescope optic was equipped with conventional gold-coated mirrors, manufactured by the Czech project partners. The 34 X-ray mirrors of the second telescope use an innovative coating system made of chromium and iridium, which was applied at the Aschaffenburg coating laboratory. Both telescopes are designed according to the bionic principle of a reflecting lobster eye. The optics works with two consecutive reflections on mutually perpendicular mirror surfaces. This enables a large field of view with many square degrees in diameter, which, however, comes at the price of a reduced angular resolution. An extensive X-ray characterization of these telescopes was carried out at the PANTER test facility of MPE, which simulates parallel starlight incident on the telescopes. The telescopes have an angular resolution of about 4 arc minutes in X-rays and a focal length of about 2 meters. Furthermore, the used X-ray mirrors reflect and focus visible light as well and this functionality in the optical regime was checked in laboratory tests. Now another test campaign was done to examine the telescope resolution for real objects of the visible sky and the imaging properties for star constellations. Such functional tests by observing astronomical objects of the visible sky may simplify and accelerate the development of X-ray telescopes for satellite applications.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HudecPomahačStaniketal.2023, author = {Hudec, Rene and Pomahač, Vit and Stanik, Eva and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Schilling, Klaus}, title = {Space Telescopes based on Satellite Tandem Flights}, series = {DGaO Proceedings}, volume = {2023}, booktitle = {DGaO Proceedings}, issn = {1614-8436}, pages = {2}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Progress in satellite control engineering enables tandem flight arrangements of mini-satellites in future space missions. Cost effective CubeSat technologies offer an interesting possibility for space-born telescope payloads. Two small satellites will carry the telescope optics and the detector system, respectively. Related formation flight requirements could be transferred from the NetSat-Mission.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringStieglitzHudecetal.2022, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stieglitz, Veronika and Hudec, Rene and Sapsai, Iryna and Friedrich, Peter and Burwitz, Vadim}, title = {Characterization of a lobster-eye type X-ray telescope}, series = {EOSAM-Conference}, volume = {2022}, booktitle = {EOSAM-Conference}, organization = {TH Aschaffenburg}, pages = {1 -- 1}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Lobster-eye type X-ray telescopes use reflecting plano mirrors under grazing incidence and can observe a large field of view. As part of a Bavarian-Czech cooperation, two telescopes were build, equipped with mirrors coated with gold and iridium. Their X-ray characterization was carried out at the PANTER test facility, which simulates parallel starlight incident on the telescopes. The telescopes have an angular resolution of about 4 arc minutes in X-rays and a focal length of about 2 meters. The used X-ray mirrors reflect and focus visible light as well; their functionality in the optical regime was checked in laboratory tests. Now another test campaign will be carried out to examine the telescope resolution for real objects of the visible night sky and the imaging properties for star constellations.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HudecGilleGuimbelotetal.2022, author = {Hudec, Rene and Gille, Florian and Guimbelot, Elzear and Tichy, Vladimir and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten}, title = {Effective areas of astronomical X-ray optics for cubesats and rocket experiments}, series = {DGaO Proceedings}, volume = {2022}, booktitle = {DGaO Proceedings}, number = {123}, publisher = {DGaO}, organization = {Technische Universit{\"a}t Prag}, issn = {1614-8436}, pages = {1 -- 2}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The effective area is one of the main telescope parameters when justifying real space application. We discuss the estimation of the effective collecting area of an X-ray telescope by two different methods, an analytical method and a simulation algorithm, and then compare the results. The Lobster Eye type telescopes considered here are designed for rocket experiments and CubeSat flights.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringZeisingStieglitzetal.2022, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Zeising, Sebastian and Stieglitz, Veronika and Burwitz, Vadim and Rukdee, Surangkhana and Friedrich, Peter and Jelinek, Martin and Hudec, Rene}, title = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop-Funktionstests durch Beobachtung astronomischer Objekte am sichtbaren Nachthimmel}, series = {DGaO Proceedings}, volume = {2022}, booktitle = {DGaO Proceedings}, publisher = {DGaO}, organization = {TH Aschaffenburg}, issn = {1614-8436}, pages = {1 -- 2}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Lobster-Eye-R{\"o}ntgenteleskope nutzen reflektierende Planspiegel unter streifendem Einfall und zeichnen sich durch ein großes Beobachtungsfeld aus. Die Spiegel reflektieren auch sichtbare Strahlung hervorragend. Nach R{\"o}ntgen-messungen im Labor wurden nun weitere Tests durchgef{\"u}hrt, um die Abbildungs-eigenschaften mit realen Objekten des sichtbaren Himmels zu untersuchen.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{DoehringStadtmuellerStollenwerketal.2021, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stadtm{\"u}ller, Johannes and Stollenwerk, Manfred and Cotroneo, Vincenzo and Pareschi, Giovanni and Gibertini, Eugenio and Magagnin, Luca}, title = {Low-density coatings for enhanced X-ray reflectivity of astronomical telescope mirrors}, series = {DGaO Proceedings}, volume = {2021}, booktitle = {DGaO Proceedings}, number = {122}, publisher = {DGaO}, organization = {TH Aschaffenburg}, issn = {1614-8436}, pages = {1 -- 2}, year = {2021}, abstract = {High reflectivity grazing incidence mirrors of astronomical X-ray telescopes are usually coated with thin layers of iridium, gold, or platinum. Due to a series of absorption edges, these noble metals have low reflectivity in the 2 - 4 keV band. We present the development of innovative material combinations using chromium and an additional layer of polydopamine for enhanced reflectivity X-ray coatings.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringStieglitzBurwitzetal.2021, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stieglitz, Veronika and Burwitz, Vadim and Hartner, Gisela and M{\"u}ller, Thomas and Schmidt, Thomas and Rukdee, Surangkhana and Friedrich, Peter and Sahin, Fatih and Hudec, Rene}, title = {Charakterisierung von Weitwinkel-R{\"o}ntgenteleskopen in der Testanlage PANTER}, series = {DGaO Proceedings}, volume = {2021}, booktitle = {DGaO Proceedings}, number = {122}, publisher = {DGaO}, organization = {TH Aschaffenburg}, issn = {1614-8436}, pages = {1 -- 2}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Im Rahmen einer bayerisch-tschechischen Kooperation entstanden zwei R{\"o}ntgenteleskope, best{\"u}ckt mit Gold- und Iridium-beschichteten Planspiegeln. Deren Charakterisierung erfolgte an der R{\"o}ntgentestanlage PANTER, welche parallel auf die Teleskope einfallendes Sternenlicht simuliert. Die Teleskope haben eine Winkelaufl{\"o}sung von ca. 4 Bogenminuten und eine Brennweite von rund 2 Metern.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{CotroneoBruniDoehringetal.2021, author = {Cotroneo, Vincenzo and Bruni, Ricardo and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Ferreira, Desiree and Gibertini, Eugenio and Henriksen, Peter and Magagnin, Luca and Massahi, Sonny and Pareschi, Giovanni and Romaine, Suzanne and Sethares, Leandra and Sironi, Giorgia and Spiga, Daniele and Tagliaferri, Gianpiero and Valsecchi, Giuseppe}, title = {Development of low-density coatings for soft x-ray reflectivity enhancement for ATHENA and other missions}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, number = {11852}, publisher = {SPIE}, organization = {Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599803}, pages = {118524P-1 -- 118524P-13}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Metallic coatings made of precious metals (e.g. Ir, Pt or Au) with high atomic number Z have been traditionally employed at grazing incidence for X-rays reflection and focalization. These materials offer a range of reflection extended to higher energies, but also present a series of absorption edges, which limit the reflectivity in the 2-4 keV band and below. Therefore the search for alternative coatings, able to improve the reflection in the soft energy range, is particularly relevant for the development of future telescopes, like ATHENA (ESA), Lynx (NASA) and eXTP (CAS). Low-Z overcoatings (e.g. carbon or B4C), applied on top of the high-Z metallic layer, can enhance the reflectivity in the softer band (mainly below 2 keV), but conventional deposition methods for these materials are not easily compatible with some of the mainstream technologies for mirror fabrication (notably, the silicon pore optics that will be used for the ATHENA X-ray mission which is being implemented by ESA). In this work we discuss novel solutions (carbon-like overcoatings realized by dip coating or vapor phase deposition), which can be particularly convenient for the application to ATHENA and to future telescopes.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StehlikovaDoehringStollenwerketal.2021, author = {Stehlikova, Veronika and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stollenwerk, Manfred and Stadtm{\"u}ller, Johannes and Marsikova, Veronika and Hudec, Rene and Flachs, Dennis and Burwitz, Vadim and Hartner, Gisela and Rukdee, Surangkhana and M{\"u}ller, Thomas and Schmidt, Thomas and Inneman, Adolf and Klementova, Mariana and Zeising, Sebastian and Langmeier, Andreas}, title = {Lobster eye type X-ray telescope with chromium-iridium coated tri-layer mirrors}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, number = {11776}, publisher = {SPIE}, organization = {Czech Technical University in Prague}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2589266}, pages = {1177605-1 -- 1177605-8}, year = {2021}, abstract = {For space-born astronomical X-ray telescopes, iridium-based reflective layer systems are known as highly effective mirrors coatings. During the recent years, Aschaffenburg University of Applied Sciences and the Czech Technical University in Prague jointly developed stress compensated chromium-iridium coatings for this application. To overcome the disturbing reflectivity reduction of the iridium absorption edge around 2 keV photon energy, thin overcoat layers of chromium were applied in addition. Now a prototype of a wide-field, imaging X-ray telescope of Lobster Eye type is assembled at the company RIGAKU. For this purpose a small series of 34 mirrors based on 100 x 50 mm semiconductor grade silicon substrates has been coated at Aschaffenburg University. The applied tri-layer system consists of a stack of 40 nm chromium, which act as adhesive layer and compensates layer stress, a 30 nm iridium thick reflective layer, and an additional overcoat layer of 6 nm chromium. This layer system have been analysed by AFM and TEM images. The mirrors are assembled into an aluminium frame to build a 2D Lobster Eye type telescope. The designed focal length of this wide field X-ray telescope is two meter. To study the performance of the tri-layer coating system, a twin LE telescope with convenient gold coatings was manufactured also. Performance measurements of both telescopes and under same conditions are planned at the PANTER test facility at the Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. First experimental results, their comparison with theoretical simulations and the comparison between both models will be presented in this contribution.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringStollenwerkStadtmuelleretal.2021, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stollenwerk, Manfred and Stadtm{\"u}ller, Johannes and Zeising, Sebastian and Flachs, Dennis and Stehlikova, Veronika and Burwitz, Vadim and Krumrey, Michael K. and Cotroneo, Vincenzo and Klementova, Mariana}, title = {Characterisation of X-ray mirrors based on chromium-iridium tri-layer coatings}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, number = {11776}, publisher = {SPIE}, organization = {TH Aschaffenburg}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2592551}, pages = {1177607-1 -- 11776076}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Iridium-based layer systems are highly effective mirror coatings for space-born X-ray telescopes. During the recent years, Aschaffenburg University of Applied Sciences and its partners developed stress compensated chromium-iridium coatings for such astronomical applications, using chromium as an adhesive layer between iridium reflective layer and mirror substrate. However, there was room for improvement: To overcome the disturbing reflectivity reduction of the iridium absorption edge around 2 keV photon energy, thin overcoat layers of chromium are applied in addition now. This layer system has been analyzed by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Furthermore, the reflectivity of such innovative X-ray mirrors based on chromium-iridium tri-layer coatings was recently measured at PTB's four-crystal monochromator beamline at the synchrotron radiation facility BESSY II. The experimental results, obtained for photon energies between 1.9 keV and 11 keV at two grazing incidence angles (0.6 degree and 0.9 degree) and their comparison with corresponding simulations are presented in this contribution. When compared to simulations of pure iridium coatings, a significantly higher reflectivity was achieved especially in the soft X-ray regime between 2 keV and 4 keV. Such chromium-iridium tri-layer coatings have high potential to increase the effective area for X-ray telescopes in Lobster Eye Design, for Wolter-I type X-ray optics, and for silicon pore optics as considered for the ATHENA telescope of the European Space Agency.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenspiegel}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PareschiCivitaniSironietal.2019, author = {Pareschi, Giovanni and Civitani, Marta Maria and Sironi, Giorgia and Yang, Yang and Cotroneo, Vincenzo and Valsecchi, Giuseppe and Magagnin, Luca and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Bradshaw, Miranda and Burwitz, Vadim and Pelliciari, Carlo}, title = {Reflectivity-enhancement at low x-ray energies in astronomical telescopes using low-density overcoatings: alternative materials and deposition methods}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {2019}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, number = {11119}, publisher = {SPIE}, organization = {Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532392}, pages = {11119OS-1 -- 11119OS-13}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Low density overcoatings (mainly based on materials containing Carbon) onto usual high-density coatings (based i.e. on materials like e.g. like Ir, Au or Pt) have been proposed since many years ago in order to enhance the X- ray reflectivity at low energy (between 0.5 and 4 keV) of X-ray astronomical optics. The trick is to make use of the total reflection from the thin low-density material (which does not suffer much the photoelectric absorption) at low X-ray energies; the reflection of photons at higher energies (< 4 keV) occurs thanks to the much denser material under the overcoating. For several future projects, like e.g. ATHENA, LYNX and eXTP, it is foreseen the use of low-density overcoatings that will importantly increase the effective area at low X-ray energies. In this paper we will introduce the use of overcoatings based on materials different from the usual ones considered so far like C, B4C and SiC. In particular, we will discuss about a novel approach based on the use of thin layer of a Carbon-like materials deposited using a dip coating method. A possible combination with an intermediate thin layer of Chromium deposited e.g. via sputtering onto the usual high density material (Ir, Au or Pt) before the application of the Carbon-like material is also considered in the study, because it can further greatly enhance the soft X-ray effective area of future X-ray telescopes.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StehlikovaDoehringSchaeferetal.2019, author = {Stehlikova, Veronika and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Sch{\"a}fer, Tobias and Stollenwerk, Manfred and Friedrich, Peter and Burwitz, Vadim and Hartner, Gisela and Bradshaw, Miranda and Liao, Yingyu and Pelliciari, Carlo}, title = {X-ray reflectivity measurements at chromium-iridium tri-layer coatings}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {2019}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, number = {11119}, organization = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Extraterrestrische Physik}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2530439}, pages = {111191L-1 -- 111191L-6}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Studying astronomical objects in the X-ray regime, iridium-based layer systems are highly effective reflective materials for telescopes mirrors. Aschaffenburg University and the Czech Technical University in Prague jointly developed stress compensated chromium-iridium coatings. To overcome the disturbing reflectivity reduction of the iridium absorption edge around 2 keV photon energy and improve general reflectivity at lower incident energies, thin overcoat layers of chromium have been applied in addition. Corresponding measurements at several X-ray lines have been performed on these samples at the PANTER test facility of the Max-Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics. A part of the experimental results and their comparison with theoretical simulations are presented in this contribution.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenastronomie}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AltmannEgleHafneretal.2000, author = {Altmann, J{\"u}rgen and Egle, Wilhelm J. and Hafner, Wolfgang and Derst, Gerhard and Matthes, Axel and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten}, title = {Fabrication of a demonstration mandrel for ESA's XEUS mirror development program}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {4012}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, pages = {559 -- 566}, year = {2000}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringJedamzikThomas2003, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Jedamzik, Ralf and Thomas, Armin}, title = {Zerodur mandrels for the next generation of x-ray telescopes}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {4851}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, pages = {647 -- 655}, year = {2003}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StehlikovaProbstNentvichetal.2017, author = {Stehlikova, Veronika and Probst, Anne-Catherine and Nentvich, Ondrej and Urban, Martin and Inneman, Adolf and Sieger, Ladislav and Marsikova, Veronika and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten}, title = {Development of iridium coated silicon X-ray mirrors for Lobster Eye astronomical telescopes}, series = {Proceedings of EOSMOS 2017}, volume = {2017}, booktitle = {Proceedings of EOSMOS 2017}, number = {EOSMOS 2017}, publisher = {European Optical Society}, organization = {CVUT Prag}, pages = {1 -- 2}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In the field of X-ray astronomy different types of telescope optics based on grazing incidence mirrors can be used. This contribution presents a special design of a Lobster Eye wide-field telescope with mirrors based on flat silicon wafers and the task of coating such mirror substrates with reflective iridium layers.}, subject = {Iridium}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StehlikovaProserpioFriedrichetal.2017, author = {Stehlikova, Veronika and Proserpio, Laura and Friedrich, Peter and Madarasz, Emanuel and Breunig, Elias and Burwitz, Vadim and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Probst, Anne-Catherine}, title = {Indirect glass slumping of grazing incidence mirror segments for lightweight x-ray telescopes}, series = {Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE)}, volume = {2017}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE)}, number = {10399}, publisher = {SPIE}, organization = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r extraterrestrische Physik}, doi = {10.1117/12.2272671}, pages = {103991Z-1 -- 103991Z-7}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The paper provides a description of recent progress in the development of lightweight, precision and highthroughput grazing-incidence mirrors for X-ray astronomy made of glass. In particular, the indirect slumping technology under investigation at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) is reviewed and recent activities are presented together with the research approach. The glass slumping technique foresees several steps: a thermal forming process using a suitable mould; a re ective layer application; the alignment and integration of mirror segments into a supporting structure; and the � nal veri� cation of prototype modules using X-rays. Each step is considered at MPE, with the involvement of partner institutes and universities. The last year of activities was mainly dedicated to the procurement of new moulds and to the application of Iridium coating. The main results will be presented.}, subject = {Iridium}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringProbstEmmerichetal.2017, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Probst, Anne-Catherine and Emmerich, Florian and Stollenwerk, Manfred and Stehlikova, Veronika and Friedrich, Peter and Damm, Christine}, title = {Development of iridium coated X-ray mirrors for astronomical applications}, series = {Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE)}, volume = {2017}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE)}, number = {10399}, publisher = {SPIE}, doi = {10.1117/12.2273988}, pages = {103991C-1 -- 103991C-8}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Future space-based X-ray observatories need to be very lightweight for launcher mass constraints. Therefore they will use a reduced mirror thickness, which results in the additional requirement of low coating stress to avoid deformation of the initial precisely shaped mirror substrates. Due to their excellent reflection properties iridium coatings are sometimes applied for grazing incidence mirrors in astronomical X-ray telescopes. At Aschaffenburg University of Applied Sciences the coating of thin iridium films by an RF-magnetron sputtering technique is under development. The work is embedded in collaborations with the Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany, the Czech Technical University in Prague, the Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera in Italy, the German Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research in Dresden, and the French Institute Fresnel. Sputtering with different parameters leads to iridium films with different properties. The current work is focused on the microstructure of the iridium coatings to study the influence of the substrate and of the argon gas pressure on the thin film growing process. Correlations between coating density, surface micro-roughness, the crystalline structure of the iridium layers, and the expected reflectivity of the X-ray mirror as well as coating stress effects are presented and discussed. The final goal of the project is to integrate the produced prototype mirrors into an X-ray telescope module. On a longer timescale measurements of the mirror modules optical performance are planned at the X-ray test facility PANTER.}, subject = {Iridium}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DoehringStollenwerkProserpioetal.2016, author = {D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Stollenwerk, Manfred and Proserpio, Laura and Breunig, Elias and Friedrich, Peter}, title = {The challenging development of lightweight glass mirrors for future X-ray telescopes}, series = {DGaO Proceedings}, volume = {2016}, booktitle = {DGaO Proceedings}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r angewandte Optik}, address = {Erlangen}, organization = {Hochschule Aschaffenburg}, issn = {1614-8436}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/nbn:de:0287-2016-B018-0}, pages = {2}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Previously used mirror technologies are not able to fulfill the challenging requirements of future X-ray telescopes. A promising new technology under development is the hot slumping of thin glasses. Challenges, design trades and first results are presented, including the thermal shaping process, the development of low stress coatings and the mirror segments integration concept.}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ProserpioDoehringBreunigetal.2014, author = {Proserpio, Laura and D{\"o}hring, Thorsten and Breunig, Elias and Friedrich, Peter and Winter, Anita}, title = {Industrialization scenario for X-ray telescopes production based on glass slumping}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE 9144, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 914448}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE 9144, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 914448}, number = {9144}, doi = {10.1117/12.2055129}, year = {2014}, subject = {R{\"o}ntgenteleskop}, language = {en} }