TY - JOUR A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Otten, Sabine T1 - Wahrgenommene Motive für soziale Diskriminierung BT - Einflüsse von Stimulusvalenz und Beurteilerperspektive JF - Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie Y1 - 2023 VL - 26 SP - 135 EP - 147 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Otten, Sabine T1 - Perceptions of relative group size and group status BT - Effects on intergroup discrimination in negative evaluations JF - European Journal of Social Psychology N2 - The positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination proposes a threshold for ingroup favouritism within the negative domain: in contrast to comparable studies dealing with in- and outgroup evaluations on positive attributes, ingroup favouritism does not occur when negative attributes are used. The present study focuses on two aspects of this threshold: it investigates processes, which may influence the absence of ingroup favouritism in the negative domain, and it tests ‘aggravating’ variables, which seem to be suficient to elicit ingroup favouritism even in the negative domain. Results show that ingroup favouritism occurred within the negative domain when several aggravating conditions were included, namely high salience of size- and status- similarity between groups and high ingroup identification. Furthermore, subjects under minimal conditions tended to overestimate relative size as well as relative status of their ingroup. The perception of group members to belong to a high status majority is interpreted as a sufficient condition counteracting tendencies towards ingroup favouritism within the negative domain. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250208 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 231 EP - 247 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schruijer, Sandra A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Tedeschi, Jim A1 - Banfai, Beata A1 - Dittmar, Helga A1 - Kleibaumhüter, Petra A1 - Mahjoub, Abdelwahab A1 - Mandrosz-Wroblewska, Joanna A1 - Molinari, Luisa A1 - Petillon, Xavier T1 - The group-serving bias in evaluating and explaining harmful behavior JF - The Journal of Social Psychology N2 - Group-serving biases in evaluating and explaining harmful behavior were investigated. Members of the Italian Communist party judged and explained an in-group or an out-group actor's harmful behavior toward an in-group or an out-group victim. The results support the notion of an in-group bias: Out-group actors were perceived as more aggressive and intentional in their actions than in-group actors. An in-group bias was also observed with regard to predictions about whether the victim would attempt retaliation. Group-based explanations were used more often when the group identities of actor and victim were different than when they were the same. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1994.9710882 VL - 134 IS - 1 SP - 47 EP - 53 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Mielke, Rosemarie A1 - Klink, Andreas T1 - Wechselseitige Differenzierung zwischen sozialen Gruppen: Ein Vorhersagemodell der Theorie der sozialen Identität JF - Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie N2 - Hypotheses derived from social identity theory (Tajfel, 1978) were tested by investigating intergroup differentiation between 2 natural groups. In line with the predictions, members of the low status group (East Germans) favored their in-group (IG) on the status-unrelated (social) comparison dimension, while members of the high status group (West Germans) perceived their IG to be superior on the status-related (material) dimension. The more group members favored their IG over the out-group (OG), the more they emphasized the relative relevance of the pertinent comparative dimension for their IG. Furthermore, a predictive model of intergroup differentiation was tested in which IG favoritism was set to be a function of the perceived stability and legitimacy of the status-difference as well as the perceived permeability of group boundaries. The results showed that members of the low status group favored their IG on the status-unrelated dimension the more the intergroup structure was perceived as being stable, illegitimate, and impermeable and the more they identified themselves with their East-German IG. On the other hand, members of the high status group favored their IG on the status related dimension the more legitimate they perceived the status-difference between both groups. N2 - Allgemeine Aussagen der Theorie der sozialen Identität von Tajfel (1978) über Stereotypisierung von Mitgliedern sozialer Gruppen wurden exemplarisch anhand der Intergruppen-Differenzierung zwischen zwei natürlichen Gruppen überprüft. In Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie favorisierten Mitglieder der statusniedrigen Gruppe (Ostdeutsche) ihre Eigengruppe auf der statusunabhängigen (sozialen) Vergleichsdimension, während Mitglieder der statushohen Gruppe (Westdeutsche) eine relative Überlegenheit ihrer Eigengruppe auf der statusbezogenen (materiellen) Dimension wahrnahmen. Darüber hinaus ergaben sich Hinweise auf eine ‘indirekte’ Diskriminierung bei beiden Gruppen: Je stärker die jeweilige Eigengruppe favorisiert wurde, desto wichtiger wurde die entsprechende Vergleichsdimension für die Eigengruppe eingeschätzt. Zusätzlich wurde ein Vorhersagemodell zur Intergruppen-Differenzierung geprüft, in dem Eigengruppen-Favorisierung als Funktion der wahrgenommenen Stabilität und Legitimität der Statusdifferenz sowie der Durchlässigkeit (Permeabilität) der Gruppengrenzen betrachtet wurde. Zusätzlich wurde die Identifikation mit der Eigengruppe als Mediator in das Prädiktionsmodell aufgenommen. Mitglieder der statusniedrigen Gruppe favorisierten ihre Eigengruppe auf der statusunabhängigen Vergleichsdimension um so mehr, je stabiler, illegitimer und impermeabler die Intergruppenstruktur wahrgenommen wurde und je höher sie sich mit ihrer Eigengruppe identifizierten. Für Mitglieder der statushohen Gruppe war die Favorisierung ihrer Eigengruppe auf der statusbezogenen Dimension hingegen mit einer erhöhten Legitmitätswahrnehmung der Statusdifferenz verbunden. Y1 - 2023 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 239 EP - 259 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Mielke, Rosemarie A1 - Klink, Andreas T1 - Responding to negative social identity: A taxonomy of identity management strategies JF - European Journal of Social Psychology N2 - Taken from literature on social identity theory and social comparison theory, 12 strategies of identity management were identified as possible responses to negative social identity. A taxonomy with two orthogonal axes is proposed as theoretical organization of these diverse strategies. While the first axis considers responses as being either individual or collective, the second axis refers to the distinction between behaviours and cognitions. It is assumed that the German unification process implied a lower status position of East Germans relative to West Germans on relevant comparison dimensions, and that East Germans have to deal with this threat to their identity. Hence, data of an East German sample are used to empirically systematize identity management strategies, and, thus, to test the proposed taxonomy. Results support the expected four-factor solution only for those strategies taken from social identity theory, while the responses derived from social comparison research build a fifth factor. In addition, the empirical assignments of strategies to cells of the taxonomy are only partly in line with the expected pattern. The empirical findings suggest some clarification and modifications of the proposed response taxonomy. The most important refers to a re-interpretation of the taxonomy's first axis, which now differentiates between responses according to the specific changes of the comparison parameters they imply. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199809/10)28:5%3C697::AID-EJSP889%3E3.0.CO;2-%23 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 697 EP - 729 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Otten, Sabine T1 - Normative evaluations and frequency expectations regarding positive versus negative outcome allocations between groups JF - European Journal of Social Psychology N2 - Data from several recent studies consistently show a positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination: within a minimal social situation tendencies towards ingroup favouritism which usually appear in allocations of positively valenced resources are absent in the domain of negatively valenced stimuli. The present study investigates whether this valence-asymmetry has any correspondence to variations in normative evaluations of positive versus negative outcome allocations. For this purpose perceptions of normative appropriateness as well as frequency expectations of outside observers regarding outcome allocations made by categorized group members were investigated. Results show that parity choices were perceived as more normatively appropriate than out- or ingroup favouritism. While outgroup favouritism was judged as inappropriate as ingroup favouritism for positive resources, ingroup favouring decisions for negative resources were perceived as the least appropriate response within the minimal social situation. In addition, in contrast to results of St. Claire and Turner (1982) non-categorized subjects expected ingroup favouring decisions by group members more frequently than parity or outgroup favouring choices with respect to positively valanced resources. When, however, negative resources were to be allocated, outgroup favouritism was predominantly expected. Results are discussed in terms of justice considerations and are linked to a normative account of the positive-negative asymmetry in social discrimination. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199703)27:2%3C165::AID-EJSP812%3E3.0.CO;2-3 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 165 EP - 176 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haeger, Gabi A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Mielke, Rosemarie A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Kanning, U. P. T1 - Zum Zusammenhang von negativer sozialer Identität und Vergleichen zwischen Personen und Gruppen: Eine Felduntersuchung in Ost- und Westdeutschland JF - Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie N2 - Studied interactions between social identity (SI) and social comparisons (SCs) in East German and West German populations to test the assumptions that East Germans feel inferior when comparing themselves to West Germans and that their negative SI can be improved by alternative SCs. Human Ss: 35 normal male and female East German adults (aged 21–57 yrs) (mixed occupations) (Study 1). 226 normal male and female East German adults (mean age 38 yrs) (Study 2). 123 normal male and female West German adults (mean age 38 yrs) (Study 2). In individual interviews, the Ss in Study 1 were asked to indicate the types of SCs they considered relevant for their own life satisfaction (LS) and for the LS of East Germans in general. Study 2 focused on assessing strategies for improving a negative SI. The Ss completed questionnaires assessing (1) their satisfaction with their own and their group's (East Germans or West Germans) life situations and (2) characteristics of their SCs (i.e., the subjects, objects, dimensions, and outcomes of the SCs). Interactions between LS and SCs were analyzed, and results for East German and West German Ss were compared. Y1 - 2023 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 259 EP - 277 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otten, Sabine A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Blanz, Mathias T1 - Intergroup discrimination in positive and negative outcome-allocations: Impact of stimulus valence, relative group status, and relative group size. Personality and Social Psychology JF - Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin N2 - Three studies investigated the determination of social discrimination by the valence of stimuli that are allocated between groups. The studies were based on either the minimal group paradigm or a more reality-based laboratory intergroup setting, with stimulus valence, group status, and group size as factors and with pull scores on Taifel matrices as dependent variables. In general, the results showed that group members did not discriminate against the out-group when allocating negative stimuli, where as for positive stimuli the typical in-group bias was found. However, those participants whose positive social identity was threatened by assigning them to inferior or minority groups showed an increased willingness to favor the in-group over the out-group in the allocation of both positive and negative stimuli. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296226003 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 568 EP - 581 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blanz, Mathias A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Otten, Sabine T1 - Positive-negative-asymmetry in social discrimination: The impact of stimulus-valence and size- and status-differentials on intergroup evaluations JF - British Journal of Social Psychology N2 - Examined the influence of stimulus valence (positive vs negative) and size and status differentials on intergroup differentiation, using a sample of 276 Ss. The dependent measures included evaluative attributes which referred either to a status-related or to a status-unrelated dimension. Ss took part in group experiments in which minority–majority conditions were present and in which groups had to rate each other. As expected, generally there was in-group favoritism in the positive domain in which inferior minorities showed highest biases. In-group favoring evaluations in the negative domain appeared only under aggravating conditions (i.e., when the in-group had inferior and minority status). However, while this pattern of findings was true with respect to status-unrelated measures, there was a mere reproduction of the status manipulations on measures which were related to the status differential. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01074.x VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 409 EP - 419 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Klink, Andreas A1 - Mielke, Rosemarie A1 - Wenzel, Michael A1 - Blanz, Mathias T1 - Socio-structural characteristics of intergroup relations and identity management strategies: Results from a field study in East Germany JF - European Journal of Social Psychology N2 - In a field study in East Germany, predictions by Social Identity Theory concerning relations among socio-structural characteristics of intergroup relations (stability, legitimacy, permeability) and identity management strategies (e.g. social competition) were examined. In general, East Germans were expected to consider their status position as inferior compared to West Germans. Moreover, depending on whether they regard such a status difference as legitimate or illegitimate, as stable or unstable, and whether they perceive group boundaries as permeable or impermeable, East German participants should differ with respect to identity management strategies such as change of status relations, change of categorization, change of comparison dimension, change of comparison object and change of group membership. Five hundred and seventeen participants from different regions of East Germany completed a questionnaire on various aspects of life satisfaction. A path model including stability, legitimacy and permeability as predictors, ingroup identification as mediator and identity management strategies as criteria was tested. Results are mainly in line with assumptions on main effects derived from Social Identity Theory. However, some extensions and clarifications with respect to assimilation situations seem to be adequate. In addition, results show that ingroup identification can be regarded as a powerful mediator between perceived intergroup relations and identity management strategies. Y1 - 1999 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199903/05)29:2/3%3C259::AID-EJSP927%3E3.0.CO;2-F VL - 29 IS - 2-3 SP - 259 EP - 285 ER -