<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>5760</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1758</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1769</pageLast>
    <pageNumber>12</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>131</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier BV</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Active thermography for in-situ defect detection in laser powder bed fusion of metal</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized production by offering design flexibility, reducing material waste, and enabling intricate geometries that are often unachievable with traditional methods. As the use of AM for metals continues to expand, it is crucial to ensure the quality and integrity of printed components. Defects can compromise the mechanical properties and performance of the final product. Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are necessary to detect and characterize anomalies during or post-manufacturing. Active thermography, a thermal imaging technique that uses an external energy source to induce temperature variations, has emerged as a promising tool in this field. This paper explores the potential of in-situ non-destructive testing using the processing laser of a PBF-LB/M setup as an excitation source for active thermography. With this technological approach, artificially generated internal defects underneath an intact surface can be detected down to a defect size of 350 μm – 450 μm.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Manufacturing Processes</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1526-6125</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.09.085</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-57601</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T05:32:21Z","timestamp":1737955941044,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019627","name":"Bayern Innovativ GmbH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Manufacturing Processes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T02:23:24Z","timestamp":1728527004000},"page":"1758-1769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Active thermography for in-situ defect detection in laser powder bed fusion of metal"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5295-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"H\u00f6fflin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3191-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schiffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Versch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.01.163","article-title":"Sustainable aspects of a metal printing process chain with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)","volume":"98","author":"Ochs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010046","article-title":"Opto-thermal investigation of additively manufactured steel samples as a function of the hatch distance","volume":"22","author":"H\u00f6fflin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b3","first-page":"347","article-title":"Prediction of lack of fusion porosity in selective laser melting based on melt pool monitoring data","volume":"25","author":"Coeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b4","first-page":"35","article-title":"On the use of spatter signature for in-situ monitoring of laser powder bed fusion","volume":"16","author":"Repossini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5943","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165943","article-title":"Process monitoring using synchronized path infrared thermography in PBF-LB\/M","volume":"22","author":"H\u00f6fflin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-6214-8","article-title":"In situ quality control of the selective laser melting process using a high-speed, real-time melt pool monitoring system","volume":"75","author":"Clijsters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b7","first-page":"263","article-title":"In-situ monitoring of laser-based PBF via off-axis vision and image processing approaches","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"issue":"2, Part 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b8","first-page":"3690","article-title":"Advances and researches on non destructive testing: A review","volume":"5","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater Today: Proc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26709","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026709","article-title":"Evaluation of SHM system produced by additive manufacturing via acoustic emission and other NDT methods","volume":"15","author":"Strantza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.07.068","article-title":"In-situ monitoring in laser powder bed fusion based on acoustic signal time-frequency synchrosqueezing transform and multi-scale spatially interactive fusion convolutional neural network","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Manuf Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.07.064","article-title":"A novel approach of online monitoring for laser powder bed fusion defects: Air-borne acoustic emission and deep transfer learning","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Manuf Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-016-0014-7","article-title":"Getting confidence for flying additive manufactured hardware","volume":"1","author":"Lasagni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Addit Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.04.039","article-title":"Non-destructive surface and subsurface characterization of the machined parts by using fiber optic eddy current sensor","volume":"95","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Manuf Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.12.005","article-title":"Review on additive manufacturing and non-destructive testing","volume":"66","author":"Segovia Ram\u00edrez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b15","unstructured":"Waller JM, Parker BH, Hodges KL, Burke ER, Walker JL. Nondestructive evaluation of additive manufacturing state-of-the-discipline report. Technical report, 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-3046-y","article-title":"Laser ultrasonic inspection of additive manufactured components","volume":"102","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.10.063","article-title":"In-process non-destructive evaluation of metal additive manufactured components at build using ultrasound and eddy-current approaches","volume":"107","author":"Zimermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Manuf Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.119.019","article-title":"Porosity measurements and analysis for metal additive manufacturing process control","volume":"119","author":"Slotwinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12305","DOI":"10.3390\/s140712305","article-title":"Infrared thermography for temperature measurement and non-destructive testing","volume":"14","author":"Usamentiaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.919106","article-title":"New pipe notch detection and location method for short distances employing ultrasonic guided waves","volume":"103","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Acustica United Acustica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b21","article-title":"In-situ monitoring of powder bed fusion of metals using eddy current testing","volume":"60","author":"Spurek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03761-2","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of laser powder bed fusion process using high-speed X-ray imaging and diffraction","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204371","article-title":"Application of ultrasonic array method for the inspection of TC18 addictive manufacturing titanium alloy","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0016222","article-title":"Thermal tomography 3D imaging of additively manufactured metallic structures","volume":"10","author":"Heifetz","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b25","first-page":"24","article-title":"Detection of typical metal additive manufacturing defects by the application of thermographic techniques","volume":"27","author":"D\u2019Accardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2017.12.016","article-title":"Defect detection in additively manufactured components: Laser ultrasound and laser thermography comparison","volume":"8","author":"Cerniglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Struct Integr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-022-00870-5","article-title":"Experimental procedure to assess depth and size of defects with pulsed thermography","volume":"41","author":"D\u2019Accardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nondestruct Eval"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-022-00297-4","article-title":"Capability to detect and localize typical defects of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process: an experimental investigation with different non-destructive techniques","volume":"7","author":"D\u2019Accardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Addit Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aktive laserthermografie im L-PBF-prozess zur in-situ detektion von defekten","volume":"vol. 177","author":"Breese","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b30","series-title":"liM 2023 proceedings","first-page":"1","article-title":"In-situ defect detection via active laser thermographic testing for PBF-LB\/M","author":"Breese","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28989","article-title":"Pixelwise high-temperature calibration for in-situ temperature measuring in powder bed fusion of metal with laser beam","author":"H\u00f6fflin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b32","first-page":"220s","article-title":"Mathematical theory of heat distribution during welding and cutting","volume":"20","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1941","journal-title":"Weld J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.12.199","article-title":"Multi-scale modelling approach for contributing to reduced distortion in parts made by laser-based powder bed fusion","volume":"67","author":"Seidel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-08618-7","article-title":"A comprehensive study on meltpool depth in laser-based powder bed fusion of Inconel 718","volume":"120","author":"Khorasani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04685-3","article-title":"An investigation on the suitability of modern nondestructive testing methods for the inspection of specimens manufactured by laser powder bed fusion","volume":"3","author":"Kolb","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2018.11.098","article-title":"Defect detection in additively manufactured titanium prosthesis by flying laser scanning thermography","volume":"12","author":"Montinaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Struct Integr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Manufacturing Processes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526612524010041?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526612524010041?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T14:02:59Z","timestamp":1737900179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1526612524010041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S1526612524010041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-6125"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1526-6125"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Active thermography for in-situ defect detection in laser powder bed fusion of metal","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.09.085","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Society of Manufacturing Engineers.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleParent_1,PageNumber,PageFirst,PageLast,Volume,CompletedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dennis Höfflin</author>
    <author>Christian Sauer</author>
    <author>Andreas Schiffler</author>
    <author>Alexander Versch</author>
    <author>Jürgen Hartmann</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="ttzmsp">Technologietransferzentrum Main-Spessart (TTZ-MSP)</collection>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fhws/files/5760/Sauer_Active_thermography_laser_powder.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
