<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>5855</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>26</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>JMIR Publications Inc.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Unveiling Usage Patterns and Explaining Usage of Symptom Checker Apps: Explorative Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background&#13;
Symptom checker apps (SCA) aim to enable individuals without medical training to classify perceived symptoms and receive guidance on appropriate actions, such as self-care or seeking professional medical attention. However, there is a lack of detailed understanding regarding the contexts in which individuals use SCA and their opinions on these tools.&#13;
 &#13;
 &#13;
Objective&#13;
This mixed methods study aims to explore the circumstances under which medical laypeople use SCA and to identify which aspects users find noteworthy after using SCA.&#13;
 &#13;
 &#13;
Methods&#13;
A total of 48 SCA users documented their medical symptoms, provided open-ended responses, and recorded their SCA use along with other variables over 6 weeks in a longitudinal study. Generalized linear mixed models with and those without regularization were applied to consider the hierarchical structure of the data, and the models’ outcomes were evaluated for comparison. Qualitative data were analyzed through Kuckartz qualitative content analysis.&#13;
 &#13;
 &#13;
Results&#13;
Significant predictors of SCA use included the initial occurrence of symptoms, day of measurement (odds ratio [OR] 0.97), self-rated health (OR 0.80, P&amp;lt;.001), and the following International Classification in Primary Care-2–classified symptoms, that are general and unspecified (OR 3.33, P&amp;lt;.001), eye (OR 5.56, P=.001), cardiovascular (OR 8.33, P&amp;lt;.001), musculoskeletal (OR 5.26, P&amp;lt;.001), and skin (OR 4.76, P&amp;lt;.001). The day of measurement and self-rated health showed minor importance due to their small effect sizes. Qualitative analysis highlighted four main themes: (1) reasons for using SCA, (2) diverse affective responses, (3) a broad spectrum of behavioral reactions, and (4) unmet needs including a lack of personalization.&#13;
 &#13;
 &#13;
Conclusions&#13;
The emergence of new and unfamiliar symptoms was a strong determinant for SCA use. Specific International Classification in Primary Care–rated symptom clusters, particularly those related to cardiovascular, eye, skin, general, and unspecified symptoms, were also highly predictive of SCA use. The varied applications of SCA fit into the concept of health literacy as bricolage, where SCA is leveraged as flexible tools by patients based on individual and situational requirements, functioning alongside other health care resources.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Medical Internet Research</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-8871</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2196/55161</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T12:45:01Z","timestamp":1743770701676,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Background&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;Symptom checker apps (SCA) aim to enable individuals without medical training to classify perceived symptoms and receive guidance on appropriate actions, such as self-care or seeking professional medical attention. However, there is a lack of detailed understanding regarding the contexts in which individuals use SCA and their opinions on these tools.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Objective&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;This mixed methods study aims to explore the circumstances under which medical laypeople use SCA and to identify which aspects users find noteworthy after using SCA.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Methods&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;A total of 48 SCA users documented their medical symptoms, provided open-ended responses, and recorded their SCA use along with other variables over 6 weeks in a longitudinal study. Generalized linear mixed models with and those without regularization were applied to consider the hierarchical structure of the data, and the models\u2019 outcomes were evaluated for comparison. Qualitative data were analyzed through Kuckartz qualitative content analysis.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Results&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;Significant predictors of SCA use included the initial occurrence of symptoms, day of measurement (odds ratio [OR] 0.97), self-rated health (OR 0.80, P&amp;lt;.001), and the following International Classification in Primary Care-2\u2013classified symptoms, that are general and unspecified (OR 3.33, P&amp;lt;.001), eye (OR 5.56, P=.001), cardiovascular (OR 8.33, P&amp;lt;.001), musculoskeletal (OR 5.26, P&amp;lt;.001), and skin (OR 4.76, P&amp;lt;.001). The day of measurement and self-rated health showed minor importance due to their small effect sizes. Qualitative analysis highlighted four main themes: (1) reasons for using SCA, (2) diverse affective responses, (3) a broad spectrum of behavioral reactions, and (4) unmet needs including a lack of personalization.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;Conclusions&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;The emergence of new and unfamiliar symptoms was a strong determinant for SCA use. Specific International Classification in Primary Care\u2013rated symptom clusters, particularly those related to cardiovascular, eye, skin, general, and unspecified symptoms, were also highly predictive of SCA use. The varied applications of SCA fit into the concept of health literacy as bricolage, where SCA is leveraged as flexible tools by patients based on individual and situational requirements, functioning alongside other health care resources.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;","DOI":"10.2196\/55161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T06:41:37Z","timestamp":1728888097000},"page":"e55161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unveiling Usage Patterns and Explaining Usage of Symptom Checker Apps: Explorative Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7127-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Jasmin","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5810-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Joos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-928X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Henking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5876-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Haumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00667-w"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3480"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/31810"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24475"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277568"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/46231"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259547"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02430-5"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01179-8"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39219"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29386"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35219"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1040926"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hsdr09210","volume":"9","author":"Turner, J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Services and Delivery Research"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22637"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1040926"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Ada. \u00dcber uns20202020-12-10https:\/\/ada.com\/de\/about\/"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34026"},{"journal-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 4.0.5 ed","year":"2021","key":"ref20"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/rj-2023-086"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"Bates, D","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597"},{"journal-title":"Qualitative text analysis","year":"2013","author":"Kuckartz, U","key":"ref24"},{"journal-title":"Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Methoden, Praxis, Computerunterst\u00fctzung (Grundlagentexte Methoden)","year":"2012","author":"Kuckartz, U","key":"ref25"},{"journal-title":"MAXQDA 2020","year":"2019","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp09x453495"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2137284","volume":"36","author":"Andersen, RM","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101088"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.02.024"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41285-018-0075-4"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i180","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv096.267","volume":"44","author":"Xu, F","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9101354"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0645"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38364"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2016.09.003"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.26502\/jppd.2572-519X0139","volume":"05","author":"Okosa, MC","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Psychiatr Disord"},{"journal-title":"Versorgungsforschung in der Hausarztpraxis","year":"2010","author":"Laux, G","key":"ref38"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","author":"Hastie, T","year":"2009","journal-title":"The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T17:00:34Z","timestamp":1733763634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e55161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/55161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1438-8871"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_5,PersonAuthorFirstName_6,PersonAuthorLastName_6,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_6,PersonAuthorFirstName_7,PersonAuthorLastName_7,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_7,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleAbstract_1,TitleParent_1,Volume,CompletedYear,IdentifierIssn</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <author>Anna-Jasmin Wetzel</author>
    <author>Christine Preiser</author>
    <author>Regina Müller</author>
    <author>Stefanie Joos</author>
    <author>Roland Koch</author>
    <author>Tanja Henking</author>
    <author>Hannah Haumann</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="ifas">Institut für Angewandte Sozialwissenschaften (IFAS)</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5851</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Handlungsempfehlungen zum Einsatz von Symptom-Checker-Apps im Gesundheitskontext – basierend auf den Ergebnissen aus dem Projekt CHECK.APP</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Digitale Gesundheitstechnologien haben in den letzten Jahren enorm an Bedeutung gewonnen. Hierzu zählen auch Symptom-Checker Apps, die auf Basis von Algorithmen oder künstlicher Intelligenz Nutzer:innen die Möglichkeit bieten, durch die Eingabe von Symptomen eine Analyse und Empfehlungen zum weiteren Vorgehen zu erhalten. Trotz ihrer weiten Bekanntheit zeigen Forschungsergebnisse ein gemischtes Bild bei der Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse, sodass aktuell ihr Nutzen noch eingeschränkt ist. Das interdisziplinäre Projekt CHECK.APP untersuchte ethische, rechtliche und soziale Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit Symptom-Checker Apps. Die daraus resultierenden und hier vorgestellten Empfehlungen richten sich an verschiedene Akteur:innen, einschließlich Nutzer:innen, Ärzt:innen, Entwickler:innen und öffentlicher Institutionen. Wichtig sind demnach eine kritische Haltung gegenüber Symptom-Checker Apps bei der Nutzung, die Förderung von Gesundheitskompetenz und eHealth-Literacy, sowie Transparenz, etwa hinsichtlich der Datengrundlage und der Erfahrungswerte bezüglich der Nutzung dieser Apps. Es besteht zudem ein Bedarf an verlässlichen und unabhängigen Informationsangeboten, durch die sich Nutzer:innen und Ärzt:innen über aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Digitalisierung des Gesundheitswesens informieren können. Gleichzeitig sind Entwickler:innen dazu aufgefordert, klare Vorgaben hinsichtlich Transparenz, Qualitätssicherung und Barrierefreiheit zu befolgen. Darüber hinaus wird dem Gesetzgeber empfohlen, die Freiwilligkeit der Nutzung von Symptom-Checker Apps sicherzustellen und Bedingungen zu schaffen, unter denen die Gesundheitskompetenz der Bevölkerung gestärkt wird. Dabei zeigen die vorgestellten Empfehlungen Wege auf, wie Symptom-Checker Apps verantwortungsvoll eingesetzt werden können, um den potenziellen Nutzen zu maximieren und Risiken zu minimieren.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Ethik in der Medizin</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0935-7335</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00481-025-00851-y</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1741411244538,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Augsburg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethik Med"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:title&gt;Zusammenfassung&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n          &lt;jats:p&gt;Digitale Gesundheitstechnologien haben in den letzten Jahren enorm an Bedeutung gewonnen. Hierzu z\u00e4hlen auch Symptom-Checker Apps, die auf Basis von Algorithmen oder k\u00fcnstlicher Intelligenz Nutzer:innen die M\u00f6glichkeit bieten, durch die Eingabe von Symptomen eine Analyse und Empfehlungen zum weiteren Vorgehen zu erhalten. Trotz ihrer weiten Bekanntheit zeigen Forschungsergebnisse ein gemischtes Bild bei der Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse, sodass aktuell ihr Nutzen noch eingeschr\u00e4nkt ist. Das interdisziplin\u00e4re Projekt CHECK.APP untersuchte ethische, rechtliche und soziale Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit Symptom-Checker Apps. Die daraus resultierenden und hier vorgestellten Empfehlungen richten sich an verschiedene Akteur:innen, einschlie\u00dflich Nutzer:innen, \u00c4rzt:innen, Entwickler:innen und \u00f6ffentlicher Institutionen. Wichtig sind demnach eine kritische Haltung gegen\u00fcber Symptom-Checker Apps bei der Nutzung, die F\u00f6rderung von Gesundheitskompetenz und eHealth-Literacy, sowie Transparenz, etwa hinsichtlich der Datengrundlage und der Erfahrungswerte bez\u00fcglich der Nutzung dieser Apps. Es besteht zudem ein Bedarf an verl\u00e4sslichen und unabh\u00e4ngigen Informationsangeboten, durch die sich Nutzer:innen und \u00c4rzt:innen \u00fcber aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Digitalisierung des Gesundheitswesens informieren k\u00f6nnen. Gleichzeitig sind Entwickler:innen dazu aufgefordert, klare Vorgaben hinsichtlich Transparenz, Qualit\u00e4tssicherung und Barrierefreiheit zu befolgen. Dar\u00fcber hinaus wird dem Gesetzgeber empfohlen, die Freiwilligkeit der Nutzung von Symptom-Checker Apps sicherzustellen und Bedingungen zu schaffen, unter denen die Gesundheitskompetenz der Bev\u00f6lkerung gest\u00e4rkt wird. Dabei zeigen die vorgestellten Empfehlungen Wege auf, wie Symptom-Checker Apps verantwortungsvoll eingesetzt werden k\u00f6nnen, um den potenziellen Nutzen zu maximieren und Risiken zu minimieren.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1007\/s00481-025-00851-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T10:47:31Z","timestamp":1741344451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Handlungsempfehlungen zum Einsatz von Symptom-Checker-Apps im Gesundheitskontext\u00a0\u2013 basierend auf den Ergebnissen aus dem Projekt CHECK.APP","Recommendations for the use of symptom checker apps in the healthcare context\u2014based on the results from the CHECK.APP project"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1678-3073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Langmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Henking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5810-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Joos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9820-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte","family":"Klemmt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Ranisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-928X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika A.","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7127-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Jasmin","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urban","family":"Wiesing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5900-2228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-J\u00f6rg","family":"Ehni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"851_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277568","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277568","volume":"18","author":"L Abensur Vuillaume","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abensur Vuillaume\u00a0L, Turpinier\u00a0J, Cipolat\u00a0L, Arnaud-D\u00e9pil-Duval, Dumontier\u00a0T, Peschanski\u00a0N, Kieffer\u00a0Y, Barbat\u00a0B, Riquier\u00a0T, Dinot\u00a0V, Galland\u00a0J (2023) Exploratory study: Evaluation of a\u00a0symptom checker effectiveness for providing a\u00a0diagnosis and evaluating the situation emergency compared to emergency physicians using simulated and standardized patients. PLoS ONE 18:e277568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0277568","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"851_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10171-w","volume":"23","author":"P Amiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amiri\u00a0P, Nadri\u00a0H, Bahaadinbeigy\u00a0K (2023) Facilitators and barriers of mHealth interventions during the Covid-19 pandemic: systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 23:1176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-023-10171-w","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"851_CR3","volume-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics","author":"TL Beauchamp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchamp\u00a0TL, Childress\u00a0JF (2019) Principles of biomedical ethics, 8.\u00a0Aufl. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford","edition":"8"},{"issue":"1","key":"851_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14512","DOI":"10.2196\/14512","volume":"8","author":"LC Brewer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brewer\u00a0LC, Fortuna\u00a0KL, Jones\u00a0C, Walker\u00a0R, Hayes\u00a0SN, Patten\u00a0CA, Cooper\u00a0LA (2020) Back to the future: achieving health equity through health informatics and digital health. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 8(1):e14512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/14512","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"851_CR5","volume-title":"S3\u00a0Leitlinie Funktionelle K\u00f6rperbeschwerden (AWMF-Reg.Nr. 051-001)","author":"Deutsches Kollegium f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin (DKPM)","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deutsches Kollegium f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin (DKPM), Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin und \u00c4rztliche Psychotherapie e.\u202fV. (DGPM) (2018) S3\u00a0Leitlinie Funktionelle K\u00f6rperbeschwerden (AWMF-Reg.Nr. 051-001)"},{"issue":"10161","key":"851_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32819-8","volume":"392","author":"H Fraser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fraser\u00a0H, Coiera\u00a0E, Wong\u00a0D (2018) Safety of patient-facing digital symptom checkers. Lancet 392(10161):2263\u20132264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32819-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"851_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49995","DOI":"10.2196\/49995","volume":"11","author":"H Fraser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fraser\u00a0H, Crossland\u00a0D, Bacher\u00a0I, Ranney\u00a0M, Madsen\u00a0T, Hilliard\u00a0R (2023) Comparison of diagnostic and triage accuracy of Ada Health and WebMD symptom checkers, ChatGPT, and physicians for patients in an emergency department: clinical data analysis study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 11:e49995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/49995","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"9","key":"851_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38364","DOI":"10.2196\/38364","volume":"10","author":"HSF Fraser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fraser\u00a0HSF, Cohan\u00a0G, Koehler\u00a0C, Anderson\u00a0J, Lawrence\u00a0A, Pate\u00f1a\u00a0J et\u00a0al (2022) Evaluation of diagnostic and triage accuracy and usability of a\u00a0symptom checker in an emergency department: observational study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 10(9):e38364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/38364","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"11","key":"851_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50600","volume":"212","author":"MG Hill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill\u00a0MG, Sim\u00a0M, Mills\u00a0B (2020) The quality of diagnosis and triage advice provided by free online symptom checkers and apps in Australia. Med J Aust 212(11):514\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.50600","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"851_CR10","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Die Zukunft der Medizin. Disruptive Innovationen revolutionieren Medizin und Gesundheit","author":"MC Hirsch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirsch\u00a0MC (2019) K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz in Anamnese und Diagnose. Ein Bericht am Beispiel von Ada. In: B\u00f6ttinger\u00a0E, zu Putlitz\u00a0J (Hrsg) Die Zukunft der Medizin. Disruptive Innovationen revolutionieren Medizin und Gesundheit. Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, S\u00a0187\u2013197"},{"key":"851_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.60647","volume-title":"An interface between ehealth, health literacy and health-related behavior: Qualitative interview study on laypersons experiences with a\u00a0mobile symptom checker app","author":"R Koch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koch\u00a0R, Steffen\u00a0M\u2011T, Wetzel\u00a0A\u2011J, Preiser\u00a0C, Klemmt\u00a0M, Ehni\u00a0H\u2011J, Mueller\u00a0R, Joos\u00a0S (2024) An interface between ehealth, health literacy and health-related behavior: Qualitative interview study on laypersons experiences with a\u00a0mobile symptom checker app https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/preprints.60647 (Preprint)"},{"key":"851_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46231","DOI":"10.2196\/46231","volume":"25","author":"M Kopka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kopka\u00a0M, Scatturin\u00a0L, Napierala\u00a0H, F\u00fcrstenau\u00a0D, Feufel\u00a0MA, Balzer\u00a0F, Schmieding\u00a0ML (2023) Characteristics of users and nonusers of symptom checkers in Germany: cross-sectional survey study. J\u00a0Med Internet Res 25:e46231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/46231","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"851_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8873","volume":"6","author":"MS Marcolino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marcolino\u00a0MS, Oliveira\u00a0JAQ, D\u2019Agostino\u00a0M, Ribeiro\u00a0AL, Alkmim\u00a0MBM, Novillo-Ortiz\u00a0D (2018) The impact of mhealth interventions: systematic review of systematic reviews. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 6:e23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mhealth.8873","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"851_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14679","DOI":"10.2196\/14679","volume":"22","author":"AND Meyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer\u00a0AND, Giardina\u00a0TD, Spitzmueller\u00a0C, Shahid\u00a0U, Scott\u00a0TMT, Singh\u00a0H (2020) Patient perspectives on the usefulness of an artificial intelligence-assisted symptom checker: cross-sectional survey study. J\u00a0Med Internet Res 22(1):e14679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/14679","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"851_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19713","DOI":"10.2196\/19713","volume":"7","author":"S Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller\u00a0S, Gilbert\u00a0S, Virani\u00a0V, Wicks\u00a0P (2020) Patients\u2019 utilization and perception of an artificial intelligence-based symptom assessment and advice technology in a\u00a0British primary care waiting room: exploratory pilot study. JMIR Hum Factors 7(3):e19713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19713","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"key":"851_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-022-10114-y","volume":"25","author":"R M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\u00a0R, Klemmt\u00a0M, Ehni\u00a0H\u2011J, Henking\u00a0T, Kuhnm\u00fcnch\u00a0A, Preiser\u00a0C, Koch\u00a0R, Ranisch\u00a0R (2022) Ethical, legal, and social aspects of symptom checker applications: a\u00a0scoping review. Med Health Care Philos 25:737\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-022-10114-y","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"key":"851_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-024-01011-5","volume":"25","author":"R M\u00fcller","year":"2024","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\u00a0R, Klemmt\u00a0M, Koch\u00a0R, Ehni\u00a0H\u2011J, Henking\u00a0T, Langmann\u00a0E, Wiesing\u00a0U, Ranisch\u00a0R (2024) \u201cThat\u2019s just Future Medicine\u201d\u2014a\u00a0qualitative study on users\u2019 experiences of symptom checker apps. BMC Med Ethics 25:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01011-5","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"key":"851_CR18","first-page":"A1020","volume":"120","author":"R Parsa-Parsi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parsa-Parsi\u00a0R, Wiesing\u00a0U (2023) Internationaler Medizinethik-Kodex: Weltweite Identit\u00e4t hergestellt. Dtsch Arztbl 120:A1020\u20131022","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztbl"},{"issue":"1","key":"851_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-021-00336-w","volume":"16","author":"C Preiser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preiser\u00a0C, Tsarouha\u00a0E, Weltermann\u00a0B, Junne\u00a0F, Seifried-D\u00fcbon\u00a0T, Hartmann\u00a0S et\u00a0al (2021) Psychosocial demands and resources for working time organization in GP practices. Results from a\u00a0team-based ethnographic study in Germany. J\u00a0Occup Med Toxicol 16(1):47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12995-021-00336-w","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"key":"851_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57360","DOI":"10.2196\/57360","volume":"11","author":"C Preiser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Preiser\u00a0C, Radionova\u00a0N, \u00d6g\u00a0E, Koch\u00a0R, Klemmt\u00a0M, M\u00fcller\u00a0R et\u00a0al (2024) The doctors, their patients, and the symptom checker app: qualitative interview study with general practitioners in Germany. JMIR Hum Factors 11:e57360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/57360","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"key":"851_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3205\/22DKVF171","volume-title":"21. Deutscher Kongress f\u00fcr Versorgungsforschung (DKVF)","author":"N Radionova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radionova\u00a0N, \u00d6g\u00a0E, Rieger\u00a0M, Preiser\u00a0C (2022) Symptom Checker im Arbeitsalltag von Haus\u00e4rztinnen. Ergebnisse aus qualitativen Interviews mit Haus\u00e4rztinnen. In: 21. Deutscher Kongress f\u00fcr Versorgungsforschung (DKVF). German Medical Science GMS Publishing House, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3205\/22DKVF171"},{"key":"851_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39219","DOI":"10.2196\/39219","volume":"25","author":"N Radionova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Radionova\u00a0N, \u00d6g\u00a0E, Wetzel\u00a0AJ, Rieger\u00a0MA, Preiser\u00a0C (2023) Impacts of symptom checkers for laypersons\u2019 self-diagnosis on physicians in primary care: scoping review. J\u00a0Med Internet Res 25:e39219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/39219","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"851_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2021.1926595","volume":"21","author":"R Ranisch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ranisch\u00a0R (2021) Consultation with Doctor Twitter: consent fatigue, and the role of developers in digital medical ethics. Am J Bioeth 21(7):24\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2021.1926595","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"issue":"1","key":"851_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17419-7","volume":"11","author":"JG Richens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richens\u00a0JG, Lee\u00a0CM, Johri\u00a0S (2020) Improving the accuracy of medical diagnosis with causal machine learning. Nat Commun 11(1):3923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17419-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"851_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0206-x","volume":"3","author":"SP Rowland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rowland\u00a0SP, Fitzgerald\u00a0JE, Holme\u00a0T, Powell\u00a0J, McGregor\u00a0A (2020) What is the clinical value of mHealth for patients? NPJ Digit Med 3:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-019-0206-x","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"851_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12965","volume":"36","author":"E Sauerborn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sauerborn\u00a0E, Eisenhut\u00a0K, Ganguli-Mitra\u00a0A, Wild\u00a0V (2022) Digitally supported public health interventions through the lens of structural injustice: the case of mobile apps responding to violence against women and girls. bioethics 36(1):71\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bioe.12965","journal-title":"bioethics"},{"key":"851_CR27","volume-title":"Gesundheitskompetenz der Bev\u00f6lkerung in Deutschland vor und w\u00e4hrend der Corona-Pandemie: Ergebnisse des HLS-GER 2","author":"D Schaeffer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaeffer\u00a0D, Berens\u00a0EM, Gille\u00a0S, Griese\u00a0L, Klinger\u00a0J, Sombre\u00a0S et\u00a0al (2021) Gesundheitskompetenz der Bev\u00f6lkerung in Deutschland vor und w\u00e4hrend der Corona-Pandemie: Ergebnisse des HLS-GER 2. Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld, Bielefeld"},{"issue":"5","key":"851_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31810","DOI":"10.2196\/31810","volume":"24","author":"ML Schmieding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmieding\u00a0ML, Kopka\u00a0M, Schmidt\u00a0K, Schulz-Niethammer\u00a0S, Balzer\u00a0F, Feufel\u00a0MA (2022) Triage accuracy of symptom checker apps: 5\u2011year follow-up evaluation. J\u00a0Med Internet Res 24(5):e31810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/31810","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"851_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3480","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3480","volume":"351","author":"HL Semigran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Semigran\u00a0HL, Linder\u00a0JA, Gidengil\u00a0C, Mehrotra\u00a0A (2015) Evaluation of symptom checkers for self diagnosis and triage: audit study. BMJ 351:h3480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h3480","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"851_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco\u00a0AC, Lillie\u00a0E, Zarin\u00a0W, O\u2019Brien\u00a0KK, Colquhoun\u00a0H, Levac\u00a0D et\u00a0al (2018) PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"851_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17197114","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197114","volume":"17","author":"E Tsarouha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsarouha\u00a0E, Preiser\u00a0C, Weltermann\u00a0B, Junne\u00a0F, Seifried-D\u00fcbon\u00a0T, Stuber\u00a0F et\u00a0al (2020) Work-related psychosocial demands and resources in general practice teams in Germany: a\u00a0team-based ethnography. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(19):e17197114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17197114","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"851_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12983","DOI":"10.2196\/12983","volume":"7","author":"I Vaghefi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaghefi\u00a0I, Tulu\u00a0B (2019) The continued use of mobile health apps: insights from a\u00a0longitudinal study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 7:e12983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/12983","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"851_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00667-w","volume":"5","author":"W Wallace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wallace\u00a0W, Chan\u00a0C, Chidambaram\u00a0S, Hanna\u00a0L, Iqbal\u00a0FM, Acharya\u00a0A, Normahani\u00a0P, Ashrafian\u00a0H, Markar\u00a0SR, Sounderajah\u00a0V, Darzi\u00a0A (2022) The diagnostic and triage accuracy of digital and online symptom checker tools: a\u00a0systematic review. NPJ Digit Med 5:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-022-00667-w","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"851_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34026","DOI":"10.2196\/34026","volume":"11","author":"AJ Wetzel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wetzel\u00a0AJ, Koch\u00a0R, Preiser\u00a0C, M\u00fcller\u00a0R, Klemmt\u00a0M, Ranisch\u00a0R, Ehni\u00a0HJ, Wiesing\u00a0U, Rieger\u00a0MA, Henking\u00a0T, Joos\u00a0S (2022) Ethical, legal, and social implications of symptom checker apps in primary health care (CHECK.APP): protocol for an interdisciplinary mixed methods study. JMIR Res Protoc 11:e34026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/34026","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"851_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02430-5","volume":"24","author":"AJ Wetzel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wetzel\u00a0AJ, Klemmt\u00a0M, M\u00fcller\u00a0R, Rieger\u00a0MA, Joos\u00a0S, Koch\u00a0R (2024a) Only the anxious ones? Identifying characteristics of symptom checker app users: a\u00a0cross-sectional survey. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 24:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02430-5","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"851_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762412315","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241231555","volume":"10","author":"AJ Wetzel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wetzel\u00a0AJ, Koch\u00a0R, Koch\u00a0N, Klemmt\u00a0M, M\u00fcller\u00a0R, Preiser\u00a0C, Rieger\u00a0M, R\u00f6sel\u00a0I, Ranisch\u00a0R, Ehni\u00a0HJ, Joos\u00a0S (2024b) \u2018Better see a\u00a0doctor?\u2019 Status quo of symptom checker apps in Germany: a\u00a0cross-sectional survey with a\u00a0mixed-methods design (CHECK.APP). Digit Health 10:20552076241231555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076241231555","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"851_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55161","DOI":"10.2196\/55161","volume":"26","author":"AJ Wetzel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wetzel\u00a0AJ, Preiser\u00a0C, M\u00fcller\u00a0R, Joos\u00a0S, Koch\u00a0R, Henking\u00a0T, Haumann\u00a0H (2024c) Unveiling usage patterns and explaining usage of symptom checker apps: explorative longitudinal mixed methods study. J\u00a0Med Internet Res 26:e55161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/55161","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"851_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57674\/bxkz-8407","volume-title":"Digitalisierung und Datennutzung f\u00fcr Gesundheitsforschung und Versorgung \u2013 Positionen und Empfehlungen","author":"Wissenschaftsrat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wissenschaftsrat (2022) Digitalisierung und Datennutzung f\u00fcr Gesundheitsforschung und Versorgung \u2013 Positionen und Empfehlungen https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57674\/bxkz-8407 (Positionspapier)"}],"container-title":["Ethik in der Medizin"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00481-025-00851-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00481-025-00851-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00481-025-00851-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T10:47:37Z","timestamp":1741344457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00481-025-00851-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00481-025-00851-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0935-7335","1437-1618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0935-7335","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien"}},{"value":"U.\u00a0Wiesing ist Mitglied des Beirats der Zeitschrift \u201eEthik in der Medizin\u201c. E.\u00a0Langmann, T.\u00a0Henking, S.\u00a0Joos, M.\u00a0Klemmt, R.\u00a0M\u00fcller, C.\u00a0Preiser, R.\u00a0Ranisch, R.\u00a0Koch, M.A.\u00a0Rieger, A.-J.\u00a0Wetzel und H.-J.\u00a0Ehni geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}},{"value":"F\u00fcr diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor\/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgef\u00fchrt. F\u00fcr die aufgef\u00fchrten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethische Standards"}}]}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_5,PersonAuthorFirstName_6,PersonAuthorLastName_6,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_6,PersonAuthorFirstName_7,PersonAuthorLastName_7,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_7,PersonAuthorFirstName_8,PersonAuthorLastName_8,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_8,PersonAuthorFirstName_9,PersonAuthorLastName_9,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_9,PersonAuthorFirstName_10,PersonAuthorLastName_10,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_10,PersonAuthorFirstName_11,PersonAuthorLastName_11,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_11,PersonAuthorFirstName_12,PersonAuthorLastName_12,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_12,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleAbstract_1,TitleParent_1,CompletedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <author>Elisabeth Langmann</author>
    <author>Tanja Henking</author>
    <author>Stefanie Joos</author>
    <author>Malte Klemmt</author>
    <author>Regina Müller</author>
    <author>Christine Preiser</author>
    <author>Robert Ranisch</author>
    <author>Roland Koch</author>
    <author>Monika A. Rieger</author>
    <author>Anna-Jasmin Wetzel</author>
    <author>Urban Wiesing</author>
    <author>Hans-Jörg Ehni</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="ifas">Institut für Angewandte Sozialwissenschaften (IFAS)</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
