@article{BudnikovBykovaYamshchikov, author = {Budnikov, Mikhail and Bykova, Anna and Yamshchikov, Ivan}, title = {Generalization potential of large language models}, series = {Neural Computing and Applications}, volume = {37}, journal = {Neural Computing and Applications}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {0941-0643}, doi = {10.1007/s00521-024-10827-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-57807}, pages = {1973 -- 1997}, abstract = {The rise of deep learning techniques and especially the advent of large language models (LLMs) intensified the discussions around possibilities that artificial intelligence with higher generalization capability entails. The range of opinions on the capabilities of LLMs is extremely broad: from equating language models with stochastic parrots to stating that they are already conscious. This paper represents an attempt to review LLM landscape in the context of their generalization capacity as an information theoretic property of those complex systems. We discuss the suggested theoretical explanations for generalization in LLMs and highlight possible mechanisms responsible for these generalization properties. Through an examination of existing literature and theoretical frameworks, we endeavor to provide insights into the mechanisms driving the generalization capacity of LLMs, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of their capabilities and limitations in natural language processing tasks.}, language = {en} } @article{WertgenMuenchowRichteretal., author = {Wertgen, Andreas and M{\"u}nchow, Hannes and Richter, Tobias and Tiffin-Richards, Simon P.}, title = {Lasting benefits of a web-based training in understanding informal arguments}, series = {European Journal of Psychology of Education}, volume = {40}, journal = {European Journal of Psychology of Education}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {0256-2928}, doi = {10.1007/s10212-024-00930-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-57796}, abstract = {Being able to comprehend informal arguments in scientific texts is important for scientific literacy in higher education. Successful intervention studies demonstrating that these skills can be trained in university students have not yet provided evidence that gains of explicit training can be maintained beyond immediate post-training assessment. In this study, we tested whether the gains in argument structure comprehension achieved using a self-directed, web-based training intervention could be maintained over several weeks as an indication of sustained improvement in scientific literacy. We also explored characteristics of students and their engagement with the training intervention that resulted in significant and sustained improvements of their argument structure comprehension skills. One hundred students took part in a voluntary supplement to their university courses, completing an online pretest, a 45-minute training session, a posttest (n = 88), and a follow-up test (n = 31). Training effects at posttest were compared with an active control group. The results suggest that the training group exhibited significant gains in argument structure comprehension. These gains were maintained across a four-week period. Students with low starting ability profited the most from the training and gains in argument comprehension were greatest for complex arguments. Training results were positively related to student motivation and this effect was fully mediated by their engagement with the training exercises. The results demonstrate that training gains can be maintained after immediate post-training assessment and suggest that training is particularly effective for low-performing students, for complex arguments, and when students are motivated and engage with the training exercises.}, language = {en} } @article{OlberdingVetter, author = {Olberding, Helge and Vetter, Mark}, title = {Dynamic 3D-Cartographic Symbols for VR Geovisualizations}, series = {KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information}, volume = {73}, journal = {KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information}, number = {4}, issn = {2524-4965}, doi = {10.1007/s42489-023-00153-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-53072}, pages = {265 -- 275}, abstract = {Geovisualizations that use a virtual reality headset can have a more immersive effect on users than when only a desktop application is viewed. However, to have an overview, a VR 3D map is usually viewed from a top-down perspective. On the other hand, the first-person perspective is used when the scenario is visualized as realistically as possible, and the ultimate goal is to feel present inside the 3D city. With the help of dynamic cartographic visualization methods, such as animated symbols appearing or a dynamic change of selected or complete visualization, it is possible to convey targeted information while being inside the 3D. For this purpose, techniques and ideas from cartography and video games were utilized and combined. The combination resulted in dynamically changeable symbol objects, which can be placed automatically using tables or building information, and dynamically changeable post-processing methods. Users can interactively select a predefined set of visualization methods and show/hide dynamic cartographic symbols in the running application via an interface. The study aims to develop cartographic visualization methods that can be technically used within a game engine for VR applications to improve spatial perception.}, language = {en} } @article{Sesselmann, author = {Sesselmann, Stefan}, title = {Cubital tunnel syndrome due to an intraneural ganglion cyst of the ulnar nerve}, series = {Georgian Medical News}, volume = {343}, journal = {Georgian Medical News}, number = {10}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-53666}, pages = {3}, abstract = {Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common neuropathy of the upper extremity. Cubital tunnel syndrome caused by intraneural ganglion cysts is rare in clinical practice. We present the case of a 71-year-old male patient with a 4-month history of cubital tunnel syndrome of the left elbow due to an intraneural ganglion cyst. After revision of the ulnar nerve and resection of the intraneural cyst nearly complete recovery was achieved within a 5 month follow-up but some sensory deficits of the fifth fingertip. We recommend preoperative ultrasound examination of the cubital tunnel even in cases with clear diagnosis. Ganglion cyst as a cause of cubital tunnel is rare but needs to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible to prevent irreversible complications.}, language = {en} } @article{Volz, author = {Volz, Michael}, title = {Fatigue strength of repair-welded headed studs}, series = {ce/papers: 11th International Symposium on Steel Bridges 2024}, volume = {7}, journal = {ce/papers: 11th International Symposium on Steel Bridges 2024}, number = {3-4}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn}, doi = {10.1002/cepa.3078}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-57566}, pages = {5}, abstract = {Welded connections of headed studs are highly stressed details in bridge structures in steel-concrete composite construction and are largely responsible for the functionality of the supporting structures. At the same time, this detail requires a lot of resources due to the high welding effort and therefore has a major influence on the economic success. An important criterion for the economic and ecological balance of the structure is the durability of the welded joint, which is quantified by the fatigue strength. The welding of headed studs for composite bridges is usually carried out using fully mechanised drawn arc stud welding in accordance with EN ISO 14555. Due to the process, stud welds that do not fulfil the standard requirements for flawless condition may occur in individual cases. The design rules for stud load-bearing capacity in accordance with EN 1994-2 are based on tests and only apply to connections produced using drawn arc stud welding. In the past, there were practicable and tacitly accepted solutions for repairing such sporadically occurring faulty welds, but these were never systematically investigated. Particularly against the background of fatigue loading, repair-welded stud connections are now to be systematically investigated in a project funded by the AIF. The article provides an overview of the execution of stud welded joints and presents the tests planned in the project in order to achieve a practicable recommendation for the repair welding of headed studs.}, language = {en} } @article{Henking, author = {Henking, Tanja}, title = {Suizid und Suizidbeihilfe aus rechtlicher und ethischer Perspektive}, series = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {65}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, number = {1}, issn = {1437-1588}, pages = {67 -- 73}, abstract = {Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat im Jahr 2020 das Verbot der gesch{\"a}ftsm{\"a}ßigen Beihilfe zur Selbstt{\"o}tung f{\"u}r verfassungswidrig und nichtig erkl{\"a}rt. Das Gericht leitet aus dem allgemeinen Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsrecht ein Recht auf selbstbestimmtes Sterben ab. Dieses Recht schließe auch die Freiheit ein, sich das Leben zu nehmen sowie hierf{\"u}r bei Dritten Hilfe zu suchen und Hilfe, soweit sie angeboten wird, auch in Anspruch zu nehmen. Inzwischen liegen einige Regelungsvorschl{\"a}ge und Gesetzesentw{\"u}rfe vor, die unterschiedliche Konzeptionen einer m{\"o}glichen zuk{\"u}nftigen Regelung der Suizidbeihilfe verfolgen. Der Suche nach einer neuen Regelung sollte aber aus strafrechtlicher Perspektive stets die Frage nach der Erforderlichkeit einer neuen Regelung vorausgehen. Eine Neuregelung darf sich nicht auf bestimmte Personengruppen, wie beispielsweise Personen mit unheilbarer, t{\"o}dlicher Erkrankung, beschr{\"a}nken, weil andernfalls das Suizidmotiv bewertet w{\"u}rde. Dieses bringt die besondere Herausforderung mit sich, eine Regelung zu finden, die ohne eine Bewertung des Suizidmotivs die unterschiedlichen Problem- und Bed{\"u}rfnislagen erfasst und dabei auch in den Blick nimmt, dass die Autonomie des Einzelnen in unterschiedlicher Weise gef{\"a}hrdet sein kann. Der Beitrag nimmt seinen Ausgangspunkt in dem Recht auf Selbstt{\"o}tung, beleuchtet unterschiedliche Konzepte und diskutiert ihre Vor- und Nachteile, ohne einzelne Gesetzesvorschl{\"a}ge explizit herauszustellen. Hierdurch soll die weitere Debatte um einzelne Aspekte bereichert werden. Zugleich wird daf{\"u}r geworben, gesetzgeberische Zur{\"u}ckhaltung zu {\"u}ben.}, language = {de} } @article{KlemmtHenking, author = {Klemmt, Malte and Henking, Tanja}, title = {Wishes and needs of nursing home residents and their relatives regarding end-of-life decision-making and care planning}, series = {Journal of Clinical Nursing}, volume = {29}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Nursing}, number = {13-14}, issn = {1365-2702}, pages = {2663 -- 2674}, abstract = {Aims and Objectives To explore wishes and needs, such as existing and preferred communication processes, of residents and relatives regarding medical and nursing planning at the end of life. Background Nursing home residents are a relevant target group for advance care planning (ACP) due to their high age and multimorbidity. Their relatives seem to be important partners in terms of communication and their documentation of wishes and needs. Design A qualitative descriptive design was used. Methods Thirty-two guideline-based interviews with nursing home residents (n = 24) and relatives (n = 8) were conducted in nursing homes in Germany (n = 7). All interviews were analysed by content-structured content analysis. The COREQ checklist was used to document reporting of the study. Results Residents particularly express wishes and needs regarding their health, like the desire to maintain or improve one's current state of health and to be active and mobile and also regarding their social situation, for example the well-being of relatives and beloved ones. A limited group of people was identified with whom residents spoke about issues such as preparedness and self-determination. These were mainly their relatives. Relatives themselves have a need for more communication. Various communication barriers could be identified. Conclusion Residents express diverse and partly explicit wishes and needs. Although many of the respondents had already drafted advanced directives, the demand for offers of communication to plan ahead for the end of life remains clear. The results indicate the unconditional participation of relatives and people close to the residents, if they are available. Relevance to clinical practice Derivations for a target group-related ACP concept in the study region are identified. Besides the involvement of relatives, nurses could also be involved in the communication and decision-making process of residents in nursing homes under certain conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{FleischmannHenkingNeuderth, author = {Fleischmann, Carolin and Henking, Tanja and Neuderth, Silke}, title = {Wissensstand und Fehlvorstellungen zu Vorsorgedokumenten - Ergebnisse einer B{\"u}rgerbefragung}, series = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, doi = {10.1007/s00103-023-03751-y}, abstract = {Einleitung Vorsorgedokumente wie Patientenverf{\"u}gung oder Vorsorgevollmacht sind bedeutsame Instrumente der Vorausplanung f{\"u}r Situationen, in denen ein Mensch nicht mehr f{\"u}r sich selbst entscheiden kann. Obwohl immer mehr B{\"u}rger:innen in Deutschland solche Dokumente erstellen, ist {\"u}ber ihr Wissen zu Zweck, Arten und Anwendung von Vorsorgedokumenten wenig bekannt. Nach {\"u}ber 10 Jahren seit der gesetzlichen Verankerung der Patientenverf{\"u}gung soll diese Studie das Wissen von B{\"u}rger:innen erfassen und Wissensl{\"u}cken detektieren. Methoden In der Stadt und im Landkreis W{\"u}rzburg wurde 2021 eine Querschnittsbefragung von vollj{\"a}hrigen B{\"u}rger:innen u. a. zu Besitz, Umgang mit und Wissensstand zu Vorsorgedokumenten durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Rekrutierung erfolgte {\"u}ber Werbeanzeigen und lokale Netzwerke. Ergebnisse Von den 282 Befragten (MAlter = 50 J., zu 2 Drittel weiblich) hatten 43,4 \% nach Selbstangabe zumindest ein Vorsorgedokument verfasst. Im Wissenstest wurden im Mittel 22/34 Punkten erreicht. Fragen zur konkreten Anwendung von Vorsorgedokumenten anhand eines Fallbeispiels sowie zu Sterbehilfearten wurden h{\"a}ufig korrekt beantwortet, wohingegen beim Faktenwissen zu den einzelnen Dokumenttypen gr{\"o}ßere Wissensdefizite bestanden. Objektiv getestetes Wissen und Variablen zum subjektiven Wissensstand korrelieren positiv. Diskussion Die relativ hohe Quote an erstellten Dokumenten in dieser Stichprobe ist Ausdruck ihrer raschen Verbreitung in den letzten Jahren. Das Wissensniveau ist als niedrig einzusch{\"a}tzen und zeigt Fehlvorstellungen zu Rechten und Pflichten der verfassenden Person sowie der beteiligten Akteure. Das gemessene Wissen der B{\"u}rger:innen steht in Diskrepanz zum h{\"a}ufig ge{\"a}ußerten Wunsch, durch informiertes Erstellen von Vorsorgedokumenten ihre Selbstbestimmung zu wahren.}, language = {de} } @article{WahyudiZieglerFriessetal., author = {Wahyudi, Vincent and Ziegler, Cedric C. and Frieß, Matthias and Schramm, Stefan and Lang, Constantin and Eberhardt, Lars and Freund, Fabian and Dobhan, Alexander and Storath, Martin}, title = {A computer vision system for recognition and defect detection for reusable containers}, series = {Machine Vision and Applications}, volume = {36}, journal = {Machine Vision and Applications}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {0932-8092}, doi = {10.1007/s00138-024-01636-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-57430}, abstract = {Abstract Small load carriers (SLCs) are standardized reusable containers used to transport and protect customer goods in many manufacturers. Throughout the life cycle of the SLCs, they will be collected, manually checked for defects (wear, cracks, and residue on the surface), and cleaned by specialized logistic companies. Human operators in small to medium-sized companies manually evaluate the defects due to the variety and degree of possible defects and varying customer needs. This manual evaluation is not scalable and prone to errors. This work aims to fill this gap by proposing a computer vision system that can recognize the SLC type for inventory management and perform defect detection automatically. First, we develop a camera portal, consisting of standard components, that capture the relevant surfaces of the SLC. A labeled dataset of 17,530 images of 34 different SLCs with their defect status was recorded using this camera portal. We trained a classification model (ConvNeXt) using our dataset to predict the different types of SLCs achieving 100\% class prediction accuracy. For defect detection, we explore eight state-of-the-art (SOTA) anomaly detection models that achieved high rankings in the MVTec industrial anomaly detection benchmark. These models are trained using default hyperparameters and the two highest-scoring models were chosen and fine-tuned. The best-fine-tuned models based on "Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC)" are PatchCore (0.811) and DRAEM (0.748). These results indicate that there is still potential for improvement in the automation of defect detection of SLCs.}, language = {en} } @article{KonradSchusterHeppner, author = {Konrad, Robert and Schuster, Denise and Heppner, Hans-J{\"u}rgen}, title = {BiA - I.D.A. - Notfallregister}, series = {Notfall + Rettungsmedizin}, journal = {Notfall + Rettungsmedizin}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {1434-6222}, doi = {10.1007/s10049-024-01427-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-57777}, abstract = {Hintergrund Die Sicherstellung der gesundheitlichen Versorgung der Bev{\"o}lkerung im Zivilschutzfall obliegt den nach Landesrecht zust{\"a}ndigen Beh{\"o}rden, die der Bund bei Bedarf mit entsprechenden Maßnahmen unterst{\"u}tzt. Der meist {\"u}ber die regul{\"a}ren Rettungsdienstressourcen hinausgehende Umfang an Versorgungsbedarf von Betroffenen h{\"a}ngt stark von der Ursache des Einsatzgeschehens ab. F{\"u}r die Vorplanung sowie die Einhaltung von Versorgungsstandards sind valide Daten erforderlich, die die versorgenden Hilfsorganisationen von Beginn an eine Eingruppierung in Soforthilfe, {\"U}bergangshilfe oder Wiederaufbauhilfe vornehmen sowie eventuelle Sonderversorgungsbedarfe erkennen lassen. Ziel der Arbeit/Fragestellung Welche Instrumente sind verf{\"u}gbar, die valide Daten f{\"u}r eine Einsch{\"a}tzung und Pflegebedarfsplanung im Bev{\"o}lkerungsschutz zur Verf{\"u}gung stellen? Material und Methoden Recherche und Analyse geeigneter und {\"o}ffentlich verf{\"u}gbarer Pflegebedarfsplanungsinstrumente im Kontext Bev{\"o}lkerungsschutz. Ergebnisse Standardisierte, frei verf{\"u}gbare Bedarfsplanungsinstrumente mit konkreten Planungsvorschl{\"a}gen f{\"u}r den Bev{\"o}lkerungsschutz gibt es derzeit nicht. Dennoch sind vielversprechende Insell{\"o}sungen verf{\"u}gbar, die als gute Planungsgrundlage verwendet werden k{\"o}nnen. Diskussion Konkrete Vorgaben zur Unterbringung und Versorgung vulnerabler Gruppen mit Pflegebedarf sind in Betreuungskonzepten derzeit nur unzureichend oder gar nicht abgebildet. Eine Zusammenf{\"u}hrung der im Netz verf{\"u}gbaren Insell{\"o}sungen w{\"u}rde ohne Weiteres eine standardisierte fl{\"a}chendeckende Nutzung zur Bedarfsplanung zulassen.}, language = {de} } @article{VolzStorathWeinmann, author = {Volz, Stefan and Storath, Martin and Weinmann, Andreas}, title = {Degrees-of-freedom penalized piecewise regression}, series = {Information and Inference: A Journal of the IMA}, volume = {14}, journal = {Information and Inference: A Journal of the IMA}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, issn = {2049-8772}, doi = {10.1093/imaiai/iaaf002}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-57846}, abstract = {Many popular piecewise regression models rely on minimizing a cost function on the model fit with a linear penalty on the number of segments. However, this penalty does not take into account varying complexities of the model functions on the segments potentially leading to overfitting when models with varying complexities, such as polynomials of different degrees, are used. In this work, we enhance on this approach by instead using a penalty on the sum of the degrees of freedom over all segments, called degrees-of-freedom penalized piecewise regression. We show that the solutions of the resulting minimization problem are unique for almost all input data in a least squares setting. We develop a fast algorithm that does not only compute a minimizer but also determines an optimal hyperparameter—in the sense of rolling cross validation with the one standard error rule—exactly. This eliminates manual hyperparameter selection. Our method supports optional user parameters for incorporating domain knowledge. We provide an open-source Python/Rust code for the piecewise polynomial least squares case which can be extended to further models. We demonstrate the practical utility through a simulation study and by applications to real data. A constrained variant of the proposed method gives state-of-the-art results in the Turing benchmark for unsupervised changepoint detection.}, language = {en} }