@article{Vetter, author = {Vetter, Mark}, title = {The use of c coastal Atlantic brooks in southwestern Europe as indicators of anthropogenic and climatic impacts over the last 400 years}, series = {Journal of Paleolimnology}, volume = {53}, journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20691}, pages = {73 -- 88}, abstract = {Unlike other aquatic continental ecosystems such as lakes, small coastal brooks have not been used as indicators of anthropogenic or climatic impacts. Our study addresses reconstructing the evolution of coastal brooks in the southwest of Spain from the early 17th century to the end of the 20th century using fieldwork, remote sensing, historical sources and microrelief. These brooks have had a continuous regression, losing 84.7\% of their length since 1630 AD. From the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, climatic factors were responsible for the filling and siltation of the thalweg of brooks with sandy sediments of eolian origin. The alternation of dry and humid periods during the Little Ice Age in southern Spain favoured the mobilisation of sandy sediments in a process of secondary dunification, which was initiated during the 18th century and prominent at the end of the Little Ice Age. This process has coincided with a loss of water availability or an increase of aridity in some lakes and lagoons of southwestern Europe at the end of the 19th century. However, during the second half of the 20th century, the average annual rate of thalweg regression almost quadrupled to 432.2 m∙year-1 mainly due to anthropogenic impacts associated with logging. These changes coincide with the mobilisation of sandy sediment and the erosion of coastal brooks in southwestern Portugal and other continental aquatic ecosystems in southwestern Spain. Therefore, we believe that changes in small coastal brooks can be used as indicators of anthropogenic and climatic impacts and, in the future, as sentinels to study the effects of climatic change just as lakes, reservoirs and rivers are considered.}, language = {en} } @article{Vetter, author = {Vetter, Mark}, title = {Simulating water temperatures and stratification of a pre-alpine lake with a hydrodynamic model}, series = {Hydrological Processes}, volume = {28}, journal = {Hydrological Processes}, number = {3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20702}, pages = {1450 -- 1464}, abstract = {We report on the calibration of the one-dimensional hydrodynamic lake model Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model to simulate the water temperature conditions of the pre-alpine Lake Ammersee (southeast Germany) that is a representative of deep and large lakes in this region. Special focus is given to the calibration in order to reproduce the correct thermal distribution and stratification including the time of onset and duration of summer stratification. To ensure the application of the model to investigate the impact of climate change on lakes, an analysis of the model sensitivity under stepwise modification of meteorological input parameters (air temperature, wind speed, precipitation, global radiation, cloud cover, vapour pressure and tributary water temperature) was conducted. The total mean error of the calibration results is -0.23 °C, the root mean square error amounts to 1.012 °C. All characteristics of the annual stratification cycle were reproduced accurately by the model. Additionally, the simulated deviations for all applied modifications of the input parameters for the sensitivity analysis can be differentiated in the high temporal resolution of monthly values for each specific depth. The smallest applied alteration to each modified input parameter caused a maximum deviation in the simulation results of at least 0.26 °C. The most sensitive reactions of the model can be observed through modifications of the input parameters air temperature and wind speed. Hence, the results show that further investigations at Lake Ammersee, such as coupling the hydrodynamic model with chemo-dynamic models to assess the impact of changing climate on biochemical conditions within lakes, can be carried out using Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model.}, language = {en} } @article{Vetter, author = {Vetter, Mark}, title = {Using the General Lake Model (GLM) to simulate water temperatures and ice cover of a medium-sized lake}, series = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {76}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20710}, abstract = {Thermal dynamics of lakes has a key role in chemical and biological processes in lakes including nutrient distributions and phytoplankton growth. Applications of hydrodynamic models to lakes can provide insights into possible future alterations in thermal dynamics induced by climate change. In this study we present the calibration and validation of the newest version of the open-source hydrodynamic model GLM (General Lake Model) to the dimictic Lake Ammersee, located in south-east Germany. The simulation of lake water temperatures for the calibration period revealed an overall root mean square error of 0.65 °C and a mean error of 0.08 °C. The seasonal stratification pattern and the annual thermal structure of this dimictic lake were reproduced by the model. The model simulated the presence of winter ice cover for the only year out of eight years simulated, when ice cover was observed. Elevated lake water temperatures were also reproduced in model simulations during a period in 2003 of unusually high air temperatures. Statistical analysis of the model calibration results for Lake Ammersee indicates a fit comparable to, or better than most other well-established hydrodynamic models and provides an opportunity for continuous simulations through periods of ice cover. Our results indicate a major improvement of GLM compared with earlier model versions and demonstrate the applicability of GLM for limnophysical studies, particularly for altered forcing conditions such as climate change.}, language = {en} } @article{Vetter, author = {Vetter, Mark}, title = {Future alterations of thermal characteristics in a medium-sized lake simulated by coupling a regional climate model with a lake model}, series = {Climate Dynamics}, volume = {44}, journal = {Climate Dynamics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20723}, pages = {371 -- 384}, abstract = {Regional climate models (RCM) provide site-specific meteorological data at a suitable spatial resolution for the estimation of future climate-driven changes in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we used meteorological data from the RCM weather-situation-based regionalization method (WETTREG), available for Germany, to force a one-dimensional hydrodynamic lake model to simulate climate-induced changes on the summer thermal stratification of Lake Ammersee in southern Germany. In comparison to the period of 2002-2010, an extension by 22 days of the summer stratification period was simulated for 2042-2050. Further, a vertical shift in the position of metalimnion and thermocline within the lake was not detected, but a slight increase in the metalimnion thickness during mid-summer of 1 m was simulated. Along with these changes in stratification patterns, warming for the epilimnion water temperatures during summer stratification and for the entire water body in winter were simulated for the future. By contrast the hypolimnion temperatures are simulated to decrease during the summer stratification. In addition to simulating future limno-physical aspects, the investigation demonstrates that the RCM data of the WETTREG projection are suitable for conducting climate change impact studies.}, language = {en} } @article{DiethelmDamelin, author = {Diethelm, Kai and Damelin, Steven B.}, title = {Boundedness and uniform numerical approximation of the weighted Hilbert transform on the real line}, series = {Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization}, volume = {22}, journal = {Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization}, number = {1-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1081/nfa-100103786}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20593}, pages = {13 -- 54}, abstract = {We establish the uniform boundedness of the weighted Hilbert transform in function spaces associated with a class of even weights on the real line with varying rates of smooth decay near∞. We then consider the numerical approximation of the weighted Hilbert transform and to this end we establish convergence results and error estimates which we prove are sharp. Our formulae are based on polynomial interpolation at the zeros of orthogonal polynomials associated with the weight function under consideration, augmented by two carefully chosen extra points. Typical examples of weights that are studied are: (a) w α (x) : = exp(- | x|α , α> 1, x ∈ R; (b) w k,β x: =exp (-expk (| x 7verbar;β)), β> 0, k > 1, x ∈ R.}, language = {en} } @article{DiethelmFord, author = {Diethelm, Kai and Ford, Neville J.}, title = {Multi-order fractional differential equations and their numerical solution}, series = {Applied Mathematics and Computation}, volume = {154}, journal = {Applied Mathematics and Computation}, number = {3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0096-3003(03)00739-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20604}, pages = {621 -- 640}, abstract = {We consider the numerical solution of (possibly nonlinear) fractional differential equations of the form y(α)(t)=f(t,y(t),y(β1)(t),y(β2)(t),…,y(βn)(t)) with α>βn>βn-1>⋯>β1 and α-βn⩽1, βj-βj-1⩽1, 0<β1⩽1, combined with suitable initial conditions. The derivatives are understood in the Caputo sense. We begin by discussing the analytical questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions, and we investigate how the solutions depend on the given data. Moreover we propose convergent and stable numerical methods for such initial value problems.}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {An investigation of some nonclassical methods for the numerical approximation of Caputo-type fractional derivatives}, series = {Numerical Algorithms}, volume = {47}, journal = {Numerical Algorithms}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11075-008-9193-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20616}, pages = {361 -- 390}, abstract = {Traditional methods for the numerical approximation of fractional derivatives have a number of drawbacks due to the non-local nature of the fractional differential operators. The main problems are the arithmetic complexity and the potentially high memory requirements when they are implemented on a computer. In a recent paper, Yuan and Agrawal have proposed an approach for operators of order α ∈ (0,1) that differs substantially from the standard methods. We extend the method to arbitrary α > 0, α∉N, and give an analysis of the main properties of this approach. In particular it turns out that the original algorithm converges rather slowly. Based on our analysis we are able to identify the source of this slow convergence and propose some modifications leading to a much more satisfactory behaviour. Similar results are obtained for a closely related method proposed by Chatterjee.}, language = {en} } @article{DancaDiethelm, author = {Danca, Marius-F. and Diethelm, Kai}, title = {Fractional-order attractors synthesis via parameter switchings}, series = {Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation}, volume = {15}, journal = {Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation}, number = {12}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.01.011}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20627}, pages = {3745 -- 3753}, abstract = {In this paper we provide numerical evidence, via graphics generated with the help of computer simulations, that switching the control parameter of a dynamical system belonging to a class of fractional-order systems in a deterministic way, one obtains an attractor which belongs to the class of all admissible attractors of the considered system. For this purpose, while a multistep numerical method for fractional-order differential equations approximates the solution to the mathematical model, the control parameter is switched periodically every few integration steps. The switch is made inside of a considered set of admissible parameter values. Moreover, the synthesized attractor matches the attractor obtained with the control parameter replaced with the averaged switched parameter values. The results are verified in this paper on a representative system, the fractional-order L{\"u} system. In this way we were able to extend the applicability of the algorithm presented in earlier papers using a numerical method for fractional differential equations.}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {The limits of reproducibility in numerical simulation}, series = {Computing in Science and Engineering}, volume = {14}, journal = {Computing in Science and Engineering}, number = {1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.21}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20637}, pages = {64 -- 72}, abstract = {Modern computational simulation's increasing and mainly speed-oriented use of HPC systems often conflicts with the goal of making research reproducible. Indeed, the simulations that result from HPC use often behave reproducibly in only a limited way. As a discussion of this phenomenon's technical background describes, the problems entailed will be very difficult to overcome.}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {A fractional calculus based model for the simulation of an outbreak of dengue fever}, series = {Nonlinear Dynamics}, volume = {71}, journal = {Nonlinear Dynamics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20644}, pages = {613 -- 619}, abstract = {We propose a new mathematical model for the simulation of the dynamics of a dengue fever outbreak. Our model differs from the classical model in that it involves nonlinear differential equations of fractional, not integer, order. Using statistics from the 2009 outbreak of the disease in the Cape Verde islands, we demonstrate that our model is capable of providing numerical results that agree very well with the real data.}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {Increasing the efficiency of shooting methods for terminal value problems of fractional order}, series = {Journal of Computational Physics}, volume = {293}, journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2014.10.054}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20658}, pages = {135 -- 141}, abstract = {Shooting methods are a well established tool for the numerical solution of terminal value problems of fractional order. However, they can be computationally quite expensive because of their iterative nature in which (a) each single iteration may be costly, and (b) the number of iterations can be large. In this paper we propose algorithmic strategies for improving the efficiency of such methods. Our strategies are aimed at simultaneously reducing the cost of each iteration and reducing the number of required iterations.}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {An Improvement of a Nonclassical Numerical Method for the Computation of Fractional Derivatives}, series = {Journal of Vibration and Acoustics}, volume = {131}, journal = {Journal of Vibration and Acoustics}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1115/1.2981167}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20688}, pages = {4}, abstract = {Standard methods for the numerical calculation of fractional derivatives can be slow and memory consuming due to the nonlocality of the differential operators. Yuan and Agrawal (2002, "A Numerical Scheme for Dynamic Systems Containing Fractional Derivatives," ASME J. Vibr. Acoust., 124, pp. 321-324) have proposed a more efficient approach for operators whose order is between 0 and 1 that differs substantially from the traditional concepts. It seems, however, that the accuracy of the results can be poor. We modify the approach, adapting it better to the properties of the problem, and show that this leads to a significantly improved quality. Our idea also works for operators of order greater than 1.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {Error estimates for a quadrature rule for Cauchy principal value integrals}, series = {Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics}, volume = {48}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1090/psapm/048/1314858}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20550}, pages = {287 -- 291}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {Peano kernels and bounds for the error constants of Gaussian and related quadrature rules for Cauchy principal value integrals}, series = {Numerische Mathematik}, journal = {Numerische Mathematik}, number = {73}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20560}, pages = {53 -- 63}, abstract = {We show that, iff∈Ck[-1,1] (k≥2), the error term of every modified positive interpolatory quadrature rule for Cauchy principal value integrals of the type∫-1-1w(x)f(x)x-λdx ,λ∈(-1,1), fulfills Rn[f;λ]=O(n-klnn) uniformly for allλ∈(-1,1), and hence it is of optimal order of magnitude in the classesCk[-1,1] (k=2,3,4,…). Here, w is a weight function with the property0≤w(x)1-x2-----√≤C . We give explicit upper bounds for the Peano-type error constants of such rules. This improves and completes earlier results by Criscuolo and Mastroianni (Calcolo 22 (1985), 391-441 and Numer. Math. 54 (1989), 445-461) and Ioakimidis (Math. Comp. 44 (1985), 191-198). For the special case of the Gaussian rule, we show that the restrictionk≥2 can be dropped. The results are based on a new representation of the Peano kernels of these formulae via the Peano kernels of the underlying classical quadrature formulae. This representation may also be useful in connection with some different problems.}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {A fractional version of the Peano-Sard theorem}, series = {Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization}, volume = {18}, journal = {Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization}, number = {7-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20577}, pages = {745 -- 757}, abstract = {Sard's classical generalization of the Peano kernel theorem provides an extremely useful method for expressing and calculating sharp bounds for approximation errors. The error is expressed in terms of a derivative of the underlying function. However, we can apply the theorem only if the approximation is exact on a certain set of polynomials. In this paper, we extend the Peano-Sard theorem to the case that the approximation is exact for a class of generalized polynomials (with non-integer exponents). As a result, we obtain an expression for the remainder in terms of a fractional derivative of the function under consideration. This expression permits us to give sharp error bounds as in the classical situation. An application of our results to the classical functional (vanishing on polynomials) gives error bounds of a new type involving weighted Sobolev-type spaces. In this way, we may state estimates for functions with weaker smoothness properties than usual. The standard version of the Peano-Sard theory is contained in our results as a special case.}, language = {en} } @article{Diethelm, author = {Diethelm, Kai}, title = {Interpolatory product quadratures for Cauchy principal value integrals with Freud weights}, series = {Numerische Mathematik}, volume = {83}, journal = {Numerische Mathematik}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002110050440}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-20583}, pages = {87 -- 105}, abstract = {We prove convergence results and error estimates for interpolatory product quadrature formulas for Cauchy principal value integrals on the real line with Freud-type weight functions. The formulas are based on polynomial interpolation at the zeros of orthogonal polynomials associated with the weight function under consideration. As a by-product, we obtain new bounds for the derivative of the functions of the second kind for these weight functions.}, language = {en} } @article{WoschEickholt, author = {Wosch, Thomas and Eickholt, Jasmin}, title = {Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly care (MIDDEL)}, series = {BMJ Open}, volume = {9}, journal = {BMJ Open}, number = {3}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023436}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-18942}, pages = {14}, abstract = {Introduction: In older adults, dementia and depression are associated with individual distress and high societal costs. Music interventions such as group music therapy (GMT) and recreational choir singing (RCS) have shown promising effects, but their comparative effectiveness across clinical subgroups is unknown. This trial aims to determine effectiveness of GMT, RCS and their combination for care home residents and to examine heterogeneity of treatment effects across subgroups. Methods and analysis: This large, pragmatic, multinational cluster-randomised controlled trial with a 2×2 factorial design will compare the effects of GMT, RCS, both or neither, for care home residents aged 65 years or older with dementia and depressive symptoms. We will randomise 100 care home units with ≥1000 residents in total across eight countries. Each intervention will be offered for 6 months (3 months 2 times/week followed by 3 months 1 time/week), with extension allowed if locally available. The primary outcome will be the change in the Montgomery-{\AA}sberg Depression Rating Scale score at 6 months. Secondary outcomes will include depressive symptoms, cognitive functioning, neuropsychiatric symptoms, psychotropic drug use, caregiver burden, quality of life, mortality and costs over at least 12 months. The study has 90\% power to detect main effects and is also powered to determine interaction effects with gender, severity and socioeconomic status. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained for one country and will be obtained for all countries. Results will be presented at national and international conferences and published in scientific journals.}, language = {en} } @article{Wosch, author = {Wosch, Thomas}, title = {HOMESIDE: Home-based family caregiver-delivered music and reading interventions for people living with dementia}, series = {BMJ Open}, volume = {9}, journal = {BMJ Open}, number = {11}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031332}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-18937}, pages = {11}, abstract = {Introduction: Pharmacological interventions to address behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) can have undesirable side effects, therefore non-pharmacological approaches to managing symptoms may be preferable. Past studies show that music therapy can reduce BPSD, and other studies have explored how formal caregivers use music in their caring roles. However, no randomised study has examined the effects on BPSD of music interventions delivered by informal caregivers (CGs) in the home setting. Our project aims to address the need for improved informal care by training cohabiting family CGs to implement music interventions that target BPSD, and the quality of life (QoL) and well-being of people with dementia (PwD) and CGs. Methods and analysis: A large international three-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial will recruit a sample of 495 dyads from Australia, Germany, UK, Poland and Norway. Dyads will be randomised equally to standard care (SC), a home-based music programme plus SC, or a home-based reading programme plus SC for 12 weeks. The primary outcome is BPSD of PwD (measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire). Secondary outcomes will examine relationship quality between CG and PwD, depression, resilience, competence, QoL for CG and QoL for PwD. Outcomes will be collected at baseline, at the end of the 12-week intervention and at 6 months post randomisation. Resource Utilisation in Dementia will be used to collect economic data across the life of the intervention and at 6-month follow-up. We hypothesise that the music programme plus SC will generate better results than SC alone (primary comparison) and the reading programme plus SC (secondary comparison). Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained for all countries. Results will be presented at national and international conferences and published in scientific journals and disseminated to consumer and caregiver representatives and the community.}, language = {en} } @article{WoschCampbell, author = {Wosch, Thomas and Campbell, Elsa A.}, title = {Tactile low frequency vibration in dementia care}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {18}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18041904}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-18961}, pages = {11}, abstract = {Dementia is a growing issue in modern society. Non pharmacological interventions such as music are suggested as the primary methods for symptom management. Therapeutic potential may also be found in sound/mechanical low frequency vibrations (LFV) that share the core characteristics of music, but these are lesser understood. The aim of the proposed scoping review is to explore the responses of persons with dementia to LFV, e.g., vibroacoustic therapy or whole-body vibration. The scoping review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology guidelines. An extensive search in BMC, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE (OvidSP), Pedro, ProQuest Central, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature sources in Clinical Trials, Current Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, and manual search of relevant journals is planned to find all relevant research papers. The paper selection, full-text assessment, and data extraction will be performed by two independent reviewers. Participants' responses to the interventions and the experiment designs, including methodological challenges, will be analysed and compared. Results may highlight potential gaps in reporting and comparing sound and mechanical vibration approaches and promote better understanding of their potential for managing the symptoms of dementia. Furthermore, the possible relationships between LFV and music-based interventions may become clearer.}, language = {en} } @article{WoschEickholt, author = {Wosch, Thomas and Eickholt, Jasmin}, title = {Creative arts interventions to address depression in older adults}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02655}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:863-opus-18958}, abstract = {Depression experienced by older adults is proving an increasing global health burden, with rates generally 7\% and as high as 27\% in the USA. This is likely to significantly increase in coming years as the number and proportion of older adults in the population rises all around the world. Therefore, it is imperative that the effectiveness of approaches to the prevention and treatment of depression are understood. Creative arts interventions, including art, dance movement, drama, and music modalities, are utilized internationally to target depression and depressive symptoms in older adults. This includes interventions led by trained arts therapists as well as other health and arts professionals. However, to date there has not been a systematic review that reports effects and examines the processes (why) and mechanisms (how) of creative arts interventions are used to address depression in this older age group. This systematic review of studies on creative arts interventions for older adults experiencing depression examined: outcomes of four creative arts modalities (art, dance movement, drama, and music); with particular attention paid to processes documented as contributing to change in each modality; and mechanisms considered to result from these processes. Our analysis of 75 articles (17 art, 13 dance, 4 drama, and 41 music) indicates mostly significant quantitative or positive qualitative findings, particularly for interventions led by creative arts therapists. Mechanisms of change gleaned from the studies that were common across modalities include physical (e.g., increased muscle strength; neurochemical effects, such as endorphin release), intra-personal (e.g., enhanced self-concept, strengthened agency and mastery; processing and communication of emotions), cultural (e.g., creative expression, aesthetic pleasure), cognitive (e.g., stimulation of memory), and social (e.g., increased social skills and connection), that were all considered to contribute to reduced depression and symptoms. Recommendations for future research includes stronger focus on testing of processes and mechanisms.}, language = {en} }