@inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Optimized strategies for thermal re-activation of LaF3/Pt-sensors based on photothermal characterization}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, pages = {398 -- 400}, abstract = {Gas sensors based on a semiconductor-supported LaF3/Pt-structure require regular re-activation by thermal treatment. A convenient way to accomplish this is by applying an electrical current pulse to the Pt-electrode and controlling re-activation by the amount of Joule heat deposited. Pulse length has to be chosen to balance the requirements of thermal energy needed for re-activation and the constraints in peak thermal power to prevent damage. Prerequisite to optimization is a knowledge of the thermal response of the complicated thin film sensor system consisting of several layers with unknown thermal properties. Modulated photothermal microscopy was used to detect inhomogenities in thin film heating and early stages of failure under thermal load. It was found that the formation of gas bubbles in the film is one of the major sources of failure. These measurements were complemented by measurements of …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMoritzRothetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Moritz, W. and Roth, U. and Heyde, M. and Rademann, K. and Reichling, M.}, title = {Nanosecond Range Heating and Temperature Measurement on Thin Layers}, series = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, publisher = {MSM 99}, pages = {655 -- 658}, abstract = {A chemical semiconductor sensor for oxygen gas was activated by thermal treatment. The thin Pt layer of the n-Si/SiO2/Si3N4/LaF3/Pt field effect structure was used as the gate electrode for sensitivity measurements, heating resistance and temperature sensor. Taking advantage of using the gate electrode for heating only the sensitive two layer system LaF3/Pt (thickness only 300 nm) has to be at high temperature. The reactivation was shown to be a very fast process. Within a period of 10µs the structure was heated and the activation process was completed. The temperature measurement was done using the voltage drop at the gate and the current of the heating impulse. For the temperature measurement a resolution on the time scale of nanoseconds was achieved. The time dependent temperature distribution in the sensor multi layer structure was simulated using the CFD-ACE+ software of CFDRC. For the µs-impulses the temperature increase of only the thin layers and not the silicon bulk was shown.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Identification of wavelength regions for non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures}, series = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, volume = {49}, journal = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, number = {3}, pages = {241 -- 260}, abstract = {Stationary gas turbines are still an important part of today's power supply. With increasing temperature of the hot combustion gas inside a gas turbine, the efficiency factor of the turbine increases. For this reason, it is intended to operate turbines at the highest possible gas temperature. Therefore, in the combustion chamber and especially at the position of the first stage guide vanes the gas temperature needs to be measured reliably. To determine the gas temperature, one promising approach is the application of a non-contact measurement method using a radiation thermometer. A radiation thermometer can measure the gas temperature remotely from outside of the harsh environment. At ZAE Bayern, a high temperature and high pressure gas cell has been developed for this purpose in order to investigate gases and gas mixtures under defined conditions at high pressures and high temperatures. This gas cell can …}, language = {en} } @incollection{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Ber{\"u}hrungslose Temperaturmessung an Verbrennungsgasen bei hohen Temperaturen und hohen Dr{\"u}cken}, series = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, booktitle = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, isbn = {978-3-9819376-0-2}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, pages = {183 -- 190}, abstract = {Station{\"a}re Gasturbinen sind von großer Bedeutung f{\"u}r die heutige Energieversorgung. Der Wirkungsgrad einer Gasturbine steigt mit zunehmender Heißgastemperatur an. Turbinenhersteller bzw. Kraftwerksbetreiber sind daher bestrebt, Turbinen bei der h{\"o}chsten materialtechnisch m{\"o}glichen Heißgastemperatur einzusetzen. Eine entsprechende Prozessoptimierung des Turbinenbetriebs setzt somit die exakte Kenntnis der Gastemperaturen w{\"a}hrend des Betriebs und damit eine verl{\"a}ssliche Messung derselben voraus. Zur Messung der Gastemperatur werden derzeit in der Regel Thermoelemente unmittelbar im Abgasstrom platziert. Aufgrund der dort vorherrschenden extremen Bedingungen degradieren diese Sensoren allerdings sehr schnell. Ein alternativer Ansatz sieht die Entwicklung eines ber{\"u}hrungslosen Messverfahrens auf der Grundlage von Strahlungsthermometern vor. F{\"u}r die Umsetzung dieses Vorhabens ist die genaue Kenntnis des Verhaltens der infrarot-optischen Emissions- und Transmissionsspektren der im Abgasstrom enthaltenen Gase bei hohen Temperaturen und Dr{\"u}cken eine wesentliche Voraussetzung. Aus diesem Grund wurde am ZAE Bayern eine Hochtemperatur-Hochdruck-Gaszelle entwickelt, die es in Verbindung mit einem FTIR-Spektrometer erlaubt, Gase und Gasgemische hinsichtlich dieser Gesichtspunkte zu charakterisieren. In dieser Arbeit wird die neue Messapparatur vorgestellt und Gasgemische, die f{\"u}r die Turbinenanwendungen relevant sind, werden analysiert. Zur Identifizierung eines geeigneten Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereichs f{\"u}r die geplante ber{\"u}hrungslose Temperaturmessung wurden erste Messungen durchgef{\"u}hrt, auf deren Grundlage ein ad{\"a}quater Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich ermittelt werden konnte.}, language = {de} } @incollection{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Knopp, Kevin and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Schmidt, Franz and Brunner, Martin and M{\"u}ller, Michael}, title = {Experimental set-up for dynamic material investigation at high temperatures}, series = {Sensors and Measuring Systems; 19th ITG/GMA-Symposium}, booktitle = {Sensors and Measuring Systems; 19th ITG/GMA-Symposium}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4683-5}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, pages = {516 -- 519}, abstract = {Energy efficiency and operation safety in energy conversion, process technology, and aerospace engineering requires advanced material investigation, in particular at high temperatures to characterize the materials and components. Additionally, modern additive manufacturing methods, in particular the 3D metal laser printer requires a detailed control of the melting temperature. Many applications are based on a layered structures, e.g. thermal barrier coatings in gas turbines. Also components manufactured by additive manufacturing pose a layered structure. In these structures the mechanical contact between the layers and to the substrate is of high interest. Besides, the complete characterisation of the additive manufactured component is important for its later application. To cope with these new demands, the University of Applied Sciences Wuerzburg - Schweinfurt (FHWS) and the Bavarian Center for Applied …}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Entwicklung und Test eines langwelligen Strahlungsthermometers zur ber{\"u}hrungslosen Temperaturmessung in Gasturbinen w{\"a}hrend des Betriebs}, series = {tm - Technisches Messen}, volume = {85}, journal = {tm - Technisches Messen}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}, address = {Berlin/Boston}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0077}, pages = {28 -- 39}, abstract = {The aim of this work was the development of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of surface temperatures in stationary gas turbines during operation within the EU-project „Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)". In this work, the infrared-optical properties of the thermal barrier coatings and the combustion gases were determined at ZAE Bayern at high temperatures up to 1600 K and pressures up to 13 bar. Based on these experimental characterizations, a suitable spectral range could be identified which lies around 10 μm for the long-wavelength infrared radiation thermometer. According to these findings, a laboratory setup with suitable optical components (filters, IR-fibers, etc.) was firstly realized and verified. Subsequently, a prototype for measurements in gas turbines during operation of the turbines has …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Eutektische Hochtemperatur-Fixpunkte f{\"u}r die Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie}, publisher = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010 - 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung}, abstract = {Eutektische Metall-Kohlenstoff-(M-C)-Fixpunkte erweitern den Temperaturbereich in dem Hochtemperaturfixpunkte eingesetzt werden k{\"o}nnen vom h{\"o}chsten Temperaturfixpunkt der derzeit g{\"u}ltigen Internationalen Temperaturskala von 1990 (ITS-90) der Erstarrungstemperatur von Kupfer bei 1357.77 K bis hin zu Temperaturen von bis zu 3500 K. Bislang sind diese Hochtemperaturfixpunkte ausschließlich eingesetzt worden, um die Kalibrierung von Strahlungsthermometern und Thermoelementen zu vereinfachen. Herk{\"o}mmlicherweise ist das Fixpunktmaterial dabei in einem Graphittiegel, in den ein Hohlraumzylinder eintaucht, gefasst. Der Hohlraumzylinder dient dabei als Schwarzk{\"o}rper f{\"u}r ein Strahlungsthermometer und als Tauchrohr f{\"u}r Anwendungen in der Ber{\"u}hrungsthermometrie. Oberhalb von 1300 K w{\"u}rde auch die Messung thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften, d.h. Methoden der thermischen Analyse wie die dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie (DSC), die Laserflash-Methode oder die Dilatometrie, signifikant von der in-situ Anwendung der eutektischen Metallkohlenstoff-Fixpunkte profitieren. Der Beitrag pr{\"a}sentiert die Entwicklung und Untersuchung von Metallkohlenstoff-Hochtemperaturfixpunkten f{\"u}r die Anwendung in DSC Messapparaturen im Temperaturbereich bis 2300 K. Im Gegensatz zu der etablierten Anwendung in Strahlungsthemometrie und Ber{\"u}hrungsthemometrie sind die Materialmengen, die f{\"u}r eine Temperaturkalibrierung ben{\"o}tigt werden, in der thermischen Analyse mit einigen Milligramm Fixpunktmaterial sehr gering. Spezielle Verfahren wurden dabei f{\"u}r die effektive Pr{\"a}paration solch kleiner, und f{\"u}r den Einsatz als Temperaturfixpunkt hochreiner, Probenmassen entwickelt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Optische Hochtemperaturmesstechnik f{\"u}r die Thermometrie, Radiometrie und Photometrie}, publisher = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010 - 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung}, abstract = {Die Temperaturmessung {\"u}ber die emittierte W{\"a}rmestrahlung ist seit {\"u}ber hundert Jahren ein innovatives Feld der Messtechnik und der Grundlagenphysik. Ein erster H{\"o}hepunkt war Gustav Kirchhoffs theoretisches Prinzip eines Schwarzen K{\"o}rpers mit idealen - von Material und Form unabh{\"a}ngigen - Emissionseigenschaften f{\"u}r W{\"a}rmestrahlung. Diese fr{\"u}hen Entwicklungen gipfelten in Max Planck's ber{\"u}hmtem Strahlungsgesetz, das die Emission von W{\"a}rmestrahlung exakt beschreibt und den Beginn der modernen Quantenphysik einleitet. Die quantitative Messung von W{\"a}rmestrahlung erfordert die Kenntnis von Quellen- und Detektoreigenschaften. Im Bereich der Erzeugung von W{\"a}rmestrahlung werden noch heute die gleichen Prinzipien benutzt wie zu Zeiten Plancks, d. h. es werden technologisch weiter entwickelte Hohlraumstrahler zur Realisierung Schwarzer K{\"o}rper eingesetzt. Im Bereich der Detektion von W{\"a}rmestrahlung haben sich jedoch durch die Entwicklung der Halbleitertechnik grunds{\"a}tzlich andere physikalische Prinzipien durchgesetzt. W{\"a}hrend zu Plancks Zeiten thermische Empf{\"a}nger eingesetzt wurden, finden im Hochtemperaturbereich heute - neben thermischen Empf{\"a}ngern - fast ausschließlich photoelektrische Empf{\"a}nger Anwendung. Einen weiteren entscheidenden Schritt in Richtung h{\"o}chster Genauigkeit bedeutete die Entwicklung eines elektrischen Substitutionsradiometers bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen, des so genannten Kryoradiometers. Die Erfindung des Kryoradiometers als prim{\"a}rer Detektorstandard Ende der 1970er Jahre erm{\"o}glichte die Messung optischer Strahlungsleistung mit einer relativen Unsicherheit von unter 10-4. Basierend auf diese Strahlungsleistungsmessung ist heute die Kalibrierung der spektrale Empfindlichkeit von Detektoren mit relativen Unsicherheiten bis zu 10-4 m{\"o}glich. Moderne Halbleiterempf{\"a}nger liefern einen strahlungsleistungsproportionalen Photostrom. Zur Messung der W{\"a}rmestrahlung {\"u}ber einen weiten Temperatur- und Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich m{\"u}ssen Photostr{\"o}me von fA bis mA mit kleinster Unsicherheit bestimmt werden. Das stellt hohe experimentelle Anforderungen an die elektrische, geometrische und optische Messtechnik. Der Beitrag beschreibt kurz die historische Entwicklung der optischen Temperaturmessung {\"u}ber die ausgesandte W{\"a}rmestrahlung und geht dann auf die experimentellen und physikalischen Grundlagen dieser Methode ein. Abschließend werden M{\"o}glichkeiten zur Implementierung der im Metrologielabor erreichbaren niedrigen Messunsicherheiten in den praktischen messtechnischen Alltag vorgestellt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Progress with the development of high temperature fixed-points in the EU through the Himert project}, pages = {6}, abstract = {The EU FP5 funded research project HIMERT (Novel High temperature Metal-carbon Eutectic fixed points for Radiation Thermometry, Radiometry and Thermocouples) aims to develop high temperature fixed points above the freezing point of copper to approximately 2500 deg C with a repeatability of less than 0.1 deg C. NPL and BNM-INM have constructed fixed-point blackbody sources, while BNM-LNE has constructed cells up to 1950 deg C (Ru-C) for the calibration of contact sensors. PTB will perform absolute radiometry of the cells constructed by NPL and BNM-INM. Pt-Pd thermocouple studies will be undertaken by PTB and BNM-LNE. Also a major materials compatibility study has been undertaken by BNM-LNE to identify thermocouple sheath materials that are compatible with graphite to 1950 deg C. The University of Valladolid is investigating the background physics of the eutectic process and seeking to develop physically realistic models. The two industrial companies will test whether improved traceability at lower uncertainties can be achieved by using metal-carbon eutectics. This paper describes the HIMERT project and current progress. (authors)}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A novel lens free high-accuracy InGaAs radiation thermometer for radiation temperatures above 300°C}, series = {VDI Berichte (1784)}, journal = {VDI Berichte (1784)}, pages = {155 -- 162}, abstract = {A novel high-accuracy radiation thermometer designed for laboratory applications and based on an InGaAs photon detector is presented. In contrast to other radiation thermometers, no imaging optics is used for collecting the radiation. By using a set of two equally sized optical apertures at fixed distances from the detector and a short distance of the thermometer from the radiation source, the size-of-source effect of the instrument is minimized. The radiation thermometer is designed for temperature measurements from 300°C upwards. Technical details of the radiation thermometer together with the measured reference function according to the ITS-90 up to 962°C and its temporal stability are presented. The size-of-source effect of the novel lens-free radiation thermometer is compared with the lens-based InGaAs reference radiation thermometer of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Development and validation of a long wavelength infrared (LWIR) radiation thermometer for contactless temperature measurements in gas turbines during operation}, series = {EVI-GTI and PIWG Joint Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation}, booktitle = {EVI-GTI and PIWG Joint Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation}, publisher = {IET}, pages = {1 -- 26}, abstract = {A collection of slides from the author's conference presentation is given. The presentation introduces the infrared-optical characterization of thermal barrier coatings and the development of LWIR pyrometer for measuring temperature in an operating gas turbine. The test facility for evaluating the LWIR pyrometer is also presented. This presentation includes the experimental setup for LWIR calibration and measurement.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The PriTeRa facility of PTB for spectral radiance and irradiance calibrations and radiation thermometry in the range from {\`A}170 C up to 3200 C and from 200 nm up to 50 μm}, series = {Proc. Newrad}, booktitle = {Proc. Newrad}, pages = {13 -- 16}, abstract = {Blackbody radiators provide calculable spectral radiance and irradiance if their temperature and their emissivity is well known. Due to technical restrictions, one single blackbody can cover only a limited temperature range and therefore limited wavelengths for spectral radiance and irradiance calibrations. Space borne instruments for measuring the solar emission usually need calibrations from the UV to the near Infrared part of the optical spectrum [1] whereas remote sensing experiments for measuring earth surface temperatures for climate prediction or spaceborne instruments that deliver evidence for water on the surface of planet Mars [2] require calibration in the far infrared spectral range. To achieve these complementary requirements, PTB has set-up a series of blackbody based instrumentations, which are combined in the Primary Temperature Radiator facility (PriTeRa). To cover the whole wavelength range from 200 nm up to 800 µm different blackbody designs have to be applied.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The composition analysis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ or PrBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films and (YBa2Cu3O7-δ/PrBa2Cu3O7-δ) n heterostructures prepared by CVD}, series = {Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry}, volume = {357}, journal = {Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry}, number = {8}, pages = {1061 -- 1065}, abstract = {Some YBa2Cu3O7-δ films and heterostructures prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) were analyzed in our laboratories by EPMA-EDX or WDX, RBS, SNMS and AES. It was found that in some cases the results of composition analysis can significantly deviate from each other. At least two main reasons for these deviations exist: the different lateral resolution and the application of different reference samples for the calibration.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Improvement of the active layers of a field effect sensor for fluorine}, organization = {6. international meeting on chemical sensors, Gaithersburg, MD (United States)}, pages = {313}, abstract = {The quantitative determination of fluorine in gases is of great importance as this gas is often used in various industrial processes, but is toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, there is a great demand for sensors for this gases and alarm systems controlling the environment. Recently, the auhtors reported on first results with a new field effect sensor for the determination of F {sub 2}. A silicon substrate was used with a thin layer of LaF {sub 3} in direct contact to the semiconductor and platinum electrode on the top. In early results, a good sensitivity was achieved but an insufficient stability and limit of detection required further improvements. The corresponding findings and fundamental investigations on the sensor mechanism will be given in this paper.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermal resistance of thermal barriers in polycrystalline diamond}, series = {Progress in Natural Science}, journal = {Progress in Natural Science}, number = {6}, pages = {297}, abstract = {Micrometer resolved photoțhermal measurements on chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond are presented. It is shown that the thermal conductivity inside the grains is as high as that of natural IIa diamond. Using two different approaches we measure the thermal resistance of thermal barriers like grain boundaries or microcracks and obtain values of the order of 10" m'Kw. A simple model is presented, relating the overall thermal conductivity for one-dimensional heat flow to the thermal resistance at barriers and the average size of the grains. Good agreernent between predictions and literature data is found, ...}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Development and test of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for non-contact temperature measurements in gas turbines during operation}, series = {Technisches Messen}, volume = {85}, journal = {Technisches Messen}, number = {1}, pages = {28 -- 39}, abstract = {The aim of this work was the development of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of surface temperatures in stationary gas turbines during operation within the EU-project, Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)". In this work, the infrared-optical properties of the thermal barrier coatings and the combustion gases were determined at ZAE Bayern at high temperatures up to 1600 K and pressures up to 13 bar. Based on these experimental characterizations, a suitable spectral range could be identified which lies around 10 mu m for the long-wavelength infrared radiation thermometer. According to these findings, a laboratory setup with suitable optical components (filters, IR-fibers, etc.) was firstly realized and verified. Subsequently, a prototype for measurements in gas turbines during operation of the turbines has …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannHarrerDotterweichetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Harrer, S. and Dotterweich, C. and Zink, Markus H. and Hemberger, Frank and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Schnitzler, Tim}, title = {Phase change materials for use in thermally and electrically stressed insulation for high voltage applications}, series = {2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference}, booktitle = {2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-4673-8706-4}, pages = {605 -- 608}, abstract = {The temperature of high voltage equipment is often the limiting factor when transmitting electrical energy because the electrical insulation can get severely aged when the temperature is exceeding a certain limit. Hence, cooling has to be improved or heat generation must be reduced to avoid damage of the insulation. In this paper a new method was examined by investigating electrically insulating phase change materials which are able to store latent heat during a phase change from the solid to liquid state in times of high energy demand. To verify the electrically insulating properties of paraffins, one class of phase change materials, a special test cell was designed allowing the determination of breakdown voltage of phase change materials. The measurements on one paraffin sample proved the promising electrical insulating properties and it was shown that the breakdown voltage in the liquid state is comparable …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {I3. 4-Radiometric calibration of the NIRSpec instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope in the wavelength range from 0.7 μm to 5.0 μm}, series = {SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - IRS² 2009 Proceedings}, booktitle = {SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - IRS² 2009 Proceedings}, pages = {249 -- 254}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Strahlungsthermometrie}, series = {PTB-Mitteilungen 117}, volume = {117}, journal = {PTB-Mitteilungen 117}, number = {3}, pages = {272 -- 281}, abstract = {Der prinzipielle Aufbau eines Strahlungsthermometers ist in Bild 2 dargestellt. Eine Optik bildet das Messobjekt mittels der W{\"a}rmestrahlung auf die Gesichtsfeldblende vor dem Detektor ab. Die Aperturblende und die Gesichtsfeldblende definieren den Raumwinkel und die Fl{\"a}che (Messfeld) der vom Detektor nachgewiesenen Strahlung. Bei den meisten Strahlungsthermometern wird ein Spektralfilter zur Eingrenzung des Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereiches der auf den Detektor treffenden Strahlung verwendet. Dieser Spektralfilter wird oft unmittelbar vor dem Detektor angeordnet oder ist als Fenster in das Detektorgeh{\"a}use integriert. Bei hochwertigen Strahlungsthermometern wird der Detektor und manchmal auch zus{\"a}tzlich der Spektralfilter temperiert. Interne Referenzstrahlungsquellen oder nur die Messung und Verarbeitung der internen Temperatur des Detektors oder der optischen Komponenten sorgen im allgemeinen f{\"u}r eine stabile Anzeige von Messwerten der Strahlungstemperatur innerhalb eines weiten Eigentemperaturbereichs des Strahlungsthermometers. Die Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit eines Strahlungsthermometers wird wesentlich von der G{\"u}te seiner Optik und der Empfindlichkeit seines Strahlungsempf{\"a}ngers bestimmt. Hochwertige Strahlungsthermometer arbeiten mit einem festen Fokus, der dem empfohlenen Messabstand entspricht, oder mit variablem Fokus zur Anpassung an den Messabstand. Aus der abstandsabh{\"a}ngigen Einstellung des Fokus resultiert ein Messfeld, in dem die mittlere Strahlungstemperatur des Messobjektes ermittelt wird. Genaue Messungen der Strahlungstemperatur sollten mit abbildenden optischen Systemen erfolgen …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertMonteetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Monte, C. and Gutschwager, B. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Traceable calibration of radiation sources from the visible to the far infrared for space borne applications at PTB}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE Volume 7474, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE Volume 7474, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII}, abstract = {The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has developed dedicated instrumentations and methods for the traceable calibration of space borne instruments in terms of the three fundamental radiometric units, i.e. spectral radiance (radiation temperature), spectral radiant intensity and spectral photon flux. The traceable calibration under conditions similar to the space environment is achieved by use of two major radiometric calibration facilities of PTB, the Spectral Radiance Comparator Facility (SRCF) and the Reduced Background Calibration Facility (RBCF) which are part of the Primary Temperature Radiator Facility of PTB and cover the wavelength range from the UV to the FIR (THz range). The improved detector instrumentations of the SRCF and RBCF, detailed calibration schemes and results of calibrations for space missions are presented.}, language = {en} }