@inproceedings{HartmannMoritzRothetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Moritz, W. and Roth, U. and Heyde, M. and Rademann, K. and Reichling, M.}, title = {Nanosecond Range Heating and Temperature Measurement on Thin Layers}, series = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, publisher = {MSM 99}, pages = {655 -- 658}, abstract = {A chemical semiconductor sensor for oxygen gas was activated by thermal treatment. The thin Pt layer of the n-Si/SiO2/Si3N4/LaF3/Pt field effect structure was used as the gate electrode for sensitivity measurements, heating resistance and temperature sensor. Taking advantage of using the gate electrode for heating only the sensitive two layer system LaF3/Pt (thickness only 300 nm) has to be at high temperature. The reactivation was shown to be a very fast process. Within a period of 10µs the structure was heated and the activation process was completed. The temperature measurement was done using the voltage drop at the gate and the current of the heating impulse. For the temperature measurement a resolution on the time scale of nanoseconds was achieved. The time dependent temperature distribution in the sensor multi layer structure was simulated using the CFD-ACE+ software of CFDRC. For the µs-impulses the temperature increase of only the thin layers and not the silicon bulk was shown.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Identification of wavelength regions for non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures}, series = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, volume = {49}, journal = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, number = {3}, pages = {241 -- 260}, abstract = {Stationary gas turbines are still an important part of today's power supply. With increasing temperature of the hot combustion gas inside a gas turbine, the efficiency factor of the turbine increases. For this reason, it is intended to operate turbines at the highest possible gas temperature. Therefore, in the combustion chamber and especially at the position of the first stage guide vanes the gas temperature needs to be measured reliably. To determine the gas temperature, one promising approach is the application of a non-contact measurement method using a radiation thermometer. A radiation thermometer can measure the gas temperature remotely from outside of the harsh environment. At ZAE Bayern, a high temperature and high pressure gas cell has been developed for this purpose in order to investigate gases and gas mixtures under defined conditions at high pressures and high temperatures. This gas cell can …}, language = {en} } @incollection{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Ber{\"u}hrungslose Temperaturmessung an Verbrennungsgasen bei hohen Temperaturen und hohen Dr{\"u}cken}, series = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, booktitle = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, isbn = {978-3-9819376-0-2}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, pages = {183 -- 190}, abstract = {Station{\"a}re Gasturbinen sind von großer Bedeutung f{\"u}r die heutige Energieversorgung. Der Wirkungsgrad einer Gasturbine steigt mit zunehmender Heißgastemperatur an. Turbinenhersteller bzw. Kraftwerksbetreiber sind daher bestrebt, Turbinen bei der h{\"o}chsten materialtechnisch m{\"o}glichen Heißgastemperatur einzusetzen. Eine entsprechende Prozessoptimierung des Turbinenbetriebs setzt somit die exakte Kenntnis der Gastemperaturen w{\"a}hrend des Betriebs und damit eine verl{\"a}ssliche Messung derselben voraus. Zur Messung der Gastemperatur werden derzeit in der Regel Thermoelemente unmittelbar im Abgasstrom platziert. Aufgrund der dort vorherrschenden extremen Bedingungen degradieren diese Sensoren allerdings sehr schnell. Ein alternativer Ansatz sieht die Entwicklung eines ber{\"u}hrungslosen Messverfahrens auf der Grundlage von Strahlungsthermometern vor. F{\"u}r die Umsetzung dieses Vorhabens ist die genaue Kenntnis des Verhaltens der infrarot-optischen Emissions- und Transmissionsspektren der im Abgasstrom enthaltenen Gase bei hohen Temperaturen und Dr{\"u}cken eine wesentliche Voraussetzung. Aus diesem Grund wurde am ZAE Bayern eine Hochtemperatur-Hochdruck-Gaszelle entwickelt, die es in Verbindung mit einem FTIR-Spektrometer erlaubt, Gase und Gasgemische hinsichtlich dieser Gesichtspunkte zu charakterisieren. In dieser Arbeit wird die neue Messapparatur vorgestellt und Gasgemische, die f{\"u}r die Turbinenanwendungen relevant sind, werden analysiert. Zur Identifizierung eines geeigneten Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereichs f{\"u}r die geplante ber{\"u}hrungslose Temperaturmessung wurden erste Messungen durchgef{\"u}hrt, auf deren Grundlage ein ad{\"a}quater Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich ermittelt werden konnte.}, language = {de} } @incollection{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Knopp, Kevin and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Schmidt, Franz and Brunner, Martin and M{\"u}ller, Michael}, title = {Experimental set-up for dynamic material investigation at high temperatures}, series = {Sensors and Measuring Systems; 19th ITG/GMA-Symposium}, booktitle = {Sensors and Measuring Systems; 19th ITG/GMA-Symposium}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4683-5}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, pages = {516 -- 519}, abstract = {Energy efficiency and operation safety in energy conversion, process technology, and aerospace engineering requires advanced material investigation, in particular at high temperatures to characterize the materials and components. Additionally, modern additive manufacturing methods, in particular the 3D metal laser printer requires a detailed control of the melting temperature. Many applications are based on a layered structures, e.g. thermal barrier coatings in gas turbines. Also components manufactured by additive manufacturing pose a layered structure. In these structures the mechanical contact between the layers and to the substrate is of high interest. Besides, the complete characterisation of the additive manufactured component is important for its later application. To cope with these new demands, the University of Applied Sciences Wuerzburg - Schweinfurt (FHWS) and the Bavarian Center for Applied …}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Entwicklung und Test eines langwelligen Strahlungsthermometers zur ber{\"u}hrungslosen Temperaturmessung in Gasturbinen w{\"a}hrend des Betriebs}, series = {tm - Technisches Messen}, volume = {85}, journal = {tm - Technisches Messen}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}, address = {Berlin/Boston}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0077}, pages = {28 -- 39}, abstract = {The aim of this work was the development of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of surface temperatures in stationary gas turbines during operation within the EU-project „Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)". In this work, the infrared-optical properties of the thermal barrier coatings and the combustion gases were determined at ZAE Bayern at high temperatures up to 1600 K and pressures up to 13 bar. Based on these experimental characterizations, a suitable spectral range could be identified which lies around 10 μm for the long-wavelength infrared radiation thermometer. According to these findings, a laboratory setup with suitable optical components (filters, IR-fibers, etc.) was firstly realized and verified. Subsequently, a prototype for measurements in gas turbines during operation of the turbines has …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Eutektische Hochtemperatur-Fixpunkte f{\"u}r die Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie}, publisher = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010 - 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung}, abstract = {Eutektische Metall-Kohlenstoff-(M-C)-Fixpunkte erweitern den Temperaturbereich in dem Hochtemperaturfixpunkte eingesetzt werden k{\"o}nnen vom h{\"o}chsten Temperaturfixpunkt der derzeit g{\"u}ltigen Internationalen Temperaturskala von 1990 (ITS-90) der Erstarrungstemperatur von Kupfer bei 1357.77 K bis hin zu Temperaturen von bis zu 3500 K. Bislang sind diese Hochtemperaturfixpunkte ausschließlich eingesetzt worden, um die Kalibrierung von Strahlungsthermometern und Thermoelementen zu vereinfachen. Herk{\"o}mmlicherweise ist das Fixpunktmaterial dabei in einem Graphittiegel, in den ein Hohlraumzylinder eintaucht, gefasst. Der Hohlraumzylinder dient dabei als Schwarzk{\"o}rper f{\"u}r ein Strahlungsthermometer und als Tauchrohr f{\"u}r Anwendungen in der Ber{\"u}hrungsthermometrie. Oberhalb von 1300 K w{\"u}rde auch die Messung thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften, d.h. Methoden der thermischen Analyse wie die dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie (DSC), die Laserflash-Methode oder die Dilatometrie, signifikant von der in-situ Anwendung der eutektischen Metallkohlenstoff-Fixpunkte profitieren. Der Beitrag pr{\"a}sentiert die Entwicklung und Untersuchung von Metallkohlenstoff-Hochtemperaturfixpunkten f{\"u}r die Anwendung in DSC Messapparaturen im Temperaturbereich bis 2300 K. Im Gegensatz zu der etablierten Anwendung in Strahlungsthemometrie und Ber{\"u}hrungsthemometrie sind die Materialmengen, die f{\"u}r eine Temperaturkalibrierung ben{\"o}tigt werden, in der thermischen Analyse mit einigen Milligramm Fixpunktmaterial sehr gering. Spezielle Verfahren wurden dabei f{\"u}r die effektive Pr{\"a}paration solch kleiner, und f{\"u}r den Einsatz als Temperaturfixpunkt hochreiner, Probenmassen entwickelt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Optische Hochtemperaturmesstechnik f{\"u}r die Thermometrie, Radiometrie und Photometrie}, publisher = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010 - 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung}, abstract = {Die Temperaturmessung {\"u}ber die emittierte W{\"a}rmestrahlung ist seit {\"u}ber hundert Jahren ein innovatives Feld der Messtechnik und der Grundlagenphysik. Ein erster H{\"o}hepunkt war Gustav Kirchhoffs theoretisches Prinzip eines Schwarzen K{\"o}rpers mit idealen - von Material und Form unabh{\"a}ngigen - Emissionseigenschaften f{\"u}r W{\"a}rmestrahlung. Diese fr{\"u}hen Entwicklungen gipfelten in Max Planck's ber{\"u}hmtem Strahlungsgesetz, das die Emission von W{\"a}rmestrahlung exakt beschreibt und den Beginn der modernen Quantenphysik einleitet. Die quantitative Messung von W{\"a}rmestrahlung erfordert die Kenntnis von Quellen- und Detektoreigenschaften. Im Bereich der Erzeugung von W{\"a}rmestrahlung werden noch heute die gleichen Prinzipien benutzt wie zu Zeiten Plancks, d. h. es werden technologisch weiter entwickelte Hohlraumstrahler zur Realisierung Schwarzer K{\"o}rper eingesetzt. Im Bereich der Detektion von W{\"a}rmestrahlung haben sich jedoch durch die Entwicklung der Halbleitertechnik grunds{\"a}tzlich andere physikalische Prinzipien durchgesetzt. W{\"a}hrend zu Plancks Zeiten thermische Empf{\"a}nger eingesetzt wurden, finden im Hochtemperaturbereich heute - neben thermischen Empf{\"a}ngern - fast ausschließlich photoelektrische Empf{\"a}nger Anwendung. Einen weiteren entscheidenden Schritt in Richtung h{\"o}chster Genauigkeit bedeutete die Entwicklung eines elektrischen Substitutionsradiometers bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen, des so genannten Kryoradiometers. Die Erfindung des Kryoradiometers als prim{\"a}rer Detektorstandard Ende der 1970er Jahre erm{\"o}glichte die Messung optischer Strahlungsleistung mit einer relativen Unsicherheit von unter 10-4. Basierend auf diese Strahlungsleistungsmessung ist heute die Kalibrierung der spektrale Empfindlichkeit von Detektoren mit relativen Unsicherheiten bis zu 10-4 m{\"o}glich. Moderne Halbleiterempf{\"a}nger liefern einen strahlungsleistungsproportionalen Photostrom. Zur Messung der W{\"a}rmestrahlung {\"u}ber einen weiten Temperatur- und Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich m{\"u}ssen Photostr{\"o}me von fA bis mA mit kleinster Unsicherheit bestimmt werden. Das stellt hohe experimentelle Anforderungen an die elektrische, geometrische und optische Messtechnik. Der Beitrag beschreibt kurz die historische Entwicklung der optischen Temperaturmessung {\"u}ber die ausgesandte W{\"a}rmestrahlung und geht dann auf die experimentellen und physikalischen Grundlagen dieser Methode ein. Abschließend werden M{\"o}glichkeiten zur Implementierung der im Metrologielabor erreichbaren niedrigen Messunsicherheiten in den praktischen messtechnischen Alltag vorgestellt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Progress with the development of high temperature fixed-points in the EU through the Himert project}, pages = {6}, abstract = {The EU FP5 funded research project HIMERT (Novel High temperature Metal-carbon Eutectic fixed points for Radiation Thermometry, Radiometry and Thermocouples) aims to develop high temperature fixed points above the freezing point of copper to approximately 2500 deg C with a repeatability of less than 0.1 deg C. NPL and BNM-INM have constructed fixed-point blackbody sources, while BNM-LNE has constructed cells up to 1950 deg C (Ru-C) for the calibration of contact sensors. PTB will perform absolute radiometry of the cells constructed by NPL and BNM-INM. Pt-Pd thermocouple studies will be undertaken by PTB and BNM-LNE. Also a major materials compatibility study has been undertaken by BNM-LNE to identify thermocouple sheath materials that are compatible with graphite to 1950 deg C. The University of Valladolid is investigating the background physics of the eutectic process and seeking to develop physically realistic models. The two industrial companies will test whether improved traceability at lower uncertainties can be achieved by using metal-carbon eutectics. This paper describes the HIMERT project and current progress. (authors)}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A novel lens free high-accuracy InGaAs radiation thermometer for radiation temperatures above 300°C}, series = {VDI Berichte (1784)}, journal = {VDI Berichte (1784)}, pages = {155 -- 162}, abstract = {A novel high-accuracy radiation thermometer designed for laboratory applications and based on an InGaAs photon detector is presented. In contrast to other radiation thermometers, no imaging optics is used for collecting the radiation. By using a set of two equally sized optical apertures at fixed distances from the detector and a short distance of the thermometer from the radiation source, the size-of-source effect of the instrument is minimized. The radiation thermometer is designed for temperature measurements from 300°C upwards. Technical details of the radiation thermometer together with the measured reference function according to the ITS-90 up to 962°C and its temporal stability are presented. The size-of-source effect of the novel lens-free radiation thermometer is compared with the lens-based InGaAs reference radiation thermometer of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Development and validation of a long wavelength infrared (LWIR) radiation thermometer for contactless temperature measurements in gas turbines during operation}, series = {EVI-GTI and PIWG Joint Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation}, booktitle = {EVI-GTI and PIWG Joint Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation}, publisher = {IET}, pages = {1 -- 26}, abstract = {A collection of slides from the author's conference presentation is given. The presentation introduces the infrared-optical characterization of thermal barrier coatings and the development of LWIR pyrometer for measuring temperature in an operating gas turbine. The test facility for evaluating the LWIR pyrometer is also presented. This presentation includes the experimental setup for LWIR calibration and measurement.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The PriTeRa facility of PTB for spectral radiance and irradiance calibrations and radiation thermometry in the range from {\`A}170 C up to 3200 C and from 200 nm up to 50 μm}, series = {Proc. Newrad}, booktitle = {Proc. Newrad}, pages = {13 -- 16}, abstract = {Blackbody radiators provide calculable spectral radiance and irradiance if their temperature and their emissivity is well known. Due to technical restrictions, one single blackbody can cover only a limited temperature range and therefore limited wavelengths for spectral radiance and irradiance calibrations. Space borne instruments for measuring the solar emission usually need calibrations from the UV to the near Infrared part of the optical spectrum [1] whereas remote sensing experiments for measuring earth surface temperatures for climate prediction or spaceborne instruments that deliver evidence for water on the surface of planet Mars [2] require calibration in the far infrared spectral range. To achieve these complementary requirements, PTB has set-up a series of blackbody based instrumentations, which are combined in the Primary Temperature Radiator facility (PriTeRa). To cover the whole wavelength range from 200 nm up to 800 µm different blackbody designs have to be applied.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The composition analysis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ or PrBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films and (YBa2Cu3O7-δ/PrBa2Cu3O7-δ) n heterostructures prepared by CVD}, series = {Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry}, volume = {357}, journal = {Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry}, number = {8}, pages = {1061 -- 1065}, abstract = {Some YBa2Cu3O7-δ films and heterostructures prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) were analyzed in our laboratories by EPMA-EDX or WDX, RBS, SNMS and AES. It was found that in some cases the results of composition analysis can significantly deviate from each other. At least two main reasons for these deviations exist: the different lateral resolution and the application of different reference samples for the calibration.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Improvement of the active layers of a field effect sensor for fluorine}, organization = {6. international meeting on chemical sensors, Gaithersburg, MD (United States)}, pages = {313}, abstract = {The quantitative determination of fluorine in gases is of great importance as this gas is often used in various industrial processes, but is toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, there is a great demand for sensors for this gases and alarm systems controlling the environment. Recently, the auhtors reported on first results with a new field effect sensor for the determination of F {sub 2}. A silicon substrate was used with a thin layer of LaF {sub 3} in direct contact to the semiconductor and platinum electrode on the top. In early results, a good sensitivity was achieved but an insufficient stability and limit of detection required further improvements. The corresponding findings and fundamental investigations on the sensor mechanism will be given in this paper.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermal resistance of thermal barriers in polycrystalline diamond}, series = {Progress in Natural Science}, journal = {Progress in Natural Science}, number = {6}, pages = {297}, abstract = {Micrometer resolved photoțhermal measurements on chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond are presented. It is shown that the thermal conductivity inside the grains is as high as that of natural IIa diamond. Using two different approaches we measure the thermal resistance of thermal barriers like grain boundaries or microcracks and obtain values of the order of 10" m'Kw. A simple model is presented, relating the overall thermal conductivity for one-dimensional heat flow to the thermal resistance at barriers and the average size of the grains. Good agreernent between predictions and literature data is found, ...}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Development and test of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for non-contact temperature measurements in gas turbines during operation}, series = {Technisches Messen}, volume = {85}, journal = {Technisches Messen}, number = {1}, pages = {28 -- 39}, abstract = {The aim of this work was the development of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of surface temperatures in stationary gas turbines during operation within the EU-project, Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)". In this work, the infrared-optical properties of the thermal barrier coatings and the combustion gases were determined at ZAE Bayern at high temperatures up to 1600 K and pressures up to 13 bar. Based on these experimental characterizations, a suitable spectral range could be identified which lies around 10 mu m for the long-wavelength infrared radiation thermometer. According to these findings, a laboratory setup with suitable optical components (filters, IR-fibers, etc.) was firstly realized and verified. Subsequently, a prototype for measurements in gas turbines during operation of the turbines has …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannHarrerDotterweichetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Harrer, S. and Dotterweich, C. and Zink, Markus H. and Hemberger, Frank and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Schnitzler, Tim}, title = {Phase change materials for use in thermally and electrically stressed insulation for high voltage applications}, series = {2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference}, booktitle = {2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-4673-8706-4}, pages = {605 -- 608}, abstract = {The temperature of high voltage equipment is often the limiting factor when transmitting electrical energy because the electrical insulation can get severely aged when the temperature is exceeding a certain limit. Hence, cooling has to be improved or heat generation must be reduced to avoid damage of the insulation. In this paper a new method was examined by investigating electrically insulating phase change materials which are able to store latent heat during a phase change from the solid to liquid state in times of high energy demand. To verify the electrically insulating properties of paraffins, one class of phase change materials, a special test cell was designed allowing the determination of breakdown voltage of phase change materials. The measurements on one paraffin sample proved the promising electrical insulating properties and it was shown that the breakdown voltage in the liquid state is comparable …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {I3. 4-Radiometric calibration of the NIRSpec instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope in the wavelength range from 0.7 μm to 5.0 μm}, series = {SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - IRS² 2009 Proceedings}, booktitle = {SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - IRS² 2009 Proceedings}, pages = {249 -- 254}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Strahlungsthermometrie}, series = {PTB-Mitteilungen 117}, volume = {117}, journal = {PTB-Mitteilungen 117}, number = {3}, pages = {272 -- 281}, abstract = {Der prinzipielle Aufbau eines Strahlungsthermometers ist in Bild 2 dargestellt. Eine Optik bildet das Messobjekt mittels der W{\"a}rmestrahlung auf die Gesichtsfeldblende vor dem Detektor ab. Die Aperturblende und die Gesichtsfeldblende definieren den Raumwinkel und die Fl{\"a}che (Messfeld) der vom Detektor nachgewiesenen Strahlung. Bei den meisten Strahlungsthermometern wird ein Spektralfilter zur Eingrenzung des Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereiches der auf den Detektor treffenden Strahlung verwendet. Dieser Spektralfilter wird oft unmittelbar vor dem Detektor angeordnet oder ist als Fenster in das Detektorgeh{\"a}use integriert. Bei hochwertigen Strahlungsthermometern wird der Detektor und manchmal auch zus{\"a}tzlich der Spektralfilter temperiert. Interne Referenzstrahlungsquellen oder nur die Messung und Verarbeitung der internen Temperatur des Detektors oder der optischen Komponenten sorgen im allgemeinen f{\"u}r eine stabile Anzeige von Messwerten der Strahlungstemperatur innerhalb eines weiten Eigentemperaturbereichs des Strahlungsthermometers. Die Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit eines Strahlungsthermometers wird wesentlich von der G{\"u}te seiner Optik und der Empfindlichkeit seines Strahlungsempf{\"a}ngers bestimmt. Hochwertige Strahlungsthermometer arbeiten mit einem festen Fokus, der dem empfohlenen Messabstand entspricht, oder mit variablem Fokus zur Anpassung an den Messabstand. Aus der abstandsabh{\"a}ngigen Einstellung des Fokus resultiert ein Messfeld, in dem die mittlere Strahlungstemperatur des Messobjektes ermittelt wird. Genaue Messungen der Strahlungstemperatur sollten mit abbildenden optischen Systemen erfolgen …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertMonteetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Monte, C. and Gutschwager, B. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Traceable calibration of radiation sources from the visible to the far infrared for space borne applications at PTB}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE Volume 7474, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE Volume 7474, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII}, abstract = {The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has developed dedicated instrumentations and methods for the traceable calibration of space borne instruments in terms of the three fundamental radiometric units, i.e. spectral radiance (radiation temperature), spectral radiant intensity and spectral photon flux. The traceable calibration under conditions similar to the space environment is achieved by use of two major radiometric calibration facilities of PTB, the Spectral Radiance Comparator Facility (SRCF) and the Reduced Background Calibration Facility (RBCF) which are part of the Primary Temperature Radiator Facility of PTB and cover the wavelength range from the UV to the FIR (THz range). The improved detector instrumentations of the SRCF and RBCF, detailed calibration schemes and results of calibrations for space missions are presented.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Long term stability of the spectral responsivity of filter radiometers at the PTB}, series = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, booktitle = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, pages = {977 -- 982}, abstract = {The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) uses calibrated filter radiometers to measure the thermodynamic temperature of blackbodies applied for the realisation and dissemination of the spectral radiance and spectral irradiance. This paper presents the PTB experience with the stability of the spectral responsivities of two different sets of filter radiometers, a set of four broad-band filter radiometers with centroid wavelengths in the visible spectral range (437 nm, 510 nm, 558 nm and 728 nm), using a combination of coloured glass filters as wavelength selective elements and a set of five narrow-band interference filter radiometers with centroid wavelengths in the visible and in the near infrared wavelength range (676 nm, 802 nm, 903 nm and 1003 nm). The time period of their continuous investigation with respect to the relevant stability parameters, the integrated spectral responsivity and the centroid wavelength, is about seven years for the broad-band filter radiometers and up to ten years for the narrow-band interference filter radiometers. Both types of filter radiometers show sufficient stability for their application as high-accuracy temperature measurement instruments. Relative changes in the integrated spectral responsivity up to some parts in 103 and for the interference filter radiometers a linear increase of the centroid wavelength with time in the order of several ten picometers per year have been observed. A comparison between the two types of filter radiometers is given, with respect to the contribution of the stability of these parameters to the uncertainty budget of thermodynamic temperature determination. Reasons for the observed …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMcEvoyMachinetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and McEvoy, H.C. and Machin, Graham and Friedrich, R. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Comparison of the New NPL Primary Standard Ag Fixed-Point Blackbody Source with the Primary Standard Fixed Point of PTB}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {909 -- 914}, abstract = {Above the freezing point of silver (961.78 °C), the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is defined in terms of Planck's radiation law. The scale is maintained and disseminated using a validated and linear pyrometer in conjunction with a blackbody reference source at either the Ag, Au (1064.18 °C) or Cu (1084.62 °C) freezing point. In order to realize the scale with the highest precision high quality, well-characterised, reproducible fixed-point blackbody sources are required. Such sources have been maintained at NPL for a number of years, but it was felt that improvements to the design would be beneficial. A new Ag point blackbody source has therefore been constructed. The new design will improve the quality and reproducibility of the melting and freezing plateaux and reduce errors due to the 'out-of-focus' size-of-source effect which is difficult to measure and to eliminate. Full details of the design of the new …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubert, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard}, title = {Assessing blackbody emissivity by monte carlo simulation}, series = {Proc. of the Int. Conference of Infrared Sensors and Systems}, booktitle = {Proc. of the Int. Conference of Infrared Sensors and Systems}, publisher = {AMA Service GmbH}, pages = {133 -- 138}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Radiator standards for accurate IR calibrations in remote sensing based on heatpipe blackbodies}, series = {Proceedings Volume 3821, Environmental Sensing and Applications}, booktitle = {Proceedings Volume 3821, Environmental Sensing and Applications}, number = {3821}, editor = {Carleer, M. and Hilton, M. and Lamp, T. and Reuter, R. and Russwurm, G.M. and Schaefer, K. and Weber, K. and Weitkamp, K. and Wolf, J. and Woppowa, L.}, publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics - Proceedings of SPIE}, pages = {395 -- 403}, abstract = {The demand of instrumentation in the field of remote sensing is increasing rapidly. For international compatibility, for reliable results and precise long-term investigation, necessary for example in the measurement of climatic trends, accurate traceability of the results to international standards or SI-units is mandatory. Additionally, interpretation of the results strongly requires a careful evaluation of the involved errors and the resulting uncertainties in order to allow for a rating of the obtained results. For that purpose quality assurance was introduced, not only for industrial fabrication, but also, and with increasing tendency, for industrial and scientific research. As an overview, the necessity and the possibilities of quality assurance in the area of remote sensing are discussed. Taking remote sensing of temperature as an example, the general approach is described. For that purpose, a description of heatpipe blackbodies …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Calibration of tungsten strip lamps as transfer standards for temperature}, series = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, editor = {Dubbeldam, J.F. and de Groot, M.J.}, publisher = {IMEKO}, address = {Delft}, pages = {561 -- 566}, abstract = {An advanced method for the calibration of tungsten strip lamps is reviewed in detail. The method is based on measuring the ratio of the spectral radiances of two sources at different radiance temperatures TL by radiation thermometry. Instead of using the distribution temperature and the colour emissivity for the calculation of the radiance temperature, the derivative dTL/dλ in the vicinity of the effective wavelength of the detection system is applied. In a first step high-stability vacuum tungsten strip lamps are calibrated as first-order working standards with respect to fixed points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). In a subsequent step, secondary working standards are calibrated relative to these first order working standards with light of different wavelengths determined by interference filters. A detailed description of the evaluation procedure for the determination of the radiance temperature of the lamps is given and several problems encountered in operating the lamps are discussed. The standard uncertainties of the radiance temperature are below 0.2 K for the first order working standards.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannAnhaltHollandtetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Yamada, Y.}, title = {Improved thermal stability of the linear pyrometer LP3 for high temperature measurements within the EU-project Himert}, series = {VDI Bericht 1784}, journal = {VDI Bericht 1784}, pages = {135 -- 141}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Realisation and dissemination of thermodynamic temperature above 1234.93 K}, series = {CCT Working Documents}, journal = {CCT Working Documents}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Intercomparison of radiation temperature scales between PTB and NMIJ from 1000/spl deg/C to 2500/spl deg/C}, series = {Proceedings of the 41st SICE Annual Conference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st SICE Annual Conference}, publisher = {IEEE}, pages = {58 -- 62}, abstract = {The intercomparison of radiation temperature scales between PTB and NMIJ was carried out in September 2001. PTB sent their radiation thermometer LP3 to Japan and NMIJ made the comparison between the LP3 and NMIJs Topcon radiation thermometers with a comparison blackbody from 1000/spl deg/C to 2500/spl deg/C. Both scales agreed within /spl plusmn/0.8/spl deg/C in the whole range.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Infrared-optical characterization of emitting and absorbing gases at high temperatures and high pressures}, series = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, volume = {47}, journal = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, number = {1}, pages = {3 -- 21}, abstract = {In the context of the optimization of stationary gas turbines, the surface temperatures of the turbine blades have to be measured by a non-contact technique using radiation thermometers during operation of the turbine. Nowadays turbine blades are protected by thermal barrier coatings. The infrared-optical properties of these coatings require the usage of the MIR or LWIR region for non-contact measurement of the surface temperatures. For performing such measurements and for properly analyzing the derived data, the transmission and absorption spectra of the combustion gas mixture within the turbine were determined at the local conditions during operation of the turbine. Therefore, subject of this work is the measurement of the transmission spectra of carbon dioxide and water vapor at high temperatures and high pressures to identify a wavelength range, which is almost free of absorption and emission effects. In …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMachinYamadaetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Machin, Graham and Yamada, Y. and Lowe, D. and Sasajima, N. and Anhalt, Klaus and Goebel, R. and McEvoy, H.C. and Bloembergen, P.}, title = {A comparison of high temperature fixed-points of Pt-C and Re-C constructed by BIPM, NMIJ and NPL}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, publisher = {LPM/FSB}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {1049 -- 1056}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A study on the feasibility of measuring the emissivity with the laser-flash method}, series = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, volume = {31}, journal = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, number = {4-5}, pages = {998 -- 1010}, abstract = {The laser-flash method is a fast, widely used and well established technique to measure the thermal diffusivity. Since its introduction in the 1960s, it was proposed to expand this technique to the measurement of heat capacity and emissivity. Currently, the measurement of spectral emissivity at high temperatures is connected with relatively large uncertainties, although the spectral emissivity is an essential parameter for applications, e.g., in the lamp industry and fusion research. In this work, a theoretical study is presented on the possibility of emissivity measurements using the laser-flash method. Two mathematical approaches are discussed which solve the problem, that a measured temperature rise—necessary to calculate the emissivity—itself depends on the emissivity. It is shown that both methods have a negligible arithmetic error, making them applicable to be used in future work.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermodynamic temperature measurements of the melting curves of RE-C, TIC-C And ZRC-C eutectic irradiance mode fixed-point cells}, series = {Proceedings TEMPMEKO 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings TEMPMEKO 2004}, pages = {189 -- 194}, abstract = {The thermodynamic temperatures of the phase transition of Re-C, TiC-C, and ZrC-C eutectic fixed-point cells have been measured for the first time using different filter radiometers in irradiance mode. The spectral responsivity of these filter radiometers was measured traceable to the primary detector standard of the PTB, a laser based cryogenic radiometer. The relative extended uncertainties of the spectral responsivities of the filter radiometers in the irradiance mode were in the range from 5· 10-4 up to 2.5· 10-3. The measurements have been performed at the high temperature calibration facilities of the VNIIOFI and the PTB with eutectic fixed-point cells manufactured by VNIIOFI.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A comparison of the blackbody cavities for infrared ear thermometers of NMIJ, NPL, and PTB}, series = {AIST Bulletin of Metrology}, volume = {5}, journal = {AIST Bulletin of Metrology}, number = {4}, pages = {251 -- 256}, abstract = {A comparison of the NMIJ, the NPL, and the PTB blackbody cavities for infrared ear thermometers has been performed for the first time. The NMIJ and the PTB have transported their standard blackbodies to the NPL and radiance temperatures of the blackbodies of the institutes have been directly compared simultaneously using high-resolution infrared ear thermometers as comparators. The results of the comparison show that radiance temperatures realized by the NMIJ, the NPL, and the PTB cavities agree within +/-0.01 deg C, well within their uncertainty levels of around 0.04 deg C in the temperature range from 35 deg C to 42 deg C.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFriedrichSchilleretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Friedrich, R. and Schiller, S. and Fischer, J.}, title = {Non-isothermal temperature distribution and resulting emissivity corrections for the high temperature blackbody BB3200}, series = {Proc. 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, booktitle = {Proc. 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, editor = {Fellmuth, B. and Seidel, J. and Scholze, G.}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {227 -- 232}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A comparison of Co-C, Pd-C, Pt-C, Ru-C and Re-C eutectic fixed points independently manufactured by three different institutes}, series = {Proc. Newrad (Davos, Switzerland)}, booktitle = {Proc. Newrad (Davos, Switzerland)}, pages = {289 -- 290}, abstract = {In order to assess the performance and capability as well as the reproducibility of cell production five different Metal-carbon (MC) eutectic cells from three institutes were measured by radiation thermometry at PTB. The reproducibility of the melting temperature approached the requirements set by CCT/CCPR but significant differences were seen between different manufactures.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannSadliMachinetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Sadli, M. and Machin, G. and Morice, R.}, title = {Realisation and comparison of metal-carbon eutectic points for radiation thermometry applications and W-Re thermocouple calibration}, series = {Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, booktitle = {Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, editor = {Fellmuth, B. and Seidel, J. and Scholze, G.}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {507 -- 512}, abstract = {For the sake of ensuring improved accuracy and traceability for temperature measurements above the copper point (1084 OC), four laboratories are joining their efforts in developing high-temperature fixed points based on eutectic transitions of metal-carbon mixtures [1]. These phase transitions, on the basis of radiation thermometry results presented thus far [2, 3], encouraged the participants to work towards two eventual applications: hightemperature fixed—point calibration sources for radiation thermometry, and fixed points for the calibration of contact thermometers, including Pt/Pd, Pt/Rh and W/Re thermocouples. Here will be given the up-to—date works accomplished within or in relation with this project in the participating laboratories. The perspectives of this work are wide and should allow the usage of such fixed points at temperatures ranging from 1150 C to 2700 C. The remaining uncertainty concerns the …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Measurement of T-T90 down to zinc point temperatures with absolute filter radiometry}, series = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, booktitle = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, pages = {377 -- 382}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Characterization of the double-heatpipe blackbody LABB for use at temperatures below 500 C}, series = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, editor = {Dubbeldam, J.F. and de Groot, M.J.}, publisher = {IMEKO}, address = {Delft}, pages = {511 -- 516}, abstract = {The large area double-heatpipe blackbody (LABB) used for comparing thermodynamic temperatures with the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) at temperatures higher than 600 C is based on two sodium heat pipes. The lowest temperature at which the sodium heat pipes work properly is strongly correlated to the onset of sodium evaporation. This is expected for temperatures well above 500 C. Planning to use the LABB for extending the comparison of thermodynamic temperatures with the ITS-90 to temperatures as low as possible, we measured the isothermal behaviour of the blackbody cavity starting at heatpipe temperatures of 400 C. The temperature of the cylindrical part of the cavity was measured with a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) sensing the bottom of the cavity and up to three quarter of the cylindrical part of the cavity. The obtained temperature profiles are well explained assuming the occurrence of two superimposing effects: a real nonisothermal behaviour of the LABB for temperatures below 500 C and a cooling of the SPRT caused by radiation loss through the aperture of the cavity. Applying a Monte-Carlo simulation we calculated the emissivity of the LABB at different heatpipe temperatures below 600 C using the obtained non-isothermal temperature distribution at the cylindrical walls. It was found that even at temperatures as low as 415 C the accuracy of the LABB is sufficient for comparison of thermodynamic temperatures and the ITS-90.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Traceable Radiometric Calibration of Semiconductor Detectors and their Application for Thermodynamic Temperature Measurement}, series = {Journal of Metrology Society of India}, volume = {25}, journal = {Journal of Metrology Society of India}, number = {1}, pages = {3 -- 10}, abstract = {The non-contact measurement of temperature by using the emitted thermal radiation has been an innovative field of measurement science and fundamental physics for more than a hundred years. It saw the first highlight in Gustav Kirchhoff's principle of a blackbody with ideal emission characteristics and culminated in Max Planck's formulation of the law of thermal radiation, the so-called Planck's law, forming the foundation of quantum physics. A boost in accuracy was the development of semiconductor detectors and the cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer in the late 1970s. Semiconductor detectors, namely photodiodes, deliver an electrical current proportional to the absorbed optical radiation. Due to the measurements of thermal radiation over a wide range of temperature and wavelength, thermodynamic temperature measurements with radiometric methods have set benchmarks to all, the …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannSakumaMa, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Sakuma, F. and Ma, L.}, title = {Intercomparison of Radiation Temperature Scales between PTB and NMIJ from 1000-degree Celsius to 2500-degree Celsius}, series = {SICE Annual Conference Program and Abstracts SICE Annual Conference 2002}, booktitle = {SICE Annual Conference Program and Abstracts SICE Annual Conference 2002}, publisher = {The Society of Instrument and Control Engineers}, pages = {13 -- 13}, abstract = {The intercomparison of radiation temperature scales between PTB and NMIJ was carried out in September 2001. PTB sent their radiation thermometer LP3 to Japan and NMIJ made the comparison between the LP3 and NMIJ's Topcon radiation thermometers with a comparison blackbody from 1000 C to 2500 C. Both scales agreed within±0.8 C in the whole range.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermal characterisation of diamond}, series = {Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond}, booktitle = {Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond}, publisher = {Institute of Engineering \& Technology}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, abstract = {Thermal characterisation of diamond is one of the key issues in assessing material quality since thermal parameters are strongly related to other features like isotopic constitution, defect content and microstructure (see Datareview A 1.5). Hence, the macroscopic thermal conductivity can often be taken as a figure-of-merit for diamond quality relevant for industrial applications. Determining thermal conductivity of diamond materials does not require, in principle, techniques other than those used for thermal assessment of more common materials and the standard methods as well as their application to diamond have been described in detail in rather complete review articles [1, 2]. Recent advancements in methodology have mainly been focused on thermal microscopy for measuring conductivity in extremely small volumes and finally single grains of polycrystalline material [3] and to quantitatively determine resistances across thermal barriers related to grain boundaries in thin films [4]. In this survey we summarise the main features of the standard techniques and briefly review the technology of quantitative thermal microscopy. It is difficult to precisely control and measure heat flow and radiation and, hence, thermal measurements generally yield only a rather limited precision; this fully applies also to measurements on diamond materials. An accuracy of a few per cent has to be regarded as excellent while the precision of most measurements is at a 5 to 10\% level or below. As demonstrated by a recent round robin test [5], this especially applies to the characterisation of polycrystalline thin films where measurements may be strongly affected by the …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannRicolfiBatuelloetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Ricolfi, T. and Batuello, M. and Bosma, R. and van der Ham, E. and Fischer, J.}, title = {Comparison of local realizations of the ITS-90 between 920° C and 1590° C at 950 nm using vacuum tungsten strip lamps as transfer standards}, series = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO (2001)}, booktitle = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO (2001)}, editor = {Fellmuth, B. and Seidel, J. and Scholze, G.}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {839 -- 844}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannBreuerJohannsenetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Breuer, J. and Johannsen, U. and Rabus, H. and Werner, L.}, title = {PTB detector calibration capabilities for optical radiometry}, series = {Sensor 2001 Proceedings}, booktitle = {Sensor 2001 Proceedings}, pages = {227 -- 232}, abstract = {In the first part of this paper we give a brief survey of the approaches taken to achieve these rather challenging goals. Then we will focus on some aspects of transfer detector standards that have to be taken into account if the highest possible accuracy is to be reached. The final section of the paper deals with a new and very promising method for the dissemination of the spectral responsivity of semiconductor photodiodes.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannGutschwagerFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Gutschwager, B. and Fischer, J.}, title = {Calibration facility for infrared thermography systems at PTB}, series = {Sensor 2001 Proceedings}, booktitle = {Sensor 2001 Proceedings}, pages = {233 -- 238}, abstract = {Section 2 of the present paper introduces the two calibration facilities, presents the applied blackbody radiation sources with the achievable uncertainties, the collimator optics, and the climate box. A short introduction of the experimental techniques used and presentation of some experimental results for different camera systems follows in Section 3. A final conclusion is given in Section 4.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Complete characterization of local thermal transfer in high quality CVD diamond}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, pages = {295 -- 299}, abstract = {Room temperature microscopic thermal transfer in a high quality chemical vapor deposited diamond sample is completely characterized with micrometer resolution. A thermoreflectance microscope measures thermal conductivity and its slight variations inside a grain. Measurements reveal an inhomogeneous conductivity distribution with highest values close to that of natural IIa diamond. Using the same microscope, frequency dependent investigations of thermal barriers located between diamond grains are performed. Thermal resistance is found to vary between 10-9 and 10-8 m2K/W. Frequency dependent measurements sensitive to three-dimensional heat flow and averaging over a variable number of grains yield an enormous decrease of thermal conductivity with decreasing modulation frequency. Taking the average of thermal conductivity inside the grains and an average value for the barrier height together …}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {Photothermische Mikroskopie}, publisher = {VDI-Bericht 1379}, pages = {221 -- 226}, language = {de} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Condensed matter: structural, mechanical, and thermal properties}, series = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {73}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, number = {6}, pages = {756 -- 758}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Improvement of the active layers of a MIS-structure semiconductor gas sensor for HF and F}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraArduini, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Arduini, Mariacarla}, title = {A Novel Approach for Non-Destructive Testing of the Adhesion of Thermal Barrier Coatings}, publisher = {The Future of Gas Turbine Technology ; 8 th International Gas Turbine Conference}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel (Belgien)}, pages = {12 -- 13}, abstract = {The operation temperatures of gas turbine engines have been increased significantly to optimize their efficiency factor. To protect the metallic blades from these high temperatures, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied onto the turbine blades. These layers must have a good adhesion to the supporting turbine blade. A poor adhesion may lead to a delamination of the layer during operation and finally to a destruction of the turbine blade and eventually the complete turbine. It is therefore necessary, to check the quality of the layer adhesion regularly during service or preferably during operation. Approaches for non-contact and nondestructive techniques by using optical or infrared radiation are not sophisticated up to now. Hence in this paper a new attempt to improve these optical or infrared-optical methods is described. The presented idea relies on the application of different wavelengths for the used measurement system. Using a short wavelength range, where the TBC is semitransparent, allows the measurement of the temperature of the turbine blade. Using a second, long wavelength range where the TBC is non-transparent, the temperature of the surface of the TBC can be determined. As the thermal contact is usually correlated with the mechanical adhesion such measurements can be a possible tool for nondestructively testing the adhesion of TBCs.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannWernerFischeretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Werner, L. and Fischer, J. and Johannsen, U.}, title = {Accurate determination of the spectral responsivity of silicon trap detectors between 238 nm and 1015 nm using a laser-based cryogenic radiometer}, address = {Madrid (Spanien)}, language = {en} } @misc{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {A new insight into local heat transfer in polycrystalline diamond}, address = {Edinburgh (Schottland)}, language = {en} } @misc{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {Quantitative photothermal measurement of thermal barriers in CVD-Diamond}, address = {Edinburgh (Schottland)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannReichlingMatthias, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M. and Matthias, E.}, title = {Thermoreflectance measurements of single thermal barriers in CVD-Diamond}, address = {Nanjing (China)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Photothermal microscopy on CVD-diamond}, address = {Ebernburg}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannNilssonFricke, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Nilsson, O. and Fricke, J.}, title = {Thermal diffusivity measurements on two-layered systems with the laser-flash method}, address = {Lissabon (Portugal)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraMehling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Mehling, H.}, title = {The role of the index of refraction in the generation and propagation of blackbody radiation}, address = {Funchal (Portugal)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraEbertetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Lenhart-Rydzek, M. and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew}, title = {LWIR pyrometry for the measurement of thermal barrier coatings within the EU project STARGATE}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannLenhartRydzekStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Lenhart-Rydzek, M. and Stark, Thomas and Arduini-Schuster, Mariacarla and Manara, Jochen}, title = {Enhanced measuring technique to determine the angle dependent surface emittance from 200 °C up to 1600 °C}, address = {Funchal (Portugal)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltEdler, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Edler, F.}, title = {High-temperature fixed-points for improved temperature metrology above 1100 °C}, address = {Graz}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKrenekAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Krenek, S. and Anhalt, Klaus and Lindemann, A. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Dynamic Emissivity Measurement: First Results}, address = {Graz}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltSargeetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Sarge, S.M. and Pagel, R. and Schindler, A. and Denner, T.}, title = {Eutectic high-temperature fixed-points for improves traceability in DSC/DTA}, address = {Graz}, language = {en} } @misc{HartmannAnhaltPageletal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Pagel, R. and Sarge, S.}, title = {Temperature calibration of thermoanalytical apparatus above 1000 °C by means of Metal-Carbon Eutectics}, address = {Rotterdam (Niederlande)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKruegerAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Anhalt, Klaus and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Schmidt, Franz}, title = {CCD-camera for measuring temperature and spectral radiance}, address = {Bern}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltTaubertetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Schmidt, Franz}, title = {CCD-camera for measuring temperature and spectral radiance}, address = {Portoroz (Slowenien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Kr{\"u}ger, U.}, title = {Experimental set-up for dynamic material investigation}, address = {Graz ({\"O}sterreich)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannHarrerDotterweichetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Harrer, S. and Dotterweich, C. and Zink, Markus H.}, title = {On the conduction process of dielectric liquids based on mineral oil}, address = {Buenos Aires (Argentinien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Non-Contact Temperature Measurement Of Combustion Gases at High Temperatures and High Pressures}, address = {Zakopane (Polen)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltHollandtetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Yamada, Y.}, title = {Improved thermal stability of the linear pyrometer LP3 for high temperature measurements within the EU-Project HIMERT}, address = {Berlin}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubert, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard}, title = {Assessing blackbody emissivity by Monte Carlo Simulation}, address = {Erfurt}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark and Hodge, D.}, title = {Development of Long Wavelength Infrared Radiation Thermometry for Measurements in Gas Turbines}, address = {Darmstadt}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraArduini, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Arduini, Mariacarla}, title = {An Attempt to Non-Destructively Qualify the Adhesion of Thermal Barrier Coatings}, address = {Zakopane (Polen)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Construction, Calibration and Application of a LWIR Pyrometer within the EU Project STARGATE}, address = {Zakopane (Polen)}, abstract = {The EU project STARGATE (Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines) has the headline objective to develop a suite of advanced sensors, instrumentation and related systems in order to contribute to the development of the next generation of green and efficient gas turbine engines. To increase the efficiency of gas turbines higher combustion temperatures and higher turbine inlet temperatures are required. This implies that turbine blades and vanes are exposed to higher temperatures. Advanced thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) based on ceramic materials protect the components from overheating and ensure mechanical integrity. Still, materials and coatings need to be stressed to their limits to reach the challenging goals of an efficiency increase. Under these circumstances, it is crucial to have sensing techniques available that are capable of accurately monitoring the temperature of turbine parts in order to prevent damages within the engine. The approach to overcome current limitations of existing techniques is to use long wavelength infrared (LWIR) pyrometry as TBCs are usually semi-transparent in the near or short wavelength infrared. Therefore one work package within the STARGATE project is dedicated to the development of a LWIR radiation thermometer to measure the surface temperature of TBCs contactless during operation of the gas turbine engines. The paper shortly gives an overview of the investigation performed within the STARGATE project. The construction, calibration and application of the LWIR radiation thermometer is described in detail and results obtained on a test facility are presented. The paper closes with an outlook on future plans of implementing the LWIR pyrometer in the quality system of gas turbine operation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Long Wavelength Infrared Radiation Thermometry for Non-Contact Temperature Measurements in Gas Turbines}, address = {London}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {New developments in high-temperature measurement techniques}, address = {Osijek (Kroatien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKnoppLenskietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Ochs, Dennis and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Manara, Jochen and Arduini, Mariacarla and Hemberger, Frank and Vidi, Stephan}, title = {Einsatz optischer Sensoranwendungen f{\"u}r additive Fertigungsverfahren}, address = {Dresden}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannKnoppLenskietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Ochs, Dennis and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Hemberger, Frank and Vidi, Stephan and Manara, Jochen and M{\"u}ller, Michael and M{\"o}ller, F.}, title = {Systematische thermophysikalische Charakterisierung von W{\"a}rmed{\"a}mmschichten}, address = {N{\"u}rnberg}, language = {de} } @misc{HartmannKnoppZaengleinetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Brunner, Martin and M{\"u}ller, Michael}, title = {Messsystem f{\"u}r dynamische Materialuntersuchung bei hohen Temperaturen}, address = {N{\"u}rnberg}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Entwicklung und Test eines langwelligen Strahlungsthermometers zur ber{\"u}hrungslosen Temperaturmessung in Gasturbinen w{\"a}hrend des Betriebs}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-944659-04-6}, pages = {43 -- 48}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannJoumaniHayetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Joumani, Y. and Hay, B. and Razouk, R. and Anhalt, Klaus and Sarge, S. and Wu, J. and Milosevic, N. and Cataldi, M. and Lorrette, C. and Boboridis, K. and Manara, Jochen and Vidi, Stephan and Pichler, P. and Denner, T.}, title = {EMPIR Hi-TRACE project - Metrological facilities for measuring thermophysical properties up to 3000 °C}, address = {Chengdu (China)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKnoppLenskietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Schmidt, Franz and Brunner, Martin}, title = {Optical Sensor systems for additive manufacturing}, address = {Chengdu (China)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Ochs, Dennis and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Schmidt, Franz}, title = {Experimental set-up for dynamic material investigation at high-temperatures for power engineering and additive manufacturing}, address = {Freiburg}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Knopp, Kevin and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc}, title = {Hochtemperaturmessung und Materialuntersuchung f{\"u}r Energietechnik und additive Fertigungsverfahren}, address = {Dresden}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Zipf, Matthias}, title = {Non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures}, address = {Graz ({\"O}sterreich)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {High temperature test-rig for emissvity and non-contact temperature measurements}, address = {Graz ({\"O}sterreich)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhalt, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus}, title = {Radiometric measurements of eutectic fixed-point cells at PTB}, address = {Okayama (Japan)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MachinHartmannAnhaltetal., author = {Machin, Graham and Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Beyon, G. and Edler, F. and Fourez, S. and Jimeno-Largo, p. and Lowe, D. and Morice, R. and Sadli, M. and Villamanan, M.}, title = {Future perspectives for high-temperature metrology from the FP5 HIMERT project}, address = {Lyon (Frankreich)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTegeler, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Tegeler, E.}, title = {Activities in the field of legal metrology and standardisation of clinical thermometers}, address = {Dubrovnik (Kroatien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannGutschwagerHollandt, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Gutschwager, B. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {PTB Activities in the Field of Testing and Calibration of Clinical IR Ear Thermometers}, address = {N{\"u}rnberg}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMachinBeynonetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Machin, Graham and Beynon, G. and Fourrez, S. and Lowe, D. and Morice, R. and Sadli, M. and Villamanan, M.}, title = {HIMERT: A pan-European project for development of metal-carbon eutectics as temperature standards}, address = {Chicago (USA)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertHollandtetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, D. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg and Fischer, J.}, title = {Investigation of the accuracy of the ITS-90 with reference to thermodynamic temperature in the range from 400 °C to 600 °C}, address = {Chicago (USA)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMcEvoyMachinetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and McEvoy, H.C. and Machin, Graham and Friedrich, R. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Comparison of the new NPL primary standard Ag fixed-point blackbody source with the primary standard fixed-point of PTB}, address = {Chicago (USA)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannBloembergenSasajimaetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Bloembergen, P. and Sasajima, N. and Yamada, Y.}, title = {Comparing alternative schemes for realizing the high-temperature part of a future ITS-20XX with the aid of metal-carbon eutectic fixed points}, address = {Chicago (USA)}, language = {en} } @misc{HartmannTaubertFriedrichetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Friedrich, R. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Improved calibration of the spectral responsivity of interference filter radiometers in the visible and near infrared spectral range at PTB}, address = {Gaithersburg (USA)}, language = {en} } @misc{HartmannFischerSeidel, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Fischer, J. and Seidel, J.}, title = {Improved accuracy in measurement of radiometric apertures with a non-contact technique}, address = {Madrid (Spanien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltTaubertetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Absolute radiometry for the MeP-K}, series = {Tempmeko 2010}, booktitle = {Tempmeko 2010}, address = {Portoroz (Slowenien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKrenekAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Krenek, S. and Anhalt, Klaus and Lindemann, A. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {A dynamic method to measure emissivity at high-temperatures}, address = {Portoroz (Slowenien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKeawprasertAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Keawprasert, T. and Anhalt, Klaus and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Abd ElMageed, A. and Sperling, A.}, title = {Monochromator based absolute calibration of radiation thermometers}, address = {Portoroz (Slowenien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltSchindleretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Schindler, A. and Moriya, Y. and Sarge, S. and Pagel, R. and Denner, T.}, title = {Metal(carbide)-carbon eutectic high-temperature fixed-points for dynamic differential scanning calorimetry}, address = {Portoroz (Slowenien)}, language = {en} } @misc{HartmannAnhaltBuengeretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and B{\"u}nger, L. and Schreiber, Ekkehard}, title = {Practical high-temperature furnace for the application on thermometry and radiometry}, address = {Portoroz (Slowenien)}, language = {en} } @misc{HartmannAnhaltMachinetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Machin, Graham and Woolliams, E. and Dury, M. and Yoon, H.}, title = {Absolute radiometry of metal-carbon eutectic fixed-points for a new temperature scale}, address = {Portoroz (Slowenien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannVoelker, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and V{\"o}lker, S.}, title = {Thermisches Management von Lichtquellen}, address = {N{\"u}rnberg}, language = {de} }