@inproceedings{HartmannWerner, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Werner, L.}, title = {Comparison and Evaluation of Different Models for the Interpolation of Spectral Responsivity Data}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {309 -- 310}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltMorkel, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Morkel, M.}, title = {Emissivity of tungsten electrodes in discharge lamps at elevated temperatures}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {273 -- 274}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKeawprasertAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Keawprasert, T. and Anhalt, Klaus and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Abd ElMageed, A. and Sperling, A.}, title = {Absolute Calibration of Spectral Responsivity for a Radiation Thermomemeter}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {287 -- 288}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannOjanenAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Ojanen, M. and Anhalt, Klaus and Weckstr{\"o}m, T. and K{\"a}rh{\"a}, P. and Heinonen, M. and Ikonen, E.}, title = {Comparison of the Radiation Temperature Scales between PTB and MIKES}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {285 -- 286}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltSchilleretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Schiller, S. and Schreiber, Ekkehard}, title = {Practical high-temperature furnace for the application in radiometry, photometry and thermometry}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {275 -- 276}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKhlevnoyRougieetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Khlevnoy, B. and Rougie, B. and Gibson, C. and Yoon, H. and G{\"a}rtner, A. and Taubert, Dieter Richard}, title = {CCPR-S1 Supplementary Comparison for Spectral Radiance in the range of 220 nm to 2500 nm}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {241 -- 242}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTegeler, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Tegeler, E.}, title = {Activities in the field of legal metrology and standardisation of clinical thermometers}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, publisher = {LPM/FSB}, address = {Zagreb}, pages = {1191 -- 1196}, abstract = {Recently the CEN/TC 205/WG 12 Clinical Thermometer has finalised the European standard on clinical thermometers, EN 12470, by implementing the part 5 Clinical thermometers—Performance of infra-red ear thermometers (with maximum device). This last part of the EN 12470 series is dealing with the performance and requirements for infrared ear thermometers. The other four parts are dealing with metallic liquid-in-glass thermometers, phase change-type (dot matrix) thermometers, compact electrical thermometers (non-predictive and predictive), and electrical thermometers for continuous measurement. Beside this European standard there are national standards dealing with clinical thermometers, the most important in the USA and in Japan. In the field of legal metrology there are three OIML recommendations on clinical thermometers, covering the field of mercury-in-glass thermometers (R7), electrical thermometers for continuous measurements (R114), and electrical thermometers with maximum device (R 115).}, language = {en} } @misc{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Intercomparison of Radiation Temperature Scales}, series = {Proc. SICE 2002}, journal = {Proc. SICE 2002}, pages = {111 -- 115}, abstract = {The intercomparison of radiation temperature scales between PTB and NMIJ was carried out in September 2001. PTB sent their radiation thermometer LP3 to Japan and NMIJ made the comparison between the LP3 and NMIJ's Topcon radiation thermometers with a comparison blackbody from 1000 C to 2500 C. Both scales agreed within+ 0.8 C in the whole range.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Comparison of the New NPL Primary Standard Ag Fixed-Point Blackbody Source with the Primary Standard Fixed}, series = {Temperature: Its measurement and control in science and industry, volume 7}, booktitle = {Temperature: Its measurement and control in science and industry, volume 7}, editor = {Ripple, Dean C.}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, abstract = {Above the freezing point of silver (96178 C), the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is defined in terms of Planck's radiation law. The scale is maintained and disseminated using a validated and linear pyrometer in conjunction with a blackbody reference source at either the Ag, Au (1064.18 C) or Cu (1084.62 C) freezing point. In order to realize the scale with the highest precision high quality, well-characterised, reproducible fixed-point blackbody sources are required. Such sources have been maintained at NPL for a number of years, but it was felt that improvements to the design would be beneficial. A new Agpoint blackbody source has therefore been constructed. The new design will improve the quality and reproducibility of the melting and freezing plateaux and reduce errors due to the "out-of-focus" size-of-source effect which is difficult to measure and to eliminate. Full details of the design of the new source …}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermal diffusivity measurements on two-layered and three-layered systems with the laser-flash method}, series = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, volume = {25}, journal = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, pages = {231 -- 238}, abstract = {A research effort is reported in which the thermal diffusivity of coatings on substrate materials has been determined. The measurements were performed with a conventional laser-flash apparatus with rear-side detection of the temperature response with an infrared detector. In the evaluation of the data the theoretica! curve is fitted to the complete recorded temperature-time curve, instead of just using the t1/2 point. It is also demonstrated how to include the influence of a thermal contact resistance between the two layers in the evaluation. The paper presents measurements on two-layered and three-layered heat-barrier systems consisting of ZrO, and Ni CrA| Y on nickel.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannAnhaltSperfeldetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Sperfeld, P. and Sakharov, M. and Khlevnoy, B. and Ogarev, S. and Sapritsky, V.}, title = {Irradiance measurements of Re-C, TiC-C and ZrC-C fixed point blackbodies}, abstract = {Specially designed Re-C, TiC-C and ZrC-C fixed-point cells for irradiance measurements have been produced by VNIIOFI. In several investigations at VNIIOFI and PTB the usability of the design for irradiance measurements has been demonstrated. Current developments of furnace uniformity demonstrate further improvements to the systems.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannVoelker, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and V{\"o}lker, S.}, title = {Thermisches Management an Lichtquellen}, address = {Wien}, abstract = {Hauptaufgabe von Lichtquellen ist die Beleuchtung, also die Erzeugung von sichtbarer Strahlung und somit Licht. Allerdings entsteht bei der Erzeugung von Licht auch unerw{\"u}nschte W{\"a}rme, die effizient abgeleitet werden muss. Bei klassischen thermische Lichtquellen wird Licht {\"u}ber die elektrische Heizung von Wolframdr{\"a}hten bis zu Temperaturen von 3000 K erzeugt. Auch bei dieser Temperatur liegt der {\"u}berwiegende Teil der emittierten Strahlung im unsichtbaren infraroten Bereich des optischen Spektrums. Entladungslampen erzeugen Licht auf nichtthermischem Wege. Da aber auch hier die Elektroden auf Temperaturen {\"u}ber 2000 K erhitzt werden, leiden Entladungslampen ebenfalls unter thermischer Belastung. In modernen Festk{\"o}rperlichtquellen wie LEDs, gleichsam nichtthermische Lichtquellen, erzeugt der elektrische Strom eine Joulesche Erw{\"a}rmung des Bauteils, dessen Temperatur f{\"u}r optimalen Betrieb {\"u}blicherweise unter 420 K bleiben sollte. Solche, im Vergleich zu den anderen Lichtquellen niedrigen Temperaturen, verhindern eine effiziente Strahlungsk{\"u}hlung, so dass eine K{\"u}hlung durch Konvektion oder Leitung erfolgen muss. Alle genannten Lichtquellen erfordern ein optimales Thermisches Management, dh die Einstellung und Einhaltung einer optimalen Betriebstemperatur, f{\"u}r optimale Effizienz und Lebensdauer. In diesem Beitrag werden die genannten Generationsmechanismen f{\"u}r Licht sowie die Untersuchung der thermischen Belastung der unterschiedlichen Lichtquellen beschrieben und m{\"o}gliche Optimierungswege diskutiert. Einige Beispiele verdeutlichen die Relevanz des Thermischen Managements f{\"u}r die …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Anhalt, Klaus and Gutschwager, B. and Monte, C. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Radiation thermometry, thermodynamic temperature and emissivity measurements at the PTB}, publisher = {Encuentro Nacional de Metrolog{\´i}a El{\´e}ctrica 2009}, address = {Queretaro (Mexico)}, abstract = {To meet the increasing demand of calibrations in the field of radiation thermometry, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) operates two different setups for calibrations covering the temperature range from-60 C up to 3000 C. The first setup consists of several heat-pipe blackbodies in conjunction with platinum resistance thermometers, calibrated according to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and is applied for calibrations in the temperature range from-60 C to 961.78 C. In the temperature range from 962 C to 3000 C the calibration is based on high temperature blackbodies. The temperature of these blackbodies is determined in two independent ways: traceable to the ITS-90 gold fixed point or via absolutely calibrated filter radiometers (FR) traceable to the detector primary standard, the cryogenic radiometer. Taking advantage from the high accuracy of the FR calibration, these FRs have also been successfully used for the investigation of the thermodynamic accuracy of the ITS-90 in the range from 419 C to 962 C. For non-contact temperature measurements, the emissivity of the observed object is one of the most important parameters. Therefore, PTB has set up instrumentations for measuring the directional spectral and total emissivity of samples in air from 80 C up to 400 C over a spectral range from 4 µm to 40 µm and under vacuum from 0 C to 600 C and in the spectral range from 1 µm to 1000 µm.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannMachinBloembergenetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Machin, Graham and Bloembergen, P and Anhalt, Klaus and Sadli, M and Saunders, P and Wooliams, E and Yamada, Y and Yoon, H}, title = {Practical Implementation of the Mise en Pratique for the Definition of the Kelvin Above the Silver Point}, series = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, volume = {31}, journal = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, number = {8-9}, doi = {10.1007/s10765-010-0834-5}, pages = {1779 -- 1788}, abstract = {The "Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin" (MeP-K) was established in April 2006 to be the repository of information required to perform a "practical measurement of temperature in accordance with the International System of Units (SI)." This article describes the progress made by the MeP-K HT (High Temperature Task Group) of CCT-WG5 (radiation thermometry) in drawing together the appropriate methods for accessing thermodynamic temperature above the silver point involving direct radiometric measurements on the one hand and indirect extrapolation, interpolation, and least-squares fitting on the other. An examination of the uncertainties and a brief discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are given. A summary of the remaining issues to be resolved concludes the article.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannBloembergenYamadaetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Bloembergen, P and Yamada, Y and Yamamoto, N}, title = {Realizing the High-Temperature Part of a Future ITS with the Aid of Eutectic Metal-Carbon Fixed Points}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, issn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {291 -- 296}, abstract = {In the proposed scheme temperatures are defined by interpolation and extrapolation with respect to two reference fixed points (n=2), with assigned temperatures. The definition includes one full-range and two sub-ranges in temperature. The scheme in question will be compared with two alternatives referred to (1) as n=1, using one reference point only, as in the ITS-90, and (2) as n=0, involving direct measurement of the thermodynamic temperature by means of absolute radiometry.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMachinBeynonetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Machin, G and Beynon, G and Edler, F and Fourrez, S and Lowe, D and Morice, R and Sadli, M and Villamanan, M}, title = {HIMERT}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {285 -- 290}, abstract = {Metal-carbon eutectic mixtures show much promise for high-temperature standards applications. A research project, Novel, High temperature, Metal-carbon Eutectic fixed points for Radiation Thermometry, Radiometry and Thermocouples (HIMERT) was accepted by the European Union (submitted under the Framework 5 Growth Programme) with a view to developing a unified European approach to these standards. The objectives of the project are to develop fixed-point cells both for radiation thermometry/radiometry and contact thermometry calibration applications. In total three sets of cells will be developed, two for radiation thermometry (by BNM-INM and NPL) and one for contact sensors (by BNM-LNE) and comparisons performed of the differing crucible designs. The cells developed for radiation thermometry will be calibrated according to the ITS-90 and measured radiometrically by a third participant (PTB …}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark and Hodge, D.}, title = {Long wavelength infrared radiation thermometry for non-contact temperature measurements in gas turbines}, series = {Infrared Physics \& Technology}, journal = {Infrared Physics \& Technology}, number = {80}, pages = {120 -- 130}, abstract = {The objective of the EU project "Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)" is the development of a suite of advanced sensors, instrumentation and related systems in order to contribute to the developing of the next generation of green and efficient gas turbine engines. One work package of the project deals with the design and development of a long wavelength infrared (LWIR) radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of the surface temperature of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) during the operation of gas turbine engines. For opaque surfaces (e.g. metals or superalloys) radiation thermometers which are sensitive in the near or short wavelength infrared are used as state-of-the-art method for non-contact temperature measurements. But this is not suitable for oxide ceramic based TBCs (e.g. partially yttria stabilized zirconia) as oxide ceramics …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Investigation of the Accuracy of the ITS-90 with Reference to Thermodynamic Temperature in the Range from 400° C up to 600° C}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {7 -- 12}, abstract = {For several years Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has performed thermodynamic temperature measurements on a large area blackbody applying filter radiometers (FR) based on silicon photodiodes and interference filters with center wavelengths at 676 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, and 1000 nm. These FRs were used for the determination of possible systematic deviations of temperatures measured according to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), T90, and the thermodynamic temperatures T. The measurements in 1995 with the 676-nm-FR and the 800-nm-FR revealed a difference of 50 mK of T-T90 at temperatures around the freezing point of silver (961.78 °C). The observed difference decreases with decreasing temperatures, indicating that it may be attributed to a systematic deviation in the ITS-90 from T due to the gas thermometric temperature measurement at 457 °C, which has …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Calibration and investigation of infrared camera systems applying blackbody radiation}, series = {Thermosense XXIII}, booktitle = {Thermosense XXIII}, number = {4360}, editor = {Rozlonski, Andr{\´e}s E. and Dinwiddie, Ralph B.}, publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics - Proceedings of SPIE}, pages = {402 -- 411}, abstract = {An experimental facility is presented, which allows calibration and detailed investigation of infrared camera systems. Various blackbodies operating in the temperature range from -60 degree(s)C up to 3000 degree(s)C serve as standard radiation sources, enabling calibration of camera systems in a wide temperature and spectral range with highest accuracy. Quantitative results and precise long-term investigations, especially in detecting climatic trends, require accurate traceability to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). For the used blackbodies the traceability to ITS- 90 is either realized by standard platinum resistance thermometers (in the temperature range below 962 degree(s)C) or by absolute and relative radiometry (in the temperature range above 962 degree(s)C). This traceability is fundamental for implementation of quality assurance systems and realization of different standardizations, for …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Optimized strategies for thermal re-activation of LaF3/Pt-sensors based on photothermal characterization}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, pages = {398 -- 400}, abstract = {Gas sensors based on a semiconductor-supported LaF3/Pt-structure require regular re-activation by thermal treatment. A convenient way to accomplish this is by applying an electrical current pulse to the Pt-electrode and controlling re-activation by the amount of Joule heat deposited. Pulse length has to be chosen to balance the requirements of thermal energy needed for re-activation and the constraints in peak thermal power to prevent damage. Prerequisite to optimization is a knowledge of the thermal response of the complicated thin film sensor system consisting of several layers with unknown thermal properties. Modulated photothermal microscopy was used to detect inhomogenities in thin film heating and early stages of failure under thermal load. It was found that the formation of gas bubbles in the film is one of the major sources of failure. These measurements were complemented by measurements of …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMoritzRothetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Moritz, W. and Roth, U. and Heyde, M. and Rademann, K. and Reichling, M.}, title = {Nanosecond Range Heating and Temperature Measurement on Thin Layers}, series = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, publisher = {MSM 99}, pages = {655 -- 658}, abstract = {A chemical semiconductor sensor for oxygen gas was activated by thermal treatment. The thin Pt layer of the n-Si/SiO2/Si3N4/LaF3/Pt field effect structure was used as the gate electrode for sensitivity measurements, heating resistance and temperature sensor. Taking advantage of using the gate electrode for heating only the sensitive two layer system LaF3/Pt (thickness only 300 nm) has to be at high temperature. The reactivation was shown to be a very fast process. Within a period of 10µs the structure was heated and the activation process was completed. The temperature measurement was done using the voltage drop at the gate and the current of the heating impulse. For the temperature measurement a resolution on the time scale of nanoseconds was achieved. The time dependent temperature distribution in the sensor multi layer structure was simulated using the CFD-ACE+ software of CFDRC. For the µs-impulses the temperature increase of only the thin layers and not the silicon bulk was shown.}, language = {en} }