@article{ClaireJuergenJuergen, author = {Claire, Strasser and J{\"u}rgen, Blumm and J{\"u}rgen, Hartmann}, title = {Characterizing Vitrification by Thermal Analysis During Curing of an Epoxy-Amine System}, series = {Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, volume = {142}, journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, number = {26}, pages = {e57077}, abstract = {During curing, the glass transition temperature of thermosets increases with conversion. When the process is carried out isothermally or at very low heating rates, the glass transition temperature of the resin may rise faster than the material temperature, eventually reaching the latter. This leads to vitrification: The partially cured resin enters the glassy state. The reaction rate drops drastically because it is no longer chemically controlled, but diffusion controlled. As a result, the final product may not be completely cured, which has a severe impact on its mechanical and thermal quality and is therefore crucial for the process. The concept of diffusion-controlled kinetics during the curing reaction has been widely reported and documented. However, the systematic study of the influence of vitrification on specific heat, dielectric properties, and/or thermal diffusivity during crosslinking under isothermal and dynamic conditions has never been performed so far. This work investigates the impact of vitrification on the specific heat, ionic conductivity, and thermal diffusivity during dynamic and isothermal curing of an epoxy-amine system.}, language = {en} } @book{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Quantitative Bestimmung lokaler thermischer Eigenschaften in polykristallinem Diamant}, publisher = {K{\"o}ster}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Radiometrie im UV und IR}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Modernste Radiometrie und Photometrie}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltHollandt, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Nearly as hot as the sun: High-temperature fixed-points for radiation thermometry and radiometry}, address = {St. Paul (USA)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Photometrie und Radiometrie}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Legal metrology on clinical thermometers in the European Union}, address = {Tokyo (Japan)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Radiation thermometry at PTB}, address = {Tokyo (Japan)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {Complete Characterisation of local thermal heat transfer in high quality chemical vapour deposited diamond}, address = {Rom (Italien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {Microscopic heat transfer in high quality polycrystalline diamond}, address = {Ustron (Polen)}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannKnoppShandyetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Shandy, Amir and Winterstein, Achim and Arduini, Mariacarla and Hemberger, Frank and Vidi, Stephan and Manara, Jochen and M{\"u}ller, Michael}, title = {Thermophysikalische Charakterisierung von W{\"a}rmed{\"a}mmschichten}, series = {tm - Technisches Messen}, volume = {88}, journal = {tm - Technisches Messen}, number = {12}, publisher = {Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}, doi = {10.1515/teme-2021-0074}, abstract = {Die Effizienzsteigerung moderner Gasturbinen erfordert die stetige Anhebung der Betriebstemperatur. Die derzeitigen Brenngastemperaturen liegen mit {\"u}ber 1400 °C signifikant {\"u}ber der kritischen Temperatur der verwendeten Turbinenst{\"a}hle. Zur Gew{\"a}hrleistung der Betriebssicherheit werden die Turbinenschaufeln neben Aktivk{\"u}hlung durch Beschichtung mit thermischen Schutzschichten, sogenannten thermal barrier coatings (TBC), gesch{\"u}tzt. Da es sich bei den TBC um Keramikschichten handelt, ist f{\"u}r die Erh{\"o}hung der Haftfestigkeit das Aufbringen eines Haftvermittlers (Verbindungsschicht) notwendig. Da die Eigenschaften d{\"u}nner Schichten stark von den Eigenschaften des Bulkmaterials abweichen k{\"o}nnen und zudem von der Herstellungsmethode beeinflusst werden, ist eine Untersuchung der thermischen und infrarot-optischen Eigenschaften der tats{\"a}chlichen Schichtstrukturen unumg{\"a}nglich, insbesondere im Hochtemperaturbereich. Hierf{\"u}r wurden Proben des reinen Tr{\"a}gerstahls, des Tr{\"a}gerstahls mit Haftvermittlerschicht und des kompletten Schichtsystems aus Tr{\"a}gerstahl, Haftvermittlerschicht und W{\"a}rmed{\"a}mmschicht verschiedener Dicken hergestellt und mittels Laser-Flash-Methode untersucht. Die Auswertung erfolgte dabei analytisch, ausgehend von der Tr{\"a}gerstahl-Einschichtprobe, {\"u}ber die Zweischicht- und Dreischichtsysteme. Vervollst{\"a}ndigt wurden diese Untersuchungen durch infrarot-optische Charakterisierungen, mit denen sich die W{\"a}rmeausbreitung durch die Schichtsysteme beschreiben l{\"a}sst. Zusammen mit den Laser-Flash Messungen erlaubt dies eine sp{\"a}tere Quantifizierung der einzelnen, bei Keramiken auftretenden, W{\"a}rmetransportmechanismen.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Knopp, Kevin and Shandy, Amir}, title = {Non-contact detection of the adhesive properties of ceramic coatings for high temperature applications using infrared thermography; Transactions}, publisher = {SMiRT-26}, address = {Berlin/Potsdam}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HarrerDotterweichHartmannetal., author = {Harrer, S. and Dotterweich, C. and Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zink, M. and Schnitzler, Tim and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Hemberger, Frank}, title = {Paraffine als Phasenwechselmaterialen in der elektrischen Isolierung von Hochspannungsbauteilen}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannHollandtAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg and Anhalt, Klaus and Sperfeld, P. and Sakharov, M. and Pikalev, Yu. and Ogarev, S. and Sapritsky, V.}, title = {Thermodynamic measurements for the melting curves of Re-C, TiC-C, and ZrC-C eutectics}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {189 -- 194}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltHollandtetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg and Machin, Graham and Lowe, D. and McEvoy, H. and Sakuma, F. and Ma, L.}, title = {Comparison of the high-temperature scales of the NMIJ and the NPL with the scale of the PTB in the temperature range from 1000 °C up to 2900 °C for measurements within the EU project HIMERT}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {1063 -- 1068}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannThomasMaetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Thomas, R. and Ma, C.K. and Steel, A. and Hill, K.}, title = {Bilateral comparison of the local realizations of the ITS-90 between the Silver point and 1700 °C using vacuum Tungsten-strip lamps as transfer standards between NRC and PTB}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {1069 -- 1073}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannEdlerAnhalt, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Edler, F. and Anhalt, Klaus}, title = {Novel fixed point cell design for simultaneous contact and non-contact temperature measurement}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {873 -- 878}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertFriedrichetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Friedrich, R. and Sperfeld, P. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Long-Term Stability of the Spectral Responsivity of Filter Radiometers at the PTB}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {977 -- 982}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannIshiiFukuzakietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Ishii, J. and Fukuzaki, T. and McEvoy, H.C. and Simpson, R. and Machin, Graham and Gutschwager, B. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {A comparison of the blackbody cavities for infrared ear thermometers of NMIJ, NPL, and PTB}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {1093 -- 1098}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GutschwagerSchillerHartmannetal., author = {Gutschwager, B. and Schiller, S. and Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Hollandt, K.}, title = {A lens-free InGaAs transfer radiation thermometer with an extended calibration range above 960 °C}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {605 -- 610}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Measurements of T-T90 down to Zinc point temperatures with absolute filter radiometry}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, editor = {Fellmuth, B. and Seidel, J. and Scholze, G.}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {377 -- 382}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {W{\"a}rmetransport in Kristalliten von CVD-Diamantschichten}, series = {Fr{\"u}hjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, booktitle = {Fr{\"u}hjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, number = {5}, address = {M{\"u}nster}, pages = {616 -- 616}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {Der Einfluß von Korngrenzen auf die thermische Leitf{\"a}higkeit von CVD-Diamantschichten}, series = {Fr{\"u}hjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, booktitle = {Fr{\"u}hjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, number = {5}, pages = {6 -- 6}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannHayFleurenceetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Hay, B. and Fleurence, N. and Razouk, R. and Anhalt, Klaus and Sarge, S. and Wu, J. and Milosevic, N. and Cataldi, M. and Lorrette, C. and Knopp, Kevin and Boboridiss, K. and Manara, Jochen and Vidi, Stephan and Pichler, P. and Denner, T.}, title = {Metrological facilities for thermophysical properties measurements at very high temperature}, address = {Darmstadt}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and M{\"u}ller, Michael and M{\"o}ller, F. and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Schmidt, F. and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Ochs, Dennis and Shandy, Amir}, title = {Non-contact detection of the adhesion properties of ceramic based thermal barrier coatings by determining the surface temperatures using thermography}, address = {Venedig (Italien)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and M{\"u}ller, Michael and Ebert, Hans-Peter and M{\"o}ller, F. and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Schmidt, Franz and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc}, title = {Einsatz von Thermografieger{\"a}ten zur ber{\"u}hrungslosen Detektion der Haftungseigenschaften an keramischen W{\"a}rmed{\"a}mmschichten}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannZaengleinKnoppetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Ochs, Dennis and Arduini, Mariacarla and Hemberger, Frank and Vidi, Stephan and Manara, Jochen}, title = {Experimentierplattform f{\"u}r dynamische Materialuntersuchung}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannKnoppLenskietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Ochs, Dennis and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Arduini, Mariacarla and Hemberger, Frank and Vidi, Stephan and Manara, Jochen and M{\"u}ller, Michael and M{\"o}ller, F.}, title = {Thermophysikalische Charakterisierung von W{\"a}rmed{\"a}mmschichten}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannOchsLenskietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Ochs, Dennis and Lenski, Philipp and Knopp, Kevin and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Manara, Jochen and Arduini, Mariacarla and Hemberger, Frank and Vidi, Stephan}, title = {Untersuchung von Materialeigenschaften additiv gefertigter Proben abh{\"a}ngig von der relativen Dichte}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @techreport{HartmannTaubertFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Measurements of T-T90 down to Zinc point temperatures with absolute filter radiometry}, address = {Paris (Frankreich)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EdlerGorgievaHartmannetal., author = {Edler, F. and Gorgieva, M. and Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Wagner, M.}, title = {Comparison of different methods for the determination of undisturbed surface temperature}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, editor = {Fellmuth, B. and Seidel, J. and Scholze, G.}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {1105 -- 1110}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannRothMoritzetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Roth, U. and Moritz, W. and Reichling, M.}, title = {Optimised strategies for thermal re-activation of LaF3/Pt-sensors based on photothermal characterisation}, series = {Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena}, booktitle = {Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena}, editor = {Scudieri, F. and Bertolotti, M.}, address = {Woodbury (New York)}, pages = {398 -- 400}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannReichling, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Reichling, M.}, title = {Complete characterisation of thermal heat transfer in high quality chemical vapour deposited diamond}, series = {Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena}, booktitle = {Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena}, editor = {Scudieri, F. and Bertolotti, M.}, address = {Woodbury (New York)}, pages = {295 -- 299}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKnoppLenskietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Brunner, Martin}, title = {Optische Sensorik f{\"u}r die additive Fertigung}, series = {4SMARTS 2019}, booktitle = {4SMARTS 2019}, isbn = {978-3-8440-6425-4}, pages = {105 -- 116}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannKnoppLenskietal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Knopp, Kevin and Lenski, Philipp and Ochs, Dennis and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Schmidt, Franz and Brunner, Martin}, title = {Optische Sensorik f{\"u}r die additive Fertigung}, series = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, booktitle = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, address = {N{\"u}rnberg}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannSeubertZaenglein, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Seubert, R. and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc}, title = {Development of a Calliper to determine thermal conductivity}, isbn = {978-963-429-131-2}, pages = {21 -- 27}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannZaengleinSeubert, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Seubert, R.}, title = {Development of a Calliper to determine thermal conductivity}, address = {P{\´e}cs (Ungarn)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla}, title = {Ein Versuch zur ber{\"u}hrungslosen nicht-invasiven Qualifizierung der Haftung von W{\"a}rmeschutzschichten}, isbn = {978-3-944659-04-6}, pages = {71 -- 76}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{ManaraHartmannRydzeketal., author = {Manara, Jochen and Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Rydzek, M. and Stark, Thomas and Arduini-Schuster, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Bestimmung des Emissionsgrades und Transmissionsgrades keramischer Materialien bei hohen Temperaturen}, isbn = {3-9810021-8-0}, pages = {219 -- 224}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltBuengeretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and B{\"u}nger, L. and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Menz, H.-J. and Neuer, G.}, title = {Hochtemperaturstrahler mit großem {\"O}ffnungsdurchmesser f{\"u}r die praktische Anwendung in Strahlungsthermometrie und Radiometrie}, isbn = {3-9810021-9-9}, pages = {99 -- 106}, language = {de} } @article{HartmannAnhaltLindneretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Lindner, D. and Kr{\"u}ger, U.}, title = {Camera based investigation of high-temperature fixed-points for radiometric application}, series = {Acta Metrologica Sinica}, journal = {Acta Metrologica Sinica}, number = {29}, pages = {76 -- 78}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltLindneretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Lindner, D. and Kr{\"u}ger, U. and Schmidt, Franz}, title = {Camera based investigation of high-temperature fixed-points for radiometric application}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {267 -- 268}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltGutschwageretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Gutschwager, B. and Monte, C. and Sperfeld, P. and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {The PriTeRa facility of PTB for spectral radiance and irradiance calibrations and radiation thermometry in the range from -170 °C up to 3200 °C and from 200 nm up to 50 µm}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {231 -- 232}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannWerner, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Werner, L.}, title = {Comparison and Evaluation of Different Models for the Interpolation of Spectral Responsivity Data}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {309 -- 310}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltMorkel, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Morkel, M.}, title = {Emissivity of tungsten electrodes in discharge lamps at elevated temperatures}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {273 -- 274}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKeawprasertAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Keawprasert, T. and Anhalt, Klaus and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Abd ElMageed, A. and Sperling, A.}, title = {Absolute Calibration of Spectral Responsivity for a Radiation Thermomemeter}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {287 -- 288}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannOjanenAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Ojanen, M. and Anhalt, Klaus and Weckstr{\"o}m, T. and K{\"a}rh{\"a}, P. and Heinonen, M. and Ikonen, E.}, title = {Comparison of the Radiation Temperature Scales between PTB and MIKES}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {285 -- 286}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannAnhaltSchilleretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Schiller, S. and Schreiber, Ekkehard}, title = {Practical high-temperature furnace for the application in radiometry, photometry and thermometry}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {275 -- 276}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannKhlevnoyRougieetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Khlevnoy, B. and Rougie, B. and Gibson, C. and Yoon, H. and G{\"a}rtner, A. and Taubert, Dieter Richard}, title = {CCPR-S1 Supplementary Comparison for Spectral Radiance in the range of 220 nm to 2500 nm}, series = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, booktitle = {Proceedings of NEWRAD}, pages = {241 -- 242}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTegeler, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Tegeler, E.}, title = {Activities in the field of legal metrology and standardisation of clinical thermometers}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, publisher = {LPM/FSB}, address = {Zagreb}, pages = {1191 -- 1196}, abstract = {Recently the CEN/TC 205/WG 12 Clinical Thermometer has finalised the European standard on clinical thermometers, EN 12470, by implementing the part 5 Clinical thermometers—Performance of infra-red ear thermometers (with maximum device). This last part of the EN 12470 series is dealing with the performance and requirements for infrared ear thermometers. The other four parts are dealing with metallic liquid-in-glass thermometers, phase change-type (dot matrix) thermometers, compact electrical thermometers (non-predictive and predictive), and electrical thermometers for continuous measurement. Beside this European standard there are national standards dealing with clinical thermometers, the most important in the USA and in Japan. In the field of legal metrology there are three OIML recommendations on clinical thermometers, covering the field of mercury-in-glass thermometers (R7), electrical thermometers for continuous measurements (R114), and electrical thermometers with maximum device (R 115).}, language = {en} } @misc{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Intercomparison of Radiation Temperature Scales}, series = {Proc. SICE 2002}, journal = {Proc. SICE 2002}, pages = {111 -- 115}, abstract = {The intercomparison of radiation temperature scales between PTB and NMIJ was carried out in September 2001. PTB sent their radiation thermometer LP3 to Japan and NMIJ made the comparison between the LP3 and NMIJ's Topcon radiation thermometers with a comparison blackbody from 1000 C to 2500 C. Both scales agreed within+ 0.8 C in the whole range.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Comparison of the New NPL Primary Standard Ag Fixed-Point Blackbody Source with the Primary Standard Fixed}, series = {Temperature: Its measurement and control in science and industry, volume 7}, booktitle = {Temperature: Its measurement and control in science and industry, volume 7}, editor = {Ripple, Dean C.}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, abstract = {Above the freezing point of silver (96178 C), the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is defined in terms of Planck's radiation law. The scale is maintained and disseminated using a validated and linear pyrometer in conjunction with a blackbody reference source at either the Ag, Au (1064.18 C) or Cu (1084.62 C) freezing point. In order to realize the scale with the highest precision high quality, well-characterised, reproducible fixed-point blackbody sources are required. Such sources have been maintained at NPL for a number of years, but it was felt that improvements to the design would be beneficial. A new Agpoint blackbody source has therefore been constructed. The new design will improve the quality and reproducibility of the melting and freezing plateaux and reduce errors due to the "out-of-focus" size-of-source effect which is difficult to measure and to eliminate. Full details of the design of the new source …}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermal diffusivity measurements on two-layered and three-layered systems with the laser-flash method}, series = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, volume = {25}, journal = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, pages = {231 -- 238}, abstract = {A research effort is reported in which the thermal diffusivity of coatings on substrate materials has been determined. The measurements were performed with a conventional laser-flash apparatus with rear-side detection of the temperature response with an infrared detector. In the evaluation of the data the theoretica! curve is fitted to the complete recorded temperature-time curve, instead of just using the t1/2 point. It is also demonstrated how to include the influence of a thermal contact resistance between the two layers in the evaluation. The paper presents measurements on two-layered and three-layered heat-barrier systems consisting of ZrO, and Ni CrA| Y on nickel.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannAnhaltSperfeldetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Sperfeld, P. and Sakharov, M. and Khlevnoy, B. and Ogarev, S. and Sapritsky, V.}, title = {Irradiance measurements of Re-C, TiC-C and ZrC-C fixed point blackbodies}, abstract = {Specially designed Re-C, TiC-C and ZrC-C fixed-point cells for irradiance measurements have been produced by VNIIOFI. In several investigations at VNIIOFI and PTB the usability of the design for irradiance measurements has been demonstrated. Current developments of furnace uniformity demonstrate further improvements to the systems.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannVoelker, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and V{\"o}lker, S.}, title = {Thermisches Management an Lichtquellen}, address = {Wien}, abstract = {Hauptaufgabe von Lichtquellen ist die Beleuchtung, also die Erzeugung von sichtbarer Strahlung und somit Licht. Allerdings entsteht bei der Erzeugung von Licht auch unerw{\"u}nschte W{\"a}rme, die effizient abgeleitet werden muss. Bei klassischen thermische Lichtquellen wird Licht {\"u}ber die elektrische Heizung von Wolframdr{\"a}hten bis zu Temperaturen von 3000 K erzeugt. Auch bei dieser Temperatur liegt der {\"u}berwiegende Teil der emittierten Strahlung im unsichtbaren infraroten Bereich des optischen Spektrums. Entladungslampen erzeugen Licht auf nichtthermischem Wege. Da aber auch hier die Elektroden auf Temperaturen {\"u}ber 2000 K erhitzt werden, leiden Entladungslampen ebenfalls unter thermischer Belastung. In modernen Festk{\"o}rperlichtquellen wie LEDs, gleichsam nichtthermische Lichtquellen, erzeugt der elektrische Strom eine Joulesche Erw{\"a}rmung des Bauteils, dessen Temperatur f{\"u}r optimalen Betrieb {\"u}blicherweise unter 420 K bleiben sollte. Solche, im Vergleich zu den anderen Lichtquellen niedrigen Temperaturen, verhindern eine effiziente Strahlungsk{\"u}hlung, so dass eine K{\"u}hlung durch Konvektion oder Leitung erfolgen muss. Alle genannten Lichtquellen erfordern ein optimales Thermisches Management, dh die Einstellung und Einhaltung einer optimalen Betriebstemperatur, f{\"u}r optimale Effizienz und Lebensdauer. In diesem Beitrag werden die genannten Generationsmechanismen f{\"u}r Licht sowie die Untersuchung der thermischen Belastung der unterschiedlichen Lichtquellen beschrieben und m{\"o}gliche Optimierungswege diskutiert. Einige Beispiele verdeutlichen die Relevanz des Thermischen Managements f{\"u}r die …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertAnhaltetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Anhalt, Klaus and Gutschwager, B. and Monte, C. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Radiation thermometry, thermodynamic temperature and emissivity measurements at the PTB}, publisher = {Encuentro Nacional de Metrolog{\´i}a El{\´e}ctrica 2009}, address = {Queretaro (Mexico)}, abstract = {To meet the increasing demand of calibrations in the field of radiation thermometry, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) operates two different setups for calibrations covering the temperature range from-60 C up to 3000 C. The first setup consists of several heat-pipe blackbodies in conjunction with platinum resistance thermometers, calibrated according to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and is applied for calibrations in the temperature range from-60 C to 961.78 C. In the temperature range from 962 C to 3000 C the calibration is based on high temperature blackbodies. The temperature of these blackbodies is determined in two independent ways: traceable to the ITS-90 gold fixed point or via absolutely calibrated filter radiometers (FR) traceable to the detector primary standard, the cryogenic radiometer. Taking advantage from the high accuracy of the FR calibration, these FRs have also been successfully used for the investigation of the thermodynamic accuracy of the ITS-90 in the range from 419 C to 962 C. For non-contact temperature measurements, the emissivity of the observed object is one of the most important parameters. Therefore, PTB has set up instrumentations for measuring the directional spectral and total emissivity of samples in air from 80 C up to 400 C over a spectral range from 4 µm to 40 µm and under vacuum from 0 C to 600 C and in the spectral range from 1 µm to 1000 µm.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannMachinBloembergenetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Machin, Graham and Bloembergen, P and Anhalt, Klaus and Sadli, M and Saunders, P and Wooliams, E and Yamada, Y and Yoon, H}, title = {Practical Implementation of the Mise en Pratique for the Definition of the Kelvin Above the Silver Point}, series = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, volume = {31}, journal = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, number = {8-9}, doi = {10.1007/s10765-010-0834-5}, pages = {1779 -- 1788}, abstract = {The "Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin" (MeP-K) was established in April 2006 to be the repository of information required to perform a "practical measurement of temperature in accordance with the International System of Units (SI)." This article describes the progress made by the MeP-K HT (High Temperature Task Group) of CCT-WG5 (radiation thermometry) in drawing together the appropriate methods for accessing thermodynamic temperature above the silver point involving direct radiometric measurements on the one hand and indirect extrapolation, interpolation, and least-squares fitting on the other. An examination of the uncertainties and a brief discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are given. A summary of the remaining issues to be resolved concludes the article.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannBloembergenYamadaetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Bloembergen, P and Yamada, Y and Yamamoto, N}, title = {Realizing the High-Temperature Part of a Future ITS with the Aid of Eutectic Metal-Carbon Fixed Points}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, issn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {291 -- 296}, abstract = {In the proposed scheme temperatures are defined by interpolation and extrapolation with respect to two reference fixed points (n=2), with assigned temperatures. The definition includes one full-range and two sub-ranges in temperature. The scheme in question will be compared with two alternatives referred to (1) as n=1, using one reference point only, as in the ITS-90, and (2) as n=0, involving direct measurement of the thermodynamic temperature by means of absolute radiometry.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMachinBeynonetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Machin, G and Beynon, G and Edler, F and Fourrez, S and Lowe, D and Morice, R and Sadli, M and Villamanan, M}, title = {HIMERT}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {285 -- 290}, abstract = {Metal-carbon eutectic mixtures show much promise for high-temperature standards applications. A research project, Novel, High temperature, Metal-carbon Eutectic fixed points for Radiation Thermometry, Radiometry and Thermocouples (HIMERT) was accepted by the European Union (submitted under the Framework 5 Growth Programme) with a view to developing a unified European approach to these standards. The objectives of the project are to develop fixed-point cells both for radiation thermometry/radiometry and contact thermometry calibration applications. In total three sets of cells will be developed, two for radiation thermometry (by BNM-INM and NPL) and one for contact sensors (by BNM-LNE) and comparisons performed of the differing crucible designs. The cells developed for radiation thermometry will be calibrated according to the ITS-90 and measured radiometrically by a third participant (PTB …}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark and Hodge, D.}, title = {Long wavelength infrared radiation thermometry for non-contact temperature measurements in gas turbines}, series = {Infrared Physics \& Technology}, journal = {Infrared Physics \& Technology}, number = {80}, pages = {120 -- 130}, abstract = {The objective of the EU project "Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)" is the development of a suite of advanced sensors, instrumentation and related systems in order to contribute to the developing of the next generation of green and efficient gas turbine engines. One work package of the project deals with the design and development of a long wavelength infrared (LWIR) radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of the surface temperature of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) during the operation of gas turbine engines. For opaque surfaces (e.g. metals or superalloys) radiation thermometers which are sensitive in the near or short wavelength infrared are used as state-of-the-art method for non-contact temperature measurements. But this is not suitable for oxide ceramic based TBCs (e.g. partially yttria stabilized zirconia) as oxide ceramics …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Investigation of the Accuracy of the ITS-90 with Reference to Thermodynamic Temperature in the Range from 400° C up to 600° C}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {7 -- 12}, abstract = {For several years Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has performed thermodynamic temperature measurements on a large area blackbody applying filter radiometers (FR) based on silicon photodiodes and interference filters with center wavelengths at 676 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, and 1000 nm. These FRs were used for the determination of possible systematic deviations of temperatures measured according to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), T90, and the thermodynamic temperatures T. The measurements in 1995 with the 676-nm-FR and the 800-nm-FR revealed a difference of 50 mK of T-T90 at temperatures around the freezing point of silver (961.78 °C). The observed difference decreases with decreasing temperatures, indicating that it may be attributed to a systematic deviation in the ITS-90 from T due to the gas thermometric temperature measurement at 457 °C, which has …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Calibration and investigation of infrared camera systems applying blackbody radiation}, series = {Thermosense XXIII}, booktitle = {Thermosense XXIII}, number = {4360}, editor = {Rozlonski, Andr{\´e}s E. and Dinwiddie, Ralph B.}, publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics - Proceedings of SPIE}, pages = {402 -- 411}, abstract = {An experimental facility is presented, which allows calibration and detailed investigation of infrared camera systems. Various blackbodies operating in the temperature range from -60 degree(s)C up to 3000 degree(s)C serve as standard radiation sources, enabling calibration of camera systems in a wide temperature and spectral range with highest accuracy. Quantitative results and precise long-term investigations, especially in detecting climatic trends, require accurate traceability to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). For the used blackbodies the traceability to ITS- 90 is either realized by standard platinum resistance thermometers (in the temperature range below 962 degree(s)C) or by absolute and relative radiometry (in the temperature range above 962 degree(s)C). This traceability is fundamental for implementation of quality assurance systems and realization of different standardizations, for …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Optimized strategies for thermal re-activation of LaF3/Pt-sensors based on photothermal characterization}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (463)}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, pages = {398 -- 400}, abstract = {Gas sensors based on a semiconductor-supported LaF3/Pt-structure require regular re-activation by thermal treatment. A convenient way to accomplish this is by applying an electrical current pulse to the Pt-electrode and controlling re-activation by the amount of Joule heat deposited. Pulse length has to be chosen to balance the requirements of thermal energy needed for re-activation and the constraints in peak thermal power to prevent damage. Prerequisite to optimization is a knowledge of the thermal response of the complicated thin film sensor system consisting of several layers with unknown thermal properties. Modulated photothermal microscopy was used to detect inhomogenities in thin film heating and early stages of failure under thermal load. It was found that the formation of gas bubbles in the film is one of the major sources of failure. These measurements were complemented by measurements of …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMoritzRothetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Moritz, W. and Roth, U. and Heyde, M. and Rademann, K. and Reichling, M.}, title = {Nanosecond Range Heating and Temperature Measurement on Thin Layers}, series = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors, Sensors and Actuators}, publisher = {MSM 99}, pages = {655 -- 658}, abstract = {A chemical semiconductor sensor for oxygen gas was activated by thermal treatment. The thin Pt layer of the n-Si/SiO2/Si3N4/LaF3/Pt field effect structure was used as the gate electrode for sensitivity measurements, heating resistance and temperature sensor. Taking advantage of using the gate electrode for heating only the sensitive two layer system LaF3/Pt (thickness only 300 nm) has to be at high temperature. The reactivation was shown to be a very fast process. Within a period of 10µs the structure was heated and the activation process was completed. The temperature measurement was done using the voltage drop at the gate and the current of the heating impulse. For the temperature measurement a resolution on the time scale of nanoseconds was achieved. The time dependent temperature distribution in the sensor multi layer structure was simulated using the CFD-ACE+ software of CFDRC. For the µs-impulses the temperature increase of only the thin layers and not the silicon bulk was shown.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Identification of wavelength regions for non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures}, series = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, volume = {49}, journal = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, number = {3}, pages = {241 -- 260}, abstract = {Stationary gas turbines are still an important part of today's power supply. With increasing temperature of the hot combustion gas inside a gas turbine, the efficiency factor of the turbine increases. For this reason, it is intended to operate turbines at the highest possible gas temperature. Therefore, in the combustion chamber and especially at the position of the first stage guide vanes the gas temperature needs to be measured reliably. To determine the gas temperature, one promising approach is the application of a non-contact measurement method using a radiation thermometer. A radiation thermometer can measure the gas temperature remotely from outside of the harsh environment. At ZAE Bayern, a high temperature and high pressure gas cell has been developed for this purpose in order to investigate gases and gas mixtures under defined conditions at high pressures and high temperatures. This gas cell can …}, language = {en} } @incollection{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Ber{\"u}hrungslose Temperaturmessung an Verbrennungsgasen bei hohen Temperaturen und hohen Dr{\"u}cken}, series = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, booktitle = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, isbn = {978-3-9819376-0-2}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, pages = {183 -- 190}, abstract = {Station{\"a}re Gasturbinen sind von großer Bedeutung f{\"u}r die heutige Energieversorgung. Der Wirkungsgrad einer Gasturbine steigt mit zunehmender Heißgastemperatur an. Turbinenhersteller bzw. Kraftwerksbetreiber sind daher bestrebt, Turbinen bei der h{\"o}chsten materialtechnisch m{\"o}glichen Heißgastemperatur einzusetzen. Eine entsprechende Prozessoptimierung des Turbinenbetriebs setzt somit die exakte Kenntnis der Gastemperaturen w{\"a}hrend des Betriebs und damit eine verl{\"a}ssliche Messung derselben voraus. Zur Messung der Gastemperatur werden derzeit in der Regel Thermoelemente unmittelbar im Abgasstrom platziert. Aufgrund der dort vorherrschenden extremen Bedingungen degradieren diese Sensoren allerdings sehr schnell. Ein alternativer Ansatz sieht die Entwicklung eines ber{\"u}hrungslosen Messverfahrens auf der Grundlage von Strahlungsthermometern vor. F{\"u}r die Umsetzung dieses Vorhabens ist die genaue Kenntnis des Verhaltens der infrarot-optischen Emissions- und Transmissionsspektren der im Abgasstrom enthaltenen Gase bei hohen Temperaturen und Dr{\"u}cken eine wesentliche Voraussetzung. Aus diesem Grund wurde am ZAE Bayern eine Hochtemperatur-Hochdruck-Gaszelle entwickelt, die es in Verbindung mit einem FTIR-Spektrometer erlaubt, Gase und Gasgemische hinsichtlich dieser Gesichtspunkte zu charakterisieren. In dieser Arbeit wird die neue Messapparatur vorgestellt und Gasgemische, die f{\"u}r die Turbinenanwendungen relevant sind, werden analysiert. Zur Identifizierung eines geeigneten Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereichs f{\"u}r die geplante ber{\"u}hrungslose Temperaturmessung wurden erste Messungen durchgef{\"u}hrt, auf deren Grundlage ein ad{\"a}quater Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich ermittelt werden konnte.}, language = {de} } @incollection{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Knopp, Kevin and Z{\"a}nglein, Marc and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Schmidt, Franz and Brunner, Martin and M{\"u}ller, Michael}, title = {Experimental set-up for dynamic material investigation at high temperatures}, series = {Sensors and Measuring Systems; 19th ITG/GMA-Symposium}, booktitle = {Sensors and Measuring Systems; 19th ITG/GMA-Symposium}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4683-5}, publisher = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften W{\"u}rzburg-Schweinfurt}, pages = {516 -- 519}, abstract = {Energy efficiency and operation safety in energy conversion, process technology, and aerospace engineering requires advanced material investigation, in particular at high temperatures to characterize the materials and components. Additionally, modern additive manufacturing methods, in particular the 3D metal laser printer requires a detailed control of the melting temperature. Many applications are based on a layered structures, e.g. thermal barrier coatings in gas turbines. Also components manufactured by additive manufacturing pose a layered structure. In these structures the mechanical contact between the layers and to the substrate is of high interest. Besides, the complete characterisation of the additive manufactured component is important for its later application. To cope with these new demands, the University of Applied Sciences Wuerzburg - Schweinfurt (FHWS) and the Bavarian Center for Applied …}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannManaraStarketal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Zipf, Matthias and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Entwicklung und Test eines langwelligen Strahlungsthermometers zur ber{\"u}hrungslosen Temperaturmessung in Gasturbinen w{\"a}hrend des Betriebs}, series = {tm - Technisches Messen}, volume = {85}, journal = {tm - Technisches Messen}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}, address = {Berlin/Boston}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0077}, pages = {28 -- 39}, abstract = {The aim of this work was the development of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of surface temperatures in stationary gas turbines during operation within the EU-project „Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)". In this work, the infrared-optical properties of the thermal barrier coatings and the combustion gases were determined at ZAE Bayern at high temperatures up to 1600 K and pressures up to 13 bar. Based on these experimental characterizations, a suitable spectral range could be identified which lies around 10 μm for the long-wavelength infrared radiation thermometer. According to these findings, a laboratory setup with suitable optical components (filters, IR-fibers, etc.) was firstly realized and verified. Subsequently, a prototype for measurements in gas turbines during operation of the turbines has …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Eutektische Hochtemperatur-Fixpunkte f{\"u}r die Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie}, publisher = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010 - 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung}, abstract = {Eutektische Metall-Kohlenstoff-(M-C)-Fixpunkte erweitern den Temperaturbereich in dem Hochtemperaturfixpunkte eingesetzt werden k{\"o}nnen vom h{\"o}chsten Temperaturfixpunkt der derzeit g{\"u}ltigen Internationalen Temperaturskala von 1990 (ITS-90) der Erstarrungstemperatur von Kupfer bei 1357.77 K bis hin zu Temperaturen von bis zu 3500 K. Bislang sind diese Hochtemperaturfixpunkte ausschließlich eingesetzt worden, um die Kalibrierung von Strahlungsthermometern und Thermoelementen zu vereinfachen. Herk{\"o}mmlicherweise ist das Fixpunktmaterial dabei in einem Graphittiegel, in den ein Hohlraumzylinder eintaucht, gefasst. Der Hohlraumzylinder dient dabei als Schwarzk{\"o}rper f{\"u}r ein Strahlungsthermometer und als Tauchrohr f{\"u}r Anwendungen in der Ber{\"u}hrungsthermometrie. Oberhalb von 1300 K w{\"u}rde auch die Messung thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften, d.h. Methoden der thermischen Analyse wie die dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie (DSC), die Laserflash-Methode oder die Dilatometrie, signifikant von der in-situ Anwendung der eutektischen Metallkohlenstoff-Fixpunkte profitieren. Der Beitrag pr{\"a}sentiert die Entwicklung und Untersuchung von Metallkohlenstoff-Hochtemperaturfixpunkten f{\"u}r die Anwendung in DSC Messapparaturen im Temperaturbereich bis 2300 K. Im Gegensatz zu der etablierten Anwendung in Strahlungsthemometrie und Ber{\"u}hrungsthemometrie sind die Materialmengen, die f{\"u}r eine Temperaturkalibrierung ben{\"o}tigt werden, in der thermischen Analyse mit einigen Milligramm Fixpunktmaterial sehr gering. Spezielle Verfahren wurden dabei f{\"u}r die effektive Pr{\"a}paration solch kleiner, und f{\"u}r den Einsatz als Temperaturfixpunkt hochreiner, Probenmassen entwickelt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Optische Hochtemperaturmesstechnik f{\"u}r die Thermometrie, Radiometrie und Photometrie}, publisher = {Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010 - 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung}, abstract = {Die Temperaturmessung {\"u}ber die emittierte W{\"a}rmestrahlung ist seit {\"u}ber hundert Jahren ein innovatives Feld der Messtechnik und der Grundlagenphysik. Ein erster H{\"o}hepunkt war Gustav Kirchhoffs theoretisches Prinzip eines Schwarzen K{\"o}rpers mit idealen - von Material und Form unabh{\"a}ngigen - Emissionseigenschaften f{\"u}r W{\"a}rmestrahlung. Diese fr{\"u}hen Entwicklungen gipfelten in Max Planck's ber{\"u}hmtem Strahlungsgesetz, das die Emission von W{\"a}rmestrahlung exakt beschreibt und den Beginn der modernen Quantenphysik einleitet. Die quantitative Messung von W{\"a}rmestrahlung erfordert die Kenntnis von Quellen- und Detektoreigenschaften. Im Bereich der Erzeugung von W{\"a}rmestrahlung werden noch heute die gleichen Prinzipien benutzt wie zu Zeiten Plancks, d. h. es werden technologisch weiter entwickelte Hohlraumstrahler zur Realisierung Schwarzer K{\"o}rper eingesetzt. Im Bereich der Detektion von W{\"a}rmestrahlung haben sich jedoch durch die Entwicklung der Halbleitertechnik grunds{\"a}tzlich andere physikalische Prinzipien durchgesetzt. W{\"a}hrend zu Plancks Zeiten thermische Empf{\"a}nger eingesetzt wurden, finden im Hochtemperaturbereich heute - neben thermischen Empf{\"a}ngern - fast ausschließlich photoelektrische Empf{\"a}nger Anwendung. Einen weiteren entscheidenden Schritt in Richtung h{\"o}chster Genauigkeit bedeutete die Entwicklung eines elektrischen Substitutionsradiometers bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen, des so genannten Kryoradiometers. Die Erfindung des Kryoradiometers als prim{\"a}rer Detektorstandard Ende der 1970er Jahre erm{\"o}glichte die Messung optischer Strahlungsleistung mit einer relativen Unsicherheit von unter 10-4. Basierend auf diese Strahlungsleistungsmessung ist heute die Kalibrierung der spektrale Empfindlichkeit von Detektoren mit relativen Unsicherheiten bis zu 10-4 m{\"o}glich. Moderne Halbleiterempf{\"a}nger liefern einen strahlungsleistungsproportionalen Photostrom. Zur Messung der W{\"a}rmestrahlung {\"u}ber einen weiten Temperatur- und Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich m{\"u}ssen Photostr{\"o}me von fA bis mA mit kleinster Unsicherheit bestimmt werden. Das stellt hohe experimentelle Anforderungen an die elektrische, geometrische und optische Messtechnik. Der Beitrag beschreibt kurz die historische Entwicklung der optischen Temperaturmessung {\"u}ber die ausgesandte W{\"a}rmestrahlung und geht dann auf die experimentellen und physikalischen Grundlagen dieser Methode ein. Abschließend werden M{\"o}glichkeiten zur Implementierung der im Metrologielabor erreichbaren niedrigen Messunsicherheiten in den praktischen messtechnischen Alltag vorgestellt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Progress with the development of high temperature fixed-points in the EU through the Himert project}, pages = {6}, abstract = {The EU FP5 funded research project HIMERT (Novel High temperature Metal-carbon Eutectic fixed points for Radiation Thermometry, Radiometry and Thermocouples) aims to develop high temperature fixed points above the freezing point of copper to approximately 2500 deg C with a repeatability of less than 0.1 deg C. NPL and BNM-INM have constructed fixed-point blackbody sources, while BNM-LNE has constructed cells up to 1950 deg C (Ru-C) for the calibration of contact sensors. PTB will perform absolute radiometry of the cells constructed by NPL and BNM-INM. Pt-Pd thermocouple studies will be undertaken by PTB and BNM-LNE. Also a major materials compatibility study has been undertaken by BNM-LNE to identify thermocouple sheath materials that are compatible with graphite to 1950 deg C. The University of Valladolid is investigating the background physics of the eutectic process and seeking to develop physically realistic models. The two industrial companies will test whether improved traceability at lower uncertainties can be achieved by using metal-carbon eutectics. This paper describes the HIMERT project and current progress. (authors)}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A novel lens free high-accuracy InGaAs radiation thermometer for radiation temperatures above 300°C}, series = {VDI Berichte (1784)}, journal = {VDI Berichte (1784)}, pages = {155 -- 162}, abstract = {A novel high-accuracy radiation thermometer designed for laboratory applications and based on an InGaAs photon detector is presented. In contrast to other radiation thermometers, no imaging optics is used for collecting the radiation. By using a set of two equally sized optical apertures at fixed distances from the detector and a short distance of the thermometer from the radiation source, the size-of-source effect of the instrument is minimized. The radiation thermometer is designed for temperature measurements from 300°C upwards. Technical details of the radiation thermometer together with the measured reference function according to the ITS-90 up to 962°C and its temporal stability are presented. The size-of-source effect of the novel lens-free radiation thermometer is compared with the lens-based InGaAs reference radiation thermometer of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannManaraZipfetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Manara, Jochen and Zipf, Matthias and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Tutschke, Andreas and Hallam, Andrew and Hanspal, Jagdevinder and Langley, Mark}, title = {Development and validation of a long wavelength infrared (LWIR) radiation thermometer for contactless temperature measurements in gas turbines during operation}, series = {EVI-GTI and PIWG Joint Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation}, booktitle = {EVI-GTI and PIWG Joint Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation}, publisher = {IET}, pages = {1 -- 26}, abstract = {A collection of slides from the author's conference presentation is given. The presentation introduces the infrared-optical characterization of thermal barrier coatings and the development of LWIR pyrometer for measuring temperature in an operating gas turbine. The test facility for evaluating the LWIR pyrometer is also presented. This presentation includes the experimental setup for LWIR calibration and measurement.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The PriTeRa facility of PTB for spectral radiance and irradiance calibrations and radiation thermometry in the range from {\`A}170 C up to 3200 C and from 200 nm up to 50 μm}, series = {Proc. Newrad}, booktitle = {Proc. Newrad}, pages = {13 -- 16}, abstract = {Blackbody radiators provide calculable spectral radiance and irradiance if their temperature and their emissivity is well known. Due to technical restrictions, one single blackbody can cover only a limited temperature range and therefore limited wavelengths for spectral radiance and irradiance calibrations. Space borne instruments for measuring the solar emission usually need calibrations from the UV to the near Infrared part of the optical spectrum [1] whereas remote sensing experiments for measuring earth surface temperatures for climate prediction or spaceborne instruments that deliver evidence for water on the surface of planet Mars [2] require calibration in the far infrared spectral range. To achieve these complementary requirements, PTB has set-up a series of blackbody based instrumentations, which are combined in the Primary Temperature Radiator facility (PriTeRa). To cover the whole wavelength range from 200 nm up to 800 µm different blackbody designs have to be applied.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The composition analysis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ or PrBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films and (YBa2Cu3O7-δ/PrBa2Cu3O7-δ) n heterostructures prepared by CVD}, series = {Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry}, volume = {357}, journal = {Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry}, number = {8}, pages = {1061 -- 1065}, abstract = {Some YBa2Cu3O7-δ films and heterostructures prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) were analyzed in our laboratories by EPMA-EDX or WDX, RBS, SNMS and AES. It was found that in some cases the results of composition analysis can significantly deviate from each other. At least two main reasons for these deviations exist: the different lateral resolution and the application of different reference samples for the calibration.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Improvement of the active layers of a field effect sensor for fluorine}, organization = {6. international meeting on chemical sensors, Gaithersburg, MD (United States)}, pages = {313}, abstract = {The quantitative determination of fluorine in gases is of great importance as this gas is often used in various industrial processes, but is toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, there is a great demand for sensors for this gases and alarm systems controlling the environment. Recently, the auhtors reported on first results with a new field effect sensor for the determination of F {sub 2}. A silicon substrate was used with a thin layer of LaF {sub 3} in direct contact to the semiconductor and platinum electrode on the top. In early results, a good sensitivity was achieved but an insufficient stability and limit of detection required further improvements. The corresponding findings and fundamental investigations on the sensor mechanism will be given in this paper.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermal resistance of thermal barriers in polycrystalline diamond}, series = {Progress in Natural Science}, journal = {Progress in Natural Science}, number = {6}, pages = {297}, abstract = {Micrometer resolved photoțhermal measurements on chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond are presented. It is shown that the thermal conductivity inside the grains is as high as that of natural IIa diamond. Using two different approaches we measure the thermal resistance of thermal barriers like grain boundaries or microcracks and obtain values of the order of 10" m'Kw. A simple model is presented, relating the overall thermal conductivity for one-dimensional heat flow to the thermal resistance at barriers and the average size of the grains. Good agreernent between predictions and literature data is found, ...}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Development and test of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for non-contact temperature measurements in gas turbines during operation}, series = {Technisches Messen}, volume = {85}, journal = {Technisches Messen}, number = {1}, pages = {28 -- 39}, abstract = {The aim of this work was the development of a long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer for the non-contact measurement of surface temperatures in stationary gas turbines during operation within the EU-project, Sensors Towards Advanced Monitoring and Control of Gas Turbine Engines (acronym STARGATE)". In this work, the infrared-optical properties of the thermal barrier coatings and the combustion gases were determined at ZAE Bayern at high temperatures up to 1600 K and pressures up to 13 bar. Based on these experimental characterizations, a suitable spectral range could be identified which lies around 10 mu m for the long-wavelength infrared radiation thermometer. According to these findings, a laboratory setup with suitable optical components (filters, IR-fibers, etc.) was firstly realized and verified. Subsequently, a prototype for measurements in gas turbines during operation of the turbines has …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannHarrerDotterweichetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Harrer, S. and Dotterweich, C. and Zink, Markus H. and Hemberger, Frank and Ebert, Hans-Peter and Schnitzler, Tim}, title = {Phase change materials for use in thermally and electrically stressed insulation for high voltage applications}, series = {2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference}, booktitle = {2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-4673-8706-4}, pages = {605 -- 608}, abstract = {The temperature of high voltage equipment is often the limiting factor when transmitting electrical energy because the electrical insulation can get severely aged when the temperature is exceeding a certain limit. Hence, cooling has to be improved or heat generation must be reduced to avoid damage of the insulation. In this paper a new method was examined by investigating electrically insulating phase change materials which are able to store latent heat during a phase change from the solid to liquid state in times of high energy demand. To verify the electrically insulating properties of paraffins, one class of phase change materials, a special test cell was designed allowing the determination of breakdown voltage of phase change materials. The measurements on one paraffin sample proved the promising electrical insulating properties and it was shown that the breakdown voltage in the liquid state is comparable …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {I3. 4-Radiometric calibration of the NIRSpec instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope in the wavelength range from 0.7 μm to 5.0 μm}, series = {SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - IRS² 2009 Proceedings}, booktitle = {SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - IRS² 2009 Proceedings}, pages = {249 -- 254}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Strahlungsthermometrie}, series = {PTB-Mitteilungen 117}, volume = {117}, journal = {PTB-Mitteilungen 117}, number = {3}, pages = {272 -- 281}, abstract = {Der prinzipielle Aufbau eines Strahlungsthermometers ist in Bild 2 dargestellt. Eine Optik bildet das Messobjekt mittels der W{\"a}rmestrahlung auf die Gesichtsfeldblende vor dem Detektor ab. Die Aperturblende und die Gesichtsfeldblende definieren den Raumwinkel und die Fl{\"a}che (Messfeld) der vom Detektor nachgewiesenen Strahlung. Bei den meisten Strahlungsthermometern wird ein Spektralfilter zur Eingrenzung des Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereiches der auf den Detektor treffenden Strahlung verwendet. Dieser Spektralfilter wird oft unmittelbar vor dem Detektor angeordnet oder ist als Fenster in das Detektorgeh{\"a}use integriert. Bei hochwertigen Strahlungsthermometern wird der Detektor und manchmal auch zus{\"a}tzlich der Spektralfilter temperiert. Interne Referenzstrahlungsquellen oder nur die Messung und Verarbeitung der internen Temperatur des Detektors oder der optischen Komponenten sorgen im allgemeinen f{\"u}r eine stabile Anzeige von Messwerten der Strahlungstemperatur innerhalb eines weiten Eigentemperaturbereichs des Strahlungsthermometers. Die Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit eines Strahlungsthermometers wird wesentlich von der G{\"u}te seiner Optik und der Empfindlichkeit seines Strahlungsempf{\"a}ngers bestimmt. Hochwertige Strahlungsthermometer arbeiten mit einem festen Fokus, der dem empfohlenen Messabstand entspricht, oder mit variablem Fokus zur Anpassung an den Messabstand. Aus der abstandsabh{\"a}ngigen Einstellung des Fokus resultiert ein Messfeld, in dem die mittlere Strahlungstemperatur des Messobjektes ermittelt wird. Genaue Messungen der Strahlungstemperatur sollten mit abbildenden optischen Systemen erfolgen …}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertMonteetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Monte, C. and Gutschwager, B. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Traceable calibration of radiation sources from the visible to the far infrared for space borne applications at PTB}, series = {Proceedings of SPIE Volume 7474, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE Volume 7474, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII}, abstract = {The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has developed dedicated instrumentations and methods for the traceable calibration of space borne instruments in terms of the three fundamental radiometric units, i.e. spectral radiance (radiation temperature), spectral radiant intensity and spectral photon flux. The traceable calibration under conditions similar to the space environment is achieved by use of two major radiometric calibration facilities of PTB, the Spectral Radiance Comparator Facility (SRCF) and the Reduced Background Calibration Facility (RBCF) which are part of the Primary Temperature Radiator Facility of PTB and cover the wavelength range from the UV to the FIR (THz range). The improved detector instrumentations of the SRCF and RBCF, detailed calibration schemes and results of calibrations for space missions are presented.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Long term stability of the spectral responsivity of filter radiometers at the PTB}, series = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, booktitle = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, pages = {977 -- 982}, abstract = {The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) uses calibrated filter radiometers to measure the thermodynamic temperature of blackbodies applied for the realisation and dissemination of the spectral radiance and spectral irradiance. This paper presents the PTB experience with the stability of the spectral responsivities of two different sets of filter radiometers, a set of four broad-band filter radiometers with centroid wavelengths in the visible spectral range (437 nm, 510 nm, 558 nm and 728 nm), using a combination of coloured glass filters as wavelength selective elements and a set of five narrow-band interference filter radiometers with centroid wavelengths in the visible and in the near infrared wavelength range (676 nm, 802 nm, 903 nm and 1003 nm). The time period of their continuous investigation with respect to the relevant stability parameters, the integrated spectral responsivity and the centroid wavelength, is about seven years for the broad-band filter radiometers and up to ten years for the narrow-band interference filter radiometers. Both types of filter radiometers show sufficient stability for their application as high-accuracy temperature measurement instruments. Relative changes in the integrated spectral responsivity up to some parts in 103 and for the interference filter radiometers a linear increase of the centroid wavelength with time in the order of several ten picometers per year have been observed. A comparison between the two types of filter radiometers is given, with respect to the contribution of the stability of these parameters to the uncertainty budget of thermodynamic temperature determination. Reasons for the observed …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMcEvoyMachinetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and McEvoy, H.C. and Machin, Graham and Friedrich, R. and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Comparison of the New NPL Primary Standard Ag Fixed-Point Blackbody Source with the Primary Standard Fixed Point of PTB}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings (684)}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, isbn = {0-7354-0153-5}, pages = {909 -- 914}, abstract = {Above the freezing point of silver (961.78 °C), the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is defined in terms of Planck's radiation law. The scale is maintained and disseminated using a validated and linear pyrometer in conjunction with a blackbody reference source at either the Ag, Au (1064.18 °C) or Cu (1084.62 °C) freezing point. In order to realize the scale with the highest precision high quality, well-characterised, reproducible fixed-point blackbody sources are required. Such sources have been maintained at NPL for a number of years, but it was felt that improvements to the design would be beneficial. A new Ag point blackbody source has therefore been constructed. The new design will improve the quality and reproducibility of the melting and freezing plateaux and reduce errors due to the 'out-of-focus' size-of-source effect which is difficult to measure and to eliminate. Full details of the design of the new …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubert, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard}, title = {Assessing blackbody emissivity by monte carlo simulation}, series = {Proc. of the Int. Conference of Infrared Sensors and Systems}, booktitle = {Proc. of the Int. Conference of Infrared Sensors and Systems}, publisher = {AMA Service GmbH}, pages = {133 -- 138}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Radiator standards for accurate IR calibrations in remote sensing based on heatpipe blackbodies}, series = {Proceedings Volume 3821, Environmental Sensing and Applications}, booktitle = {Proceedings Volume 3821, Environmental Sensing and Applications}, number = {3821}, editor = {Carleer, M. and Hilton, M. and Lamp, T. and Reuter, R. and Russwurm, G.M. and Schaefer, K. and Weber, K. and Weitkamp, K. and Wolf, J. and Woppowa, L.}, publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics - Proceedings of SPIE}, pages = {395 -- 403}, abstract = {The demand of instrumentation in the field of remote sensing is increasing rapidly. For international compatibility, for reliable results and precise long-term investigation, necessary for example in the measurement of climatic trends, accurate traceability of the results to international standards or SI-units is mandatory. Additionally, interpretation of the results strongly requires a careful evaluation of the involved errors and the resulting uncertainties in order to allow for a rating of the obtained results. For that purpose quality assurance was introduced, not only for industrial fabrication, but also, and with increasing tendency, for industrial and scientific research. As an overview, the necessity and the possibilities of quality assurance in the area of remote sensing are discussed. Taking remote sensing of temperature as an example, the general approach is described. For that purpose, a description of heatpipe blackbodies …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Calibration of tungsten strip lamps as transfer standards for temperature}, series = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, editor = {Dubbeldam, J.F. and de Groot, M.J.}, publisher = {IMEKO}, address = {Delft}, pages = {561 -- 566}, abstract = {An advanced method for the calibration of tungsten strip lamps is reviewed in detail. The method is based on measuring the ratio of the spectral radiances of two sources at different radiance temperatures TL by radiation thermometry. Instead of using the distribution temperature and the colour emissivity for the calculation of the radiance temperature, the derivative dTL/dλ in the vicinity of the effective wavelength of the detection system is applied. In a first step high-stability vacuum tungsten strip lamps are calibrated as first-order working standards with respect to fixed points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). In a subsequent step, secondary working standards are calibrated relative to these first order working standards with light of different wavelengths determined by interference filters. A detailed description of the evaluation procedure for the determination of the radiance temperature of the lamps is given and several problems encountered in operating the lamps are discussed. The standard uncertainties of the radiance temperature are below 0.2 K for the first order working standards.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannAnhaltHollandtetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Anhalt, Klaus and Hollandt, J{\"o}rg and Schreiber, Ekkehard and Yamada, Y.}, title = {Improved thermal stability of the linear pyrometer LP3 for high temperature measurements within the EU-project Himert}, series = {VDI Bericht 1784}, journal = {VDI Bericht 1784}, pages = {135 -- 141}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Realisation and dissemination of thermodynamic temperature above 1234.93 K}, series = {CCT Working Documents}, journal = {CCT Working Documents}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Intercomparison of radiation temperature scales between PTB and NMIJ from 1000/spl deg/C to 2500/spl deg/C}, series = {Proceedings of the 41st SICE Annual Conference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st SICE Annual Conference}, publisher = {IEEE}, pages = {58 -- 62}, abstract = {The intercomparison of radiation temperature scales between PTB and NMIJ was carried out in September 2001. PTB sent their radiation thermometer LP3 to Japan and NMIJ made the comparison between the LP3 and NMIJs Topcon radiation thermometers with a comparison blackbody from 1000/spl deg/C to 2500/spl deg/C. Both scales agreed within /spl plusmn/0.8/spl deg/C in the whole range.}, language = {en} } @article{HartmannZipfManaraetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Zipf, Matthias and Manara, Jochen and Stark, Thomas and Arduini, Mariacarla and Ebert, Hans-Peter}, title = {Infrared-optical characterization of emitting and absorbing gases at high temperatures and high pressures}, series = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, volume = {47}, journal = {High Temperatures - High Pressures}, number = {1}, pages = {3 -- 21}, abstract = {In the context of the optimization of stationary gas turbines, the surface temperatures of the turbine blades have to be measured by a non-contact technique using radiation thermometers during operation of the turbine. Nowadays turbine blades are protected by thermal barrier coatings. The infrared-optical properties of these coatings require the usage of the MIR or LWIR region for non-contact measurement of the surface temperatures. For performing such measurements and for properly analyzing the derived data, the transmission and absorption spectra of the combustion gas mixture within the turbine were determined at the local conditions during operation of the turbine. Therefore, subject of this work is the measurement of the transmission spectra of carbon dioxide and water vapor at high temperatures and high pressures to identify a wavelength range, which is almost free of absorption and emission effects. In …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannMachinYamadaetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Machin, Graham and Yamada, Y. and Lowe, D. and Sasajima, N. and Anhalt, Klaus and Goebel, R. and McEvoy, H.C. and Bloembergen, P.}, title = {A comparison of high temperature fixed-points of Pt-C and Re-C constructed by BIPM, NMIJ and NPL}, series = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Tempmeko 2004}, editor = {Zvizdic, D.}, publisher = {LPM/FSB}, address = {Zagrep}, pages = {1049 -- 1056}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A study on the feasibility of measuring the emissivity with the laser-flash method}, series = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, volume = {31}, journal = {International Journal of Thermophysics}, number = {4-5}, pages = {998 -- 1010}, abstract = {The laser-flash method is a fast, widely used and well established technique to measure the thermal diffusivity. Since its introduction in the 1960s, it was proposed to expand this technique to the measurement of heat capacity and emissivity. Currently, the measurement of spectral emissivity at high temperatures is connected with relatively large uncertainties, although the spectral emissivity is an essential parameter for applications, e.g., in the lamp industry and fusion research. In this work, a theoretical study is presented on the possibility of emissivity measurements using the laser-flash method. Two mathematical approaches are discussed which solve the problem, that a measured temperature rise—necessary to calculate the emissivity—itself depends on the emissivity. It is shown that both methods have a negligible arithmetic error, making them applicable to be used in future work.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Thermodynamic temperature measurements of the melting curves of RE-C, TIC-C And ZRC-C eutectic irradiance mode fixed-point cells}, series = {Proceedings TEMPMEKO 2004}, booktitle = {Proceedings TEMPMEKO 2004}, pages = {189 -- 194}, abstract = {The thermodynamic temperatures of the phase transition of Re-C, TiC-C, and ZrC-C eutectic fixed-point cells have been measured for the first time using different filter radiometers in irradiance mode. The spectral responsivity of these filter radiometers was measured traceable to the primary detector standard of the PTB, a laser based cryogenic radiometer. The relative extended uncertainties of the spectral responsivities of the filter radiometers in the irradiance mode were in the range from 5· 10-4 up to 2.5· 10-3. The measurements have been performed at the high temperature calibration facilities of the VNIIOFI and the PTB with eutectic fixed-point cells manufactured by VNIIOFI.}, language = {en} } @article{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A comparison of the blackbody cavities for infrared ear thermometers of NMIJ, NPL, and PTB}, series = {AIST Bulletin of Metrology}, volume = {5}, journal = {AIST Bulletin of Metrology}, number = {4}, pages = {251 -- 256}, abstract = {A comparison of the NMIJ, the NPL, and the PTB blackbody cavities for infrared ear thermometers has been performed for the first time. The NMIJ and the PTB have transported their standard blackbodies to the NPL and radiance temperatures of the blackbodies of the institutes have been directly compared simultaneously using high-resolution infrared ear thermometers as comparators. The results of the comparison show that radiance temperatures realized by the NMIJ, the NPL, and the PTB cavities agree within +/-0.01 deg C, well within their uncertainty levels of around 0.04 deg C in the temperature range from 35 deg C to 42 deg C.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannFriedrichSchilleretal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Friedrich, R. and Schiller, S. and Fischer, J.}, title = {Non-isothermal temperature distribution and resulting emissivity corrections for the high temperature blackbody BB3200}, series = {Proc. 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, booktitle = {Proc. 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, editor = {Fellmuth, B. and Seidel, J. and Scholze, G.}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {227 -- 232}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A comparison of Co-C, Pd-C, Pt-C, Ru-C and Re-C eutectic fixed points independently manufactured by three different institutes}, series = {Proc. Newrad (Davos, Switzerland)}, booktitle = {Proc. Newrad (Davos, Switzerland)}, pages = {289 -- 290}, abstract = {In order to assess the performance and capability as well as the reproducibility of cell production five different Metal-carbon (MC) eutectic cells from three institutes were measured by radiation thermometry at PTB. The reproducibility of the melting temperature approached the requirements set by CCT/CCPR but significant differences were seen between different manufactures.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannSadliMachinetal., author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Sadli, M. and Machin, G. and Morice, R.}, title = {Realisation and comparison of metal-carbon eutectic points for radiation thermometry applications and W-Re thermocouple calibration}, series = {Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, booktitle = {Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science - Proceedings of Tempmeko 2001}, editor = {Fellmuth, B. and Seidel, J. and Scholze, G.}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {507 -- 512}, abstract = {For the sake of ensuring improved accuracy and traceability for temperature measurements above the copper point (1084 OC), four laboratories are joining their efforts in developing high-temperature fixed points based on eutectic transitions of metal-carbon mixtures [1]. These phase transitions, on the basis of radiation thermometry results presented thus far [2, 3], encouraged the participants to work towards two eventual applications: hightemperature fixed—point calibration sources for radiation thermometry, and fixed points for the calibration of contact thermometers, including Pt/Pd, Pt/Rh and W/Re thermocouples. Here will be given the up-to—date works accomplished within or in relation with this project in the participating laboratories. The perspectives of this work are wide and should allow the usage of such fixed points at temperatures ranging from 1150 C to 2700 C. The remaining uncertainty concerns the …}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Hartmann, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Measurement of T-T90 down to zinc point temperatures with absolute filter radiometry}, series = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, booktitle = {Proc. of TEMPMEKO}, pages = {377 -- 382}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartmannTaubertFischer, author = {Hartmann, J{\"u}rgen and Taubert, Dieter Richard and Fischer, Joachim}, title = {Characterization of the double-heatpipe blackbody LABB for use at temperatures below 500 C}, series = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TEMPMEKO (99)}, editor = {Dubbeldam, J.F. and de Groot, M.J.}, publisher = {IMEKO}, address = {Delft}, pages = {511 -- 516}, abstract = {The large area double-heatpipe blackbody (LABB) used for comparing thermodynamic temperatures with the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) at temperatures higher than 600 C is based on two sodium heat pipes. The lowest temperature at which the sodium heat pipes work properly is strongly correlated to the onset of sodium evaporation. This is expected for temperatures well above 500 C. Planning to use the LABB for extending the comparison of thermodynamic temperatures with the ITS-90 to temperatures as low as possible, we measured the isothermal behaviour of the blackbody cavity starting at heatpipe temperatures of 400 C. The temperature of the cylindrical part of the cavity was measured with a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) sensing the bottom of the cavity and up to three quarter of the cylindrical part of the cavity. The obtained temperature profiles are well explained assuming the occurrence of two superimposing effects: a real nonisothermal behaviour of the LABB for temperatures below 500 C and a cooling of the SPRT caused by radiation loss through the aperture of the cavity. Applying a Monte-Carlo simulation we calculated the emissivity of the LABB at different heatpipe temperatures below 600 C using the obtained non-isothermal temperature distribution at the cylindrical walls. It was found that even at temperatures as low as 415 C the accuracy of the LABB is sufficient for comparison of thermodynamic temperatures and the ITS-90.}, language = {en} }