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The recommendation is based on the co-authors’ work organized by the RILEM TC 256-SPF “Spalling of concrete due to fire: testing and modelling”. It aims to provide useful information, guidance and best practices in fire spalling assessment to laboratories that perform large-scale tests based on fire resistance test standards. It provides guidance on the spalling observation techniques during testing, as well as post-test spalling quantification/assessment methods. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire resistance test standards, e.g. EN 1363-1 and ISO 834-1.
With the growing awareness of environmental issues, raw earth construction in its various forms is experiencing a renewed interest. In fact, earth is a natural material that limits energy consumption and plays an important role in terms of humidity and temperature regulation. The demand for bio-based building materials and the addition of plant aggregates on earth building bricks is also increasing. This study focuses on the characterization of three unfired commercialized earth adobe bricks with different percentage of plant aggregates. The characterization of the constituents of the different adobe bricks has been first realized by conducting wet sieving tests, sedimentation, Atterberg limit and density tests. The performances of adobe bricks were then investigated and compared in terms of mechanical properties and durability considering freezing-thawing cycles and dry abrasion. The compressive strength is an important property but presents significant variations due to several influencing factors like source, proportion of constituent materials, curing condition, workmanship, in addition to testing procedure. Several specimens have been tested to quantify the compressive strength variability. In addition, as no consensus on the test design and limited data exists on the influence of specimen’s geometry and correlation between testing procedures and mechanical properties, a campaign of unconfined compressive tests has been conducted where several parameters have been varied such as specimen orientation and use of mortar or not. The tensile strength has been also measured with the indirect tensile test method. The effect of freezing thawing cycles was evaluated by subjecting the bricks to unconfined compressive tests after 3, 6, 9 and 12 freezing-thawing cycles. The results show a significant effect of the testing procedure on the compressive strength values. In addition, a decrease in the mechanical properties has been observed for adobe bricks exposed to freezing-thawing cycles.
Frühere Schutz- und Festigungsmittel für Kulturgut aus Holz können eine Gesundheitsgefährdung und Materialschädigung bewirken. Die gegenwärtig zu ihrer Entfernung benutzten Lösemittel besitzen eine unzureichende Wirkung und können insbesondere bei gefassten Objekten Folgeschäden verursachen.
Hier bietet der in Kraftstoffen enthaltene Methyltert-butylether (MTBE) aufgrund seiner Polarität und weiterer vorteilhafter Eigenschaften möglicherweise eine Alternative. Das Lösemittel wurde an Holzprüfkörpern mit Festigungsmitteln oder Vergoldung, Epitaphteilen mit Carbolineum und einem biozidhaltigen Blaudruckmodel als Auslaug- und Extraktionsmittel eingesetzt.
Durch die Lagerung der Objekte in MTBE ließen sich in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit hohe Dekontaminationsgrade bei verschiedenen Festigungsmitteln, Carbolineum und Organochlor-Bioziden erzielen. Die ebenfalls herangezogene Soxhlet-Extraktion hatte infolge der kurzen Extraktionszeit eine geringere Effizienz. Weder bei der Auslaugung noch bei der Soxhlet-Extraktion traten an den getesteten Fassungen irreversible Schädden auf.