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The current European guidelines for the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) promote a vertical (European, national, regional and local policy goals) and horizontal (sectorial and operational plans) integrated mobility planning approach based on the involvement of different target groups. However, how this involvement is implemented in practice is not sufficiently researched, and empirical data that go beyond a single case study are still to be developed. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting an empirical assessment of planning practices. Through a mixed-method approach combining grounded theory and quantitative data analysis techniques, including co-occurrences analysis, association rules and network analysis, we analysed planning documents (n = 67) and identified patterns in which target groups are involved through an array of participation methods aiming for different participation goals within German urban mobility planning. Our results point to the participation gap of professional stakeholders from the strategy development phases, which is rather kept at the decision-making level with input from researchers and consultants. Citizens are actively involved during the envisioning phases, but passively engaged after the implementation of measures. Conclusively, we reflect on these empirical findings from a methodological and operational point of view.
Purpose
The overarching aim of this article is to consider to what extent the perceptions of librarians in Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Norway, Poland and Sweden reflect a unified view of their professional role and the role of their institutions in supporting the formation of the public sphere and to what extent the variations reflect national contexts.
Design/methodology/approach
The multi-country comparison is based on online questionnaires. The central research questions are how do librarians legitimize the use of public resources to uphold a public library service? How do librarians perceive the role of public libraries as public spaces? How do librarians perceive their professional role and the competencies needed for it? Consideration is given to how the digital and social turns are reflected in the responses.
Findings
The results show evidence of a unified professional culture with clear influences from national contexts. A key finding is that librarians see giving access as central for both legitimizing library services and for the library's role as a public sphere institution. Strong support is shown for the social turn in supporting the formation of the public sphere while the digital turn appears to be a future challenge; one of seemingly increased importance due to the pandemic.
Research limitations/implications
This study shows that libraries across the seven countries have expanded beyond simply providing public access to their book-based collections and now serve as social, learning and creative spaces: both in the physical library and digitally. Qualitative research is needed concerning librarians' notions of public libraries and librarianship, which will provide a more in-depth understanding of the changing professional responsibilities and how public libraries recruit the associated competencies.
Originality/value
The article provides a much needed insight into how librarians perceive the role of public libraries in supporting the formation of the public sphere and democratic processes, as well as their own role.
Today research is in the midst of a global transformation that is usually referred to as Open Science. Open Science is a response from communities to global societal developments and to the digital transformation of research processes and leads to the emergence of new practices that are embedded in a digital ecosystem. The global Medieval Studies community is slowly adapting to this new culture that raises new questions around scientific practices. This article discusses three major pillars of Open Science: Open Access, Open Data, and Open Science Communication in the Digital Age. It considers the potential of these practices for individual researchers and for the role of medieval research in a modern society and explains good practices to start with.
Inside subducting slabs the interaction of different metastable phase transformations (α-olivine → β-spinel, β-spinel → γ-spinel, γ-spinel → perovskite + magnesiowüstite) associated with the latent heat release and absorption for these transitions can result in a complex thermal slab structure. Thermokinetic coupling processes cause thermal anomalies and buoyancy contrasts between slab and mantle that strongly influence the stress field within subducting plates. We have described the thermal field within the downgoing slab in a Lagrangian framework by a self-consistent, high-resolution, two-dimensional thermokinetic coupling model, which also incorporates the effects of nucleation site saturation. Using an adaptive method, the threshold for the nucleation site saturation is found to be less than 0.1% transformation degree in the cold slab interior. This can significantly shift the metastable wedge of α-olivine deeper, as suggested from previous thermokinetic slab models. However, this effect is compensated by the latent heat release. During the α-olivine → β-spinel and β-spinel → γ-spinel phase transitions, latent heat release produce very sharp phase boundaries in the slab. For fast slabs the phase boundaries reveal significant metastable perturbations from the equilibrium state in the cold interior. However, the strong thermal interaction between both ongoing phase transitions results in sharp overlapping phase boundaries with dramatic consequences for the slab stress field. We have investigated the detailed physical properties and the state of stress in the deeper portion of a subducting plate by using up-to-date temperature field and physical properties determined from recent high P-T experiments. We find that the slab is denser up to 100 kg m−3 than the surrounding mantle. Remarkable denser portions up to 260 kg m−3 are located just below the uplifted α → β and β → γ equilibrium phase transitions, while lighter portions up to −210 kg m−3 can be found just above the depressed γ-spinel to perovskite + magnesiowüstite transition and for the metastable wedge of α-olivine. These density differences effectively act as a body force and produce a significant stress field, which we calculated with a two-dimensional finite-element code. The results show that the buoyancy-induced forces produce maximum shear stress up to 23 MPa along the metastable wedge and deeper portion just above the depressed last phase transition involving γ-spinel. For the latter, the dominant state of stress is down-dip compression. The calculated P-T dependent state of stress is very similar to the depth distribution of deep-focus.
This article reports the results from an information and knowledge assessment (IKA) to identify information and knowledge needs and, their coverage by information resources to derive recommendations for improvement and proposes a contingeny framework. The approach is based on a review of audit methods from information sciences and management, knowledge management and the engineering discipline and tested with data (N = 580) collected from the engineering domain within an automotive supplier over six European sites. The integrated assessment uses content needs profiles from two complementary perspectives, the coverage of needs by various internal information sources and data on awareness and usage of these information sources. The employment of content categories on a more granular analytical level than information systems sources opens up new possibilities to derive improvement measures and requirements for the design of information systems within an organization. The brief data-gathering instrument also reduces the required resources to implement this approach considerably overcoming weaknesses previously identified in case studies and the IA literature. It makes a contribution to research bridging the gap between research and practice and opens up options to design contingency frameworks for a specific domain.
A lot of information that is already available on the Web, or retrieved from local information sys-tems and social networks, is structured in data silos that are not semantically related. Semantic technologies make it apparent that the use of typed links that directly express their relations are an advantage for every application that can reuse the incorporated knowledge about the data. For this reason, data integration, through reengineering (e.g., triplify) or querying (e.g., D2R), is an important task in order to make information available for everyone. Thus, in order to build a semantic map of the data, we need knowledge about data items itself and the relation between heterogeneous data items. Here we present our work of providing Lexical Linked Data (LLD) through a meta-model that contains all the resources and gives the possibility to retrieve and navigate them from different per-spectives. After giving the definition of Lexical Linked Data, we describe the existing datasets we collected and the new datasets we included. Here we describe their format and show some use cases where we link lexical data, and show how to reuse and inference semantic data de-rived from lexical data. Different lexical resources (MultiWordNet, EuroWordNet, MEMODATA Lexicon, the Hamburg Methaphor Data-base) are connected to each other towards an Integrated Vocabulary for LLD that we evaluate and present.
While digitalization opens up new possibilities for cultural heritage and tourism it also brings new challenges. Initiatives such as “Europeana”, an internet portal for cultural heritage within the European Union, support institutions with the display of their collections. National initiatives complement these efforts. This report describes initiatives and projects for generating and sustaining digital cultural heritage resources in the German state of Brandenburg. With the cultural heritage distributed throughout the state and managed by hundreds of institutions, the task of digitalization is a common challenge for all of these institutions. Digitalization and digital sustainability is limited by shortcomings in areas of human resources, knowledge and IT infrastructure. In light of these limitations, the cultural heritage community addresses challenges with an interdisciplinary approach. It is based on a collaborative model with four levels: (1) a statewide strategy of an interdisciplinary task force; (2) cooperative projects; (3) cooperative IT infrastructure; and (4) an overall coordination. The priorities are: (1) creating and displaying digital content; (2) establishing best practices and workflows; (3) developing cooperative infrastructures for sustainment. Since 2012, several projects have been implemented based on that collaborative model. More than 50 participating institutions benefited from cooperative planning, managing, digitizing and digital presentation. With regard to the third priority, the task force’s next step is finding solutions for digital preservation. Considering the lack of funding and resources in the cultural heritage sector, options for creating and sustaining digital resources are limited. Digital cultural heritage requires interdisciplinary thinking, cooperative initiatives, reliable IT infrastructures and additional funding.
Experiments using Semantic Web technologies to connect IUGONET, ESPAS and GFZ ISDC data portals
(2016)
E-science on the Web plays an important role and offers the most advanced technology for the integration of data systems. It also makes available data for the research of more and more complex aspects of the system earth and beyond. The great number of e-science projects founded by the European Union (EU), university-driven Japanese efforts in the field of data services and institutional anchored developments for the enhancement of a sustainable data management in Germany are proof of the relevance and acceptance of e-science or cyberspace-based applications as a significant tool for successful scientific work. The collaboration activities related to near-earth space science data systems and first results in the field of information science between the EU-funded project ESPAS, the Japanese IUGONET project and the GFZ ISDC-based research and development activities are the focus of this paper. The main objective of the collaboration is the use of a Semantic Web approach for the mashup of the project related and so far inoperable data systems. Both the development and use of mapped and/or merged geo and space science controlled vocabularies and the connection of entities in ontology-based domain data model are addressed. The developed controlled vocabularies for the description of geo and space science data and related context information as well as the domain ontologies itself with their domain and cross-domain relationships will be published in Linked Open Data.
Research infrastructures have an ever greater presence in both the Humanities and Cultural Heritage Studies. Scholars and information professionals working in the fields of research libraries, archives, and information play a crucial role as users and providers in cultivating the kind of world-class research that today increasingly relies on the use of these digital research infrastructures. Therefore, their continuous professional development is essential for them to be able to reap the benefits available from the ever-changing field of eHumanities and eHeritage research infrastructures, a mission that is at the heart of the Training team of the Horizon 2020 funded project PARTHENOS (“Pooling Activities, Resources and Tools for Heritage e-Research, Optimization and Synergies”).
This paper describes the “PARTHENOS eHumanities and eHeritage Webinar Series”. These five live and interactive seminars delivered via the internet represent an introductory training programme that focuses on the professional development and capacity building needs and requirements of (digital) humanities and cultural heritage scholars, as well as of information specialists who work for digital humanities and digital heritage infrastructures. Using the PARTHENOS Webinar Series as a case study of the development and delivery of research infrastructure-focussed professional development, the paper outlines the intellectual, educational, and practical context in which the PARTHENOS Webinar Series was conceived, the syllabus used for the initial run of the series, and the analysis of the data collection exercises conducted after the first five webinars, especially the feedback collected from both the trainees and the trainers (online survey and open questions study), and it discusses possibilities for improvement. In the conclusion, the paper places the insights from the PARTHENOS webinars in the context of the potential of webinars for research infrastructure training. It argues that in order to reap their full potential for research infrastructures as training instrument as well as instruments to gain insights in user requirements, new developments, and for community building, further theoretical grounding, professionalization, and on-going analysis of their effectiveness is needed.
Over the past two decades, knowledge management (KM) and the use of information technologies (IT) has attracted increasing interest. IT is widely considered as a vital part of KM, providing means for knowledge creation, sharing, and capture. However, failures of KM in organizational practice are often attributed to an overemphasis of IT. Although KM and IT seem inextricably linked, research still struggles to identify a proper composition of the two. Via input from a global panel of KM experts from academia and practice (n = 222), we identify social software; consumerization (of knowledge); human factors; and the redesign of work, systems, and practices as future key research areas. These are contrasted with review papers proposing research in technologies aimed at supporting KM. On this basis, we present a future research agenda that should enhance the relationship between KM and IT, including their intersection through technology enablers.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of public libraries as institutions underpinning a democratic public sphere as reasons legitimizing libraries compared to reasons that are more traditional and the actual use of libraries as public sphere arenas. A survey of representative samples of the adult population in six countries – Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Hungary and Switzerland – was undertaken. Legitimations related to the libraries role as a meeting place and arena for public debate are ranked as the 3 least important out of 12 possible legitimations for upholding a public library service. Libraries are, however, used extensively by the users to access citizenship information and to participate in public sphere relevant meetings. Few studies have empirically analyzed the role of libraries in upholding a democratic and sustainable public sphere. This study contributes in filling that gap.
Revisiting Access to Cultural Heritage in the Public Domain: EU and International Developments
(2020)
In the past year, a number of legal developments have accelerated discussions around whether intellectual property rights can be claimed in materials generated during the reproduction of public domain works. This article analyses those developments, focusing on the 2018 German Federal Supreme Court decision Museumsfotos, Article 14 of the 2019 Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market Directive, and relevant provisions of the 2019 Open Data and the Re-use of Public Sector Information Directive. It reveals that despite the growing consensus for protecting the public domain, there is a lack of practical guidance throughout the EU in legislation, jurisprudence, and literature on what reproduction media might attract new intellectual property rights, from scans to photography to 3D data. This leaves ample room for copyright to be claimed in reproduction materials produced by new technologies. Moreover, owners remain able to impose other restrictive measures around public domain works and data, like onsite photography bans, website terms and conditions, and exclusive arrangements with third parties. This article maps out these various legal gaps. It argues the pro-open culture spirit of the EU Directives should be embraced and provides guidance for Member States and heritage institutions around national implementation.
Main studies on social science information behaviour in the 70s revealed that social scientists do not use formal information tools like bibliographies or reference databases, but rather rely on personal recommendations, browsing in journals, and citations found in other publications (often referred to as citation chaining) (Line 1971, 1980) They rely on monograph as well as on periodical literature, but their own citations refer to a large extent to primary data. Social scientists often use literature outside their own discipline (exceptions' psychology and economics) with the consequence that one may not always find relevant resources in just one database or information system. The data used by the social sciences does not always come from social science research, but is mainly taken from other contexts not indexed in social sciences information systems. Unlike the other broad scientific areas, social science information is not only used by researchers, but also by practitioners.
On the basis of the experience gained by implementing the German national Internet information server for the social sciences, some general reflections are made on the status of providing information by this communication channel. For a certain time the dissemination of information via the Internet will mean an extra workload for the majority of traditional participants in the information market. Other information and publishing media like books, journals or databases will remain the central part of the market. On the other hand it is obvious that Internet information activities will have an essential impact in the near future, while the market player's positions will undergo a fundamental redefinition. Before entering the new market, information providers must analyze carefully their own goals, strenghs and possibilities. The task of social information specialists is to assure the scientific quality of the information they are offering.
Success Criteria for the Development and Sustainable Operation of Virtual Research Environments
(2015)
In many areas of research, virtual research environments (VREs) have become an essential part of modern research processes. The providers of VREs need to respond to this growing importance with functioning and efficient processes for the development, operation and quality assurance of VREs. We have developed a life-cycle model for VREs, which focuses in particular on the success-critical points for the transition to a VRE's sustainable operation. Furthermore, we discuss a set of success criteria that enables all involved in the VRE (operators, funding bodies, users) to identify which aspects will be relevant to their specific needs prior to the creation of a new VRE. In light of the heterogeneity of VREs, this set of criteria is supplemented in individual cases by discipline-specific criteria.
This study aims to identify and compare the knowledge and information retrieval needs from past projects and for future work among Italian and Japanese engineers. Engineering work, which is knowledge-intensive, is all the more critical as it both uses and generates knowledge for product and process innovation. This research uses data collected from engineers in Italy and Japan from an online survey using open-ended questions in their native language. Answers were then translated into English and coded into pre-determined categories; statistical analyses including factor analysis were conducted. For knowledge to be retrieved from past work, both Italian and Japanese engineers identified mainly experiential and systemic knowledge assets. For knowledge to be captured for future work, both groups picked experiential as well as conceptual knowledge related to the competitive environment of the firm absent from knowledge needs from past work. Finally, this research uncovered almost twice as fewer meta-categories for knowledge needs to be captured for future work compared to knowledge to be retrieved from past projects, as the former are by nature speculative and, therefore, difficult to foresee. The study is limited to the engineering domain and to two countries. Further research should extend the scope beyond these two countries. The study identified information and knowledge needs that could help inform the design of procedures to capture and document engineering work and the development of supporting information systems. This research contributes to an increased understanding of the substance of information and knowledge needs in a knowledge-intensive environment such as engineering work and product/service development.
This paper aims to examine the views of the global knowledge management (KM) community on the research area of KM and business performance and identify key future research themes. An interview study spanning 222 informants in 38 countries was launched to collect data on KM expert views concerning the future research needs of the KM field. The value contribution of KM requires more research despite experts agreeing on the complexities involved in solving this challenge. Further research areas identified were related to the influence of KM to support business strategy, intellectual capital, decision-making, knowledge sharing, organizational learning, innovation performance, productivity and competitive advantage. The sample is dominated by European-based KM experts and the self-selecting sampling approach that was used by relying on the networks of each partner could have biased the structure of this sample. The recognition of the complexity to demonstrate the value contribution of KM could prevent practitioners from using over-simplified approaches and encourage them to use more advanced measurement approaches.
The paper is unique, in that it reports on the views of 222 KM experts from 38 countries representing both academia and practice, on the issue of future research needs in terms of KM and business outcomes. As such it provides valuable guidance for future studies in the KM field and related subjects.
Knowledge Management as a factor for the Building and Implementation of Organization Strategy
(2017)
Knowledge management (KM) and organization strategy are both important to the success of an organization. This study aims to assess the research needs of their interrelationship. The research is based on a collection of over 200 interviews of KM worldwide experts. Their inputs have been categorized based on the frequency of their occurrence. This study looked at the research themes recommended by the experts and concluded that KM is to be regarded as a factor for the formulation and implementation of the organization strategy. The sample of scholars and practitioners interviewed, the analysis approach used and the use of broad questions and dimensions are some of the limitations of this study. Nevertheless, a variety of effects KM has on the formulation and implementation of company strategy has emerged.
Organizations would improve their chances of success in a changing and competitive world by integrating the KM approach, methods and goals within the articulation of their strategy. This study is original in variety because of the wide demographic sample supplied, and to its involvement both of KM academic experts as well as of practitioners. Its value is in the recommendations on the research of KM and organization strategy that would be of value, not only to organizations looking for ways to make their strategy more effective but also to those willing to implement KM in a better way.
Changing the galaxy
(1997)
The development of electronic publishing has often been described as beneficial for authors, readers, and publishers. The present article provides a real example on how a small academic revue takes advantage of some new possibilities but shows also the new problems encountered using them. It turns out to be not always so easy and not always to the benefit of its subscribers to change a publication mode from print to electronic. Some technical aspects are discussed and the special economical model for the electronic version is presented.
German databases for national and international users, using environmental databases as an example
(1995)
German Databases in Biotechnology : Problems of Biotechnology Information in Germany (Beitrag von Eleonore Poetzsch)