FB1 Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaften
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- 2022 (44) (entfernen)
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- FB1 Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaften (44) (entfernen)
Numerical magnitude information is assumed to be spatially represented in the form of a mental number line defined with respect to a body-centred, egocentric frame of reference. In this context, spatial language skills such as mastery of verbal descriptions of spatial position (e.g., in front of, behind, to the right/left) have been proposed to be relevant for grasping spatial relations between numerical magnitudes on the mental number line. We examined 4- to 5-year-old’s spatial language skills in tasks that allow responses in egocentric and allocentric frames of reference, as well as their relative understanding of numerical magnitude (assessed by a number word comparison task). In addition, we evaluated influences of children’s absolute understanding of numerical magnitude assessed by their number word comprehension (montring different numbers using their fingers) and of their knowledge on numerical sequences (determining predecessors and successors as well as identifying missing dice patterns of a series). Results indicated that when considering responses that corresponded to the egocentric perspective, children’s spatial language was associated significantly with their relative numerical magnitude understanding, even after controlling for covariates, such as children’s SES, mental rotation skills, and also absolute magnitude understanding or knowledge on numerical sequences. This suggests that the use of egocentric reference frames in spatial language may facilitate spatial representation of numbers along a mental number line and thus seem important for preschoolers’ relative understanding of numerical magnitude.
Adult-child interactions can support children's development and are established as predictors of program quality in early childhood settings. However, the linguistic components that constitute positive interactions have not yet been studied in detail. This study investigates the effects of hypotheses proposed by adults on children's responses in a dyadic picture-book viewing situation. In 2 experiments, adults’ use of hypotheses (e.g., “Maybe this is a dwarf's door”) was tested against the use of instructive statements (“This is a dwarf's door”) and in combination with open questions (“What do you think, why is the door so small?”). In Experiment 1, hypotheses differed from instructions only by the modal marker “maybe”. Children's responses to hypotheses were longer and contained more self-generated explanations as compared to responses to instructions. The use of hypotheses also seemed to encourage children to attach more importance to their own explanations. In Experiment 2, combining hypotheses with open-ended why questions elicited longer responses but no more self-generated explanations in children than open-ended questions alone. Results indicate that subtle differences in adults’ utterances can directly influence children's reasoning and children's contributions to dialogues.
Virtual Reality (VR) applications play an increasingly important role in the context of mental health. While VR-based therapeutic interventions are increasingly well-established, the application of VR in the field of mental health awareness represents a novel and promising development. We present our mental health awareness VR application “hopohopo”, in which the user takes the perspective of a person suffering from social anxiety. Through the VR journey, the user experiences what it could feel like to suffer from constant fear of being negatively judged by others in everyday social situations. The aim of the application is to allow nonaffected users to expand their knowledge and to raise mental health awareness. In this paper, we report our findings on the potential of this immersive VR application for psychoeducation and destigmatization of social anxiety. In this respect, we provide the scope of our VR application and first results of its ongoing usability and usefulness evaluation process.
Grenzsetzungen kindgerecht
(2022)
Missachtet und abgehängt
(2022)
Obwohl Kinder in besonderer Weise von den Einschränkungen aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie betroffen sind, wurden ihre Rechte in der Krise nur mit großer Verzögerung und sehr unvollständig berücksichtigt. Um die Interessen von Kindern während zukünftiger Krisen nicht erneut zu missachten, ist die Verwirklichung eines Kinderrechtsansatzes auf allen Ebenen notwendig. Besonders wichtig ist dafür die Verankerung der Kinderrechte im Grundgesetz.
Using two phenomena of violence against children and intimate partner violence and based on two case studies, we explore the extent to which social processes of interpreting and negotiating violence contribute to further theorization efforts. The central unifying element is that both forms of violence are enabled and performed in power relations and have long been socially, legally, and politically legitimized. Therefore, our study’s focus is not on violence as a subject but rather on the social negotiation and construction of meanings of actions framed as violent. This perspective is exemplified by two independent case studies and data material that illustrate how such microscopic arguments are developed empirically. The methods used for the two case studies include qualitative analyses of interviews and organizational documents. Hence, we also discuss the researchers’ involvement and challenges in these processes. Based on our analytical findings, we argue for the use of an approach of a subject appropriated theorizing violence rather than a formal theory formation of violence. The procedural analysis of violence revealed its importance in making non-public and socially taboo forms of violence analytically accessible.
Berufsethik
(2022)
Das Lehrbuch rückt eine gender/queer- und diversitygerechte Soziale Arbeit in den Blick. Im Fokus steht die Verbindung von Theorie und Praxis und die Vermittlung von Kenntnissen über und Kompetenzen zu Gender/Queer und Diversity. Intersektionale Verbindungen ermöglichen eine multiperspektivische Herangehensweise. Rechtliche Grundlagen untermauern, warum diese Themenbereiche in der Sozialen Arbeit relevant sind.
Das Buch lädt ein, sich sachlich und kritisch mit diesbezüglichen Theorien und Methoden der Sozialen Arbeit auseinanderzusetzen und diese in der Praxis zu erproben. Über die Soziale Arbeit hinausgehend, bietet es Grundlagen auch für außeruniversitäre Bildungs- und Fortbildungsbereiche.
Modellierungen des Menschen aus Sicht der Rechtswissenschaften sind maßgeblich geprägt von der Bedeutung der unveräußerlichen Würde des Individuums. Daraus leiten sich wiederum Vorstellungen und Leitbilder ab, die die Freiheitsräume der Einzelperson im digitalen Kontext sichern, aber auch auf die gesellschaftliche Ebene hinausreichen und etwa die Mitwirkung in demokratischen Prozessen tangieren. Im „digitalen Alltag“ steht freilich im Zentrum rechtlicher Überlegungen, Transparenz und Rechtsschutz des Verbrauchers zu gewährleisten. Neue, faszinierende Möglichkeiten moderner Technologien verlangen dabei nach kreativen Lösungen im Sinne einer Kultur des Ermöglichens – etwa um digitale Unterstützungsangebote für Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen in transparenter und rechtssicherer Weise umzusetzen.
Digitalisierung der KiTa
(2022)
Dieser Studientext schlüsselt das Thema Digitalisierung für pädagogische Fach-
kräfte auf. Fünf Fragestellungen zur KiTa-Digitalisierung stehen im Mittelpunkt:
1. Wie ist der Stand der digitalen Ausstattung von KiTas?
2. Überwiegen die Chancen oder die Risiken beim pädagogischen Einsatz
digitaler Medien?
3. Welche digitalen Kompetenzen brauchen Kinder in der KiTa?
4. Wie verändert der Einsatz digitaler Beobachtungsinstrumente die pädago-
gische Arbeit?
5. Wie unterstützen Computer-Programme die KiTa-Organisation?
Neben diesen fünf Handlungsfeldern der KiTa-Digitalisierung geht der Text auf
den Wandel der Kindheit durch Digitalisierungsprozesse ein. Am Ende folgt ein
kurzes Kapitel mit Schlussfolgerungen für Forschung und Praxis.
In Kooperation zwischen der Fachhochschule Potsdam und der LAGF wurde eine Elternbefragung im Land Brandenburg durchgeführt, um das subjektive Erleben der pandemiebedingten Einschränkungen von Familien zu erfassen, vorhandene bzw. potentielle gesellschaftliche Ressourcen für den Umgang mit der Corona–Pandemie zu analysieren und bedeutsame Schutzfaktoren für familiäre Bewältigungsleistungen im Umgang mit der Corona–Pandemie herauszustellen.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass es überwiegend die Kompetenzen der Familien selbst waren, die in der herausfordernden Situation der Corona-Pandemie zum Schutzfaktor wurden. Dieser Umstand sollte aber keinesfalls darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass nach wie vor ein großer Handlungsbedarf besteht, Familien nachhaltig zu entlasten und so zu unterstützen, dass sie Kraft schöpfen und ihre Reserven wieder auffüllen können.
In der sozialen Interaktion streben Menschen danach, Dinge zu erleben, die sie schon wissen. So fasst David seine Affektsteuerungstheorie (Affect Control Theory) gerne in einem Satz zusammen. Das Bedürfnis nach Bestätigung sozialen Wissens fasst er als Motor der Interpretation und Ausführung sozialer Handlungen auf.
Mit der zunehmenden Einbindung von digitalen Technologien wird die Jugendarbeit zu einem soziotechnischen System. Die sozialpädagogischen Kenntnisse zur Gestaltung sozialer Interaktionen müssen dafür um das Wissen und Können technischer Komponenten erweitert werden. Dieser Artikel weist darauf hin, dass soziale Systeme durch technische Einflüsse Veränderungsprozessen unterworfen sind und die Erweiterung von professionellen Handlungskompetenzen der Sozialarbeitenden in der Jugendarbeit erfordert.
Mehr als nur Zitiertechniken
(2022)
Digital media are being used more and more frequently by children and for a wide variety of functions. However, there are no studies to date that examine the effect of such use on peer interactions and the occurrence of prosocial behavior in peers. For parents, it has been found that when using digital media only few parents respond responsively to their children’s attempts at interaction and also very rarely, they communicate with them verbally and nonverbally. In the present study, we investigated how playing a game in a digital versus analog form influences interactions (especially prosocial behavior) of peers. We used an experimental situation, where 24 dyads of 4-10-year-old children were examined. Each of the dyads was randomly assigned to a condition where they played either a digital or analog game together. Various interaction parameters and prosocial behavior during and after the game were analyzed. Results show that children in the analog condition communicated verbally with each other more often, responded more often to interaction attempts of their partners and showed less often negative forms of interaction and more often positive forms of interaction than children in the digital condition. However, the type of medium had no influence on prosocial behavior after the game situation. These results suggest that the format of a game (digital vs. analog) has a decisive influence on peer interactions concerning their communication during but not their prosocial behavior after the game situation.
Understanding how individual or group behaviour are influenced by the presence of others is something both social psychology and agent-based social simulation are concerned with. However, there is only limited overlap between these two research communities, which becomes clear when terms such as “variable”, “prediction”, or “model” come into play, and we build on their different meanings. This situation challenges us when working together, since it complicates the uptake of relevant work from each community and thus hampers the potential impact that we could have when joining forces.
The present study investigated whether 7-month-old infants attribute directionality to an object after having observed it engage in agentive behavior and whether they maintain this attribution even when the agent is presented statically. Infants were familiarized with an object displaying either agentive behavioral cues (self-propelled, context-sensitive movement) or non-agentive motion (the same movement pattern caused by external factors). In a subsequent spatial-cueing procedure, the agent was displayed statically at the center of the screen. Gaze latencies were assessed for targets appearing at a location congruent or incongruent with the position of the agent’s formerly leading end. Only infants that had observed the object move in an agentive manner showed shorter gaze latencies for congruent compared to incongruent targets, suggesting facilitation of attention toward a location congruent with the agent’s prior action direction. Results provide evidence that infants attribute directionality to novel agents based on behavioral agency cues, that this directional representation is maintained even when the agent is stationary, and that it guides infants’ covert attention.