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Carrying Computerization
(2018)
Durch und über Computer
(2019)
Einleitung : Interface
(2021)
From shock to shift
(2023)
We present a multi-dimensional, multi-level, and multi-channel approach to data visualization for the purpose of constructive climate journalism. Data visualization has assumed a central role in environmental journalism and is often used in data stories to convey the dramatic consequences of climate change and other ecological crises. However, the emphasis on the catastrophic impacts of climate change tends to induce feelings of fear, anxiety, and apathy in readers. Climate mitigation, adaptation, and protection—all highly urgent in the face of the climate crisis—are at risk of being overlooked. These topics are more difficult to communicate as they are hard to convey on varying levels of locality, involve multiple interconnected sectors, and need to be mediated across various channels from the printed newspaper to social media platforms. So far, there has been little research on data visualization to enhance affective engagement with data about climate protection as part of solution-oriented reporting of climate change. With this research we characterize the unique challenges of constructive climate journalism for data visualization and share findings from a research and design study in collaboration with a national newspaper in Germany. Using the affordances and aesthetics of travel postcards, we present Klimakarten, a data journalism project on the progress of climate protection at multiple spatial scales (from national to local), across five key sectors (agriculture, buildings, energy, mobility, and waste), and for print and online use. The findings from quantitative and qualitative analysis of reader feedback confirm our overall approach and suggest implications for future work.
Tracing and Telling
(2023)
Cultural collections have transcended the boundaries of physical showcases and storage cabinets, evolving into intricate digital webs of interconnected data. The research project Restaging Fashion aimed to expand the possibilities for experiencing the linkages in digitized cultural heritage, focusing on the visualization of collection holdings related to the history of garments. Through graph-based narratives, the project investigated the complex interplay between the linear – and at times tentative – art historical discourses and the non-linear explorations of associated cultural heritage data. The resulting visualizations have been designed with the aim to allow for curated and dynamic exploration of the collection along research essays and their interrelated graphs.
Narrelations
(2019)
We present findings from interdisciplinary research at the intersection between literary studies, information visualization, and interface design. Despite a growing interest in text visualization among literary scholars, so far, narrative visualizations are not designed to support the particular tasks involved in narratological analysis and often fail to reveal nuanced narratological features. One major outcome of our iterative research and design process is Narrelations, a novel visualization technique specifically suited for analyzing and interpreting narrative levels of a story and temporal aspects of its narrative representation. The visualization provides an overview of the nesting and distribution of narrative levels, integrates the representation of temporal phenomena, and facilitates the examination of correlations between these aspects. With this research we explore how collaboratively designed visual encodings and interaction techniques may allow for an insightful analysis at a high level coupled with a close inspection of text passages. We discuss prior work relevant to our research objectives and explain the specific characteristics of narrative levels and temporal aspects of narrative representation. After describing the research process and design principles, we apply the visualization on a test corpus of eight annotated German short stories and demonstrate its heuristic value for literary analyses and interpretations. In particular, we explore the intricate connections between the literary content of the novellas and their narrative form.
The Fold
(2020)
We propose the philosophical notion of the fold as an evocative vocabulary for the design and critique of interactive data visualizations. An expanding range of application areas, such as digital art history and literary studies, illustrates the potential of data visualization for research and education in the humanities. Coinciding with the increasing currency of data as evidence in the humanities, this research addresses a growing interest in data visualization for visual analysis and argumentation. For example, cultural collection visualizations promise a range of possibilities for visual and interactive representations of digital cultural heritage, used both for free exploration and focused research. Based on the concept of the fold, prominently advanced by Gilles Deleuze, this paper outlines a critical framework that draws attention towards the complexity of the underlying data. The fold offers a way to analyze and conceptualize visualizations through the lens of three integrated operations: explication, implication, and complication. It is an opportunity to think of interactive visualizations as portals into coherent, elastic, and ultimately infinite information spaces. Accordingly, it rejects the separation between interactivity and visual encoding and draws attention to the transitions between multiple states of a visualization. We identify design patterns of the fold in data visualizations, devise a framework for the critical interpretation of interactivity in data visualization, and demonstrate the implications for the digital humanities.
Graph Technologies for the Analysis of Historical Social Networks Using Heterogeneous Data Sources
(2020)
Over the last decades, cultural heritage institutions have provided extensive machine-readable data, such as bibliographic and archival metadata, full-text collections, and authority records containing multitudes of implicit and explicit statements about the social relations between various types of entities. In this paper, we discuss how approaches to the creation and operation of advanced research infrastructure for historical network analysis (HNA) based on heterogeneous data sources from cultural heritage institutions can be examined and evaluated. Based on our interdisciplinary research, we describe challenges and strategies with a special focus on the issue of data processing, sketch out the advantages of human-centered project design in the form of a preliminary co-design workshop, and present an iterative approach to data visualization.
SoNAR (IDH)
(2020)
A Contemporary Nolli Map
(2023)
More than 250 years ago, Giovanni Battista Nolli, an Italian architect, engineer and cartographer, was concerned with how and where space is or is not publicly accessible. In his map 'La nuova topografia di Roma Comasco', he mapped publicly accessible interior and exterior spaces of Rome with an impressively high level of detail as a figure-ground map. Since Nolli’s time, both the character and diversity of public spaces as well as cartographic technology have changed. This research project aims to adapt some ideas behind Nolli’s map for today’s circumstances on the basis of open data, and seeks to develop methods for processing volunteered geographical information from OpenStreetMap (OSM) to identify, categorize, and map public spaces based on thematic and geometric information.
Developing the next generation of cartographers is essential to sustaining and expanding the mission of the International Cartographic Association. Students and early-career professionals today learn cartographic design alongside a diverse array of conceptual and technical competencies, such as data science, human-computer interaction, information visualization, and machine learning. Accordingly, the next generation of cartographers often are working at the forefront of the discipline, actively reshaping what cartography is and can be.
Unfolding Edges
(2023)
Existing work on visualizing multivariate graphs is primarily concerned with representing the attributes of nodes. Even though edges are the constitutive elements of networks, there have been only few attempts to visualize attributes of edges. In this work, we focus on the critical importance of edge attributes for interpreting network visualizations and building trust in the underlying data. We propose 'unfolding of edges' as an interactive approach to integrate multivariate edge attributes dynamically into existing node-link diagrams. Unfolding edges is an in-situ approach that gradually transforms basic links into detailed representations of the associated edge attributes. This approach extends focus+context, semantic zoom, and animated transitions for network visualizations to accommodate edge details on-demand without cluttering the overall graph layout. We explore the design space for the unfolding of edges, which covers aspects of making space for the unfolding, of actually representing the edge context, and of navigating between edges. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we present two case studies in the context of historical network analysis and computational social science. For these, web-based prototypes were implemented based on which we conducted interviews with domain experts. The experts' feedback suggests that the proposed unfolding of edges is a useful tool for exploring rich edge information of multivariate graphs.
Was sehe ich? Visualisierungsstrategien für Datentransparenz in der Historischen Netzwerkanalyse
(2022)
Die Historische Netzwerkanalyse (HNA) hat sich zu einem etablierten Forschungsfeld entwickelt. Zu ihren wichtigsten methodischen Herausforderungen gehört die Suggestionskraft von Visualisierungen. Die Transparenz bezüglich der Datenquellen ist daher für die HNA sowohl bei selbst erhobenen als auch bei sekundär genutzten Daten Voraussetzung, will sie geisteswissenschaftlichen Kriterien der Nachprüfbarkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit von Interpretationen erfüllen. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt und diskutiert – aufbauend auf einem iterativen und durch Workshops sowie einer Nutzer*innenstudie begleiteten Forschungsprozess – vier Designziele zur Verwirklichung einer solchen Transparenz: 1) Aufnahme und Kommunikation von Datenprovenienzen, 2) Dokumentation vorausgegangener Prozesse, 3) Offenhaltung der Interpretierbarkeit der Daten und 4) Unterstützung von Folgeforschung. Anschließend werden beispielhafte Umsetzungsstrategien in Form von Prototypen präsentiert.
Over the last few years, data visualization, especially the visualization of spatial data, has become of ever-increasing importance in modern online journalism. While there is a broad range of research projects that focus on developing new methods, techniques, and implementations, empirical analysis of the potential implications of this trend is still rare. In this paper, the potential influence of visualizations in online journalism is in the focus: perceived credibility. The need for such empirical research is emphasized by presenting a preliminary quantitative study that assesses the impact of maps and information visualization on the perceived credibility of online news articles.
Die Falte
(2020)
This contribution explores the instructive tensions between art-historical research and semantic data modeling. While the potential of LOD-applications is obvious in terms of standardization and precision some aspects of research may not be formally represented. Therefore we propose to bridge LOD and full text descriptions through information visualization.
To Classify is to Interpret
(2023)
Taxonomy building is a task that requires interpreting and classifying data within a given frame of reference, which comes to play in many areas of application that deal with knowledge and information organization. In this paper, we explore how taxonomy building can be supported with systems that integrate machine learning (ML). However, relying only on black-boxed ML-based systems to automate taxonomy building would sideline the users’ expertise. We propose an approach that allows the user to iteratively take into account multiple model’s outputs as part of their sensemaking process. We implemented our approach in two real-world use cases. The work is positioned in the context of HCI research that investigates the design of ML-based systems with an emphasis on enabling human-AI collaboration.
This paper presents Emosaic, a tool for visualizing the emotional tone of text documents, considering multiple dimensions of emotion and varying levels of semantic granularity. Emosaic is grounded in psychological research on the relationship between language, affect, and color perception. We capitalize on an established three-dimensional model of human emotion: valence (good, nice vs. bad, awful), arousal (calm, passive vs. exciting, active) and dominance (weak, controlled vs. strong, in control). Previously, multi-dimensional models of emotion have been used rarely in visualizations of textual data, due to the perceptual challenges involved. Furthermore, until recently most text visualizations remained at a high level, precluding closer engagement with the deep semantic content of the text. Informed by empirical studies, we introduce a color mapping that translates any point in three-dimensional affective space into a unique color. Emosaic uses affective dictionaries of words annotated with the three emotional parameters of the valence-arousal-dominance model to extract emotional meanings from texts and then assigns to them corresponding color parameters of the hue-saturation-brightness color space. This approach of mapping emotion to color is aimed at helping readers to more easily grasp the emotional tone of the text. Several features of Emosaic allow readers to interactively explore the affective content of the text in more detail; e.g., in aggregated form as histograms, in sequential form following the order of text, and in detail embedded into the text display itself. Interaction techniques have been included to allow for filtering and navigating of text and visualizations.
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed anxiety disorders and a health concern that has a significant impact on the affected individuals’ quality of life. Although there is a need to develop methods and tools to support those affected by SAD, it is especially challenging to conduct participatory design with this psychologically vulnerable group of people. This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a participatory format built on a toolkit, a cultural probe and an online prototyping workshop to gain insights into the challenges and needs experienced in the everyday lives of those affected by severe social anxiety. We provide the theoretical framework for designing a participatory format for this vulnerable group, introduce and discuss our methodological approach, and present the lessons learned from implementing and evaluating the format in two workshop sessions with a total of 15 participants.
Journalism has become more data-driven and inherently visual in recent years. Photographs, illustrations, infographics, data visualizations, and general images help convey complex topics to a wide audience. The way that visual artifacts influence how readers form an opinion beyond the text is an important issue to research, but there are few works about this topic. In this context, we research the persuasive, emotional and memorable dimensions of data visualizations and illustrations in journalistic storytelling for long-form articles. We conducted a user study and compared the effects which data visualizations and illustrations have on changing attitude towards a presented topic. While visual representations are usually studied along one dimension, in this experimental study, we explore the effects on readers' attitudes along three: persuasion, emotion, and information retention. By comparing different versions of the same article, we observe how attitudes differ based on the visual stimuli present, and how they are perceived when combined. Results indicate that the narrative using only data visualization elicits a stronger emotional impact than illustration-only visual support, as well as a significant change in the initial attitude about the topic. Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature on how visual artifacts may be used to inform and influence public opinion and debate. We present ideas for future work to generalize the results beyond the domain studied, the water crisis.
Transdisciplinary research processes often involve the integration of knowledge and stakeholders from various backgrounds. Here, we introduce the story of the research project AMA (A Mindset for the Anthropocene) on the role of mindsets in the context of sustainability and present an interactive visualization tool that we developed for stakeholder mapping and research communication. Through this platform, we provide access and navigation to everyone interested in this field of research and we have simultaneously created a channel for all stakeholders to co-create content. Here, we describe the design and functionalities of the platform and the participatory way it was developed as part of our stakeholder engagement. We discuss upon how such a design allows for reflection of potential biases in transdisciplinary research processes and simultaneously catalyzing self-organization in stakeholder networks.
As part of the research project Open Data Cloud Services (ODCS), we have been trying to overcome some of the limitations introduced through the heterogeneity of spatial open government data (sOGD). In this paper we describe some of the challenges of sODG and one of the tools we built to spatially organize heterogenous sOGD, to make it easier for users to find data and automatically integrate it into existing data structures and in the future allow for cross-dataset spatial analysis.
Nachtalb
(2022)
Nachtalb is an immersive interface that enables brain-to-brain interaction using multisensory feedback. With the help of the g.tec Unicorn Hybrid Black brain-computer-interface (BCI), brain-activity-data is measured and translated visually with the Oculus Quest 2, tactilely with the bHaptics TactSuit and auditorily with 3D Sound. This intends to create a feedback loop that turns brain activity from data-input into sensory output which directly influences the brain activity data-input again.
In Case You Don’t Know What To Play is a framework for designing a Virtual Reality application that uses spatial distortion to influence the user’s visual perception and ultimately shall manipulate their sense of time. Spatial orientation allows us to judge distances regarding their temporal component. In particular, in self-motion we can estimate the duration it takes to cover a given distance, since time and spatial perception are connected. This connection can be broken with the help of Virtual Reality technology and a perceptual conflict can be created.
Surprise Machines is a project of experimental museology that sets out to visualize the entire image collection of the Harvard Art Museums, with a view to opening up unexpected vistas on more than 200,000 objects usually inaccessible to visitors. The project is part of the exhibition organized by metaLAB (at) Harvard entitled Curatorial A(i)gents and explores the limits of artificial intelligence to display a large set of images and create surprise among visitors. To achieve this feeling of surprise, a choreographic interface was designed to connect the audience’s movement with several unique views of the collection.
Algorithmen & Zeichen
(2021)
Über sechs Jahrzehnte hat sich Frieder Nake im Spannungsfeld von Informatik, Semiotik, Kunst und Kulturtheorie mit der Gegenwart des Computers auseinandergesetzt: in Sprache und Code, mit Texten und Bildern, die in diesem Band zum ersten Mal exemplarisch gebündelt werden. Damit liegt allerdings nicht nur ein lange vermisster Rückblick auf Nakes öffnende Ansätze, provozierende Debattenbeiträge und radikale künstlerische Konsequenzen vor. Zugleich demonstriert »Algorithmen & Zeichen«, wie aktuell die hier versammelten und mit Einleitungen der Herausgeber*innen versehenen Arbeiten sind. Für die gegenwärtigen Prozesse der Digitalisierung stellen sich hier grundsätzliche Fragen und zeigen sich überraschende Anschlüsse zu laufenden Debatten.
Information management and content governance in large corporations is an ongoing challenge. As a case study, we present the adaptation of the elastic lists facet browser for browsing and analysing large resource collections in an intranet of a large telecommunication corporation. The application allows users to explore resource aggregations over multiple classification schemata in parallel, enabling not only personalized information access, but also improved understanding of content distributions, as well as trend analysis and target tracking. We further present empirical usability results of a first prototype from questionnaires and eye tracking studies.
We present findings from design research on disclosure at the intersection of data visualization, digital storytelling, and feminism. While there is an increased awareness of power structures in data science, computing, and design, there is little design research to confront these. This work explores the potential of disclosing context information of data stories, i.e., digital storytelling formats utilizing data visualizations, to enable critical-feminist readings of and reflections on these stories. Drawing from a growing body of feminist scholarship in human-computer interaction, data science, and beyond, we identify key aspects and forms of disclosure for embedding them into visual data story interfaces. We devise and validate these aspects and forms within a case study: a Web-based scrollytelling article explaining the feminist concept of intersectionality using a combination of animated illustration, data visualization, and text. With this work, we demonstrate and discuss the potentials and pitfalls of disclosure practices in data storytelling.
Heattile, a new method for heatmap implementations for mobile web-based cartographic applications
(2014)
Mobile handheld computing devices are becoming a more important part of our digital infrastructure. Web-based map services and visualisations for spatial data are being optimised for use on these new mobile devices. Despite the fast development of mobile devices, compared to laptop and desktop computers they remain slower in terms of processing power and have limited memory capacity. Bandwidth in most areas is still limited, regardless of the fast expansion of high-speed internet for mobile devices. To overcome these two limitations an improvement in existing spatial data visualisations is necessary. This chapter compares existing methods and presents a new approach to generating and delivering web-based heat map visualisations for spatial data that is optimised for mobile devices.
Computerbasierte Rezeption
(2022)
Die neuen, genauer: computerbasierten Formen der Filmrezeption nimmt dieser Beitrag zum Anlass, sowohl die damit adressierten als auch die damit distanzierten Rezeptionsbedingungen in den Blick zu nehmen. Die Verbindung von Film und New Media führt dabei einerseits zur historisch bedeutenden Etablierung der DVD und andererseits zu damit verbundenen Fragen und Mythen von (Inter-)Aktivität, Passivität, Flexibilität und Neuheit. Der wortwörtliche Umgang mit Film, der auf der Basis des Computers durch Medien wie DVD und Blu-ray Disc sowie durch Online-Angebote und Second Screen Apps möglich und herausgefordert wird, modifiziert zwei grundsätzliche Aspekte des Verhältnisses von Film und Gesellschaft: die Aktivität des Publikums und die Anti-Originalität des Films.
Scholz, da Costa Oliveira und Dörk widmen sich in ihrem Beitrag Erfahrungen mit digitalen Werkzeugen im Kontext ethnologischer Sammlungen sowie den Herausforderungen, die sich bei der Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Wissenspraktiken in der Zusammenarbeit mit Heritage Communities stellen. Ausgehend von dem Projekt Sharing Knowledge (2014-2020), das im Ethnologischen Museum (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/ Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz) stattfand, wird argumentiert, dass die Trägheit von Infrastrukturen und die Erforschung ihrer Funktionsweise - d.h. die Entschlüsselung der Meistererzählungen und Ausschlussmechanismen hinter musealen Wissenspraktiken - entscheidende Schlüssel darstellen zur Entwicklung von Werkzeugen und Taktiken, um eben diese Trägheit zu umgehen und zu untergraben. Während der erste Teil des Papiers dem Beispielprojekt kritische Aufmerksamkeit schenkt, schlägt der zweite Teil neue Methoden vor, um Infrastrukturen zu entwickeln, die Relationalität und Pluralität zulassen.
Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Herausforderungen eine Anforderungsanalyse im hoch technologischen Umfeld der IT-Security durchzuführen, bei dem keine der üblichen ethnografischen Methoden wie teilnehmende Beobachtung u.a. möglich waren. Im Umfeld von IT-Sicherheitsexperten besteht grundsätzlich Skepsis bzgl. möglicher Datenerfassungen, die Sicherheitsbelange des eigenen IT-Sicherheits-Betriebes (ITS) betreffen. Diese muss vor allem in der Anforderungsanalyse beachtet werden. Welche Methode könnte hierbei also zum Einsatz kommen? Im Rahmen des Beitrages möchten wir unser Vorgehen und die gewonnen Erkenntnisse im Rahmen eines ZIM-Koop-Projektes des BMWi vorstellen und anhand eines Frameworks inkl. der Sample-Visualisierung der gewonnenen Daten zur Experience-Sample-Methode erläutern.
„Da haste den Salat“
(2015)
Allein in Deutschland landen jedes Jahr 11 Millionen Tonnen Lebensmittel auf dem Müll, obwohl sie noch zum Verzehr geeignet wären: allein 61% davon aus privaten Haushalten. Gleichzeitig wächst durch die voranschreitende Urbanisierung der Wunsch nach mehr sozialer Vernetzung. Was können wir gegen diese Entwicklung tun? Wie bringt man Menschen dazu, bewusster mit Nahrungsmitteln umzugehen und welche Rolle können soziale Netzwerke dabei spielen? Im Dialog mit Nutzern entstand mittels Personas und Szenarien „neighborSWAP“: Eine App als lokales Einkaufsnetzwerk. Sie ermöglicht kollaboratives Einkaufen und das Teilen übriggebliebener Mahlzeiten, ungenutzter Lebensmittel oder selbst angebauter Waren über eine Sharing-Funktion. Gleichzeitig inspiriert sie den Nutzer zu einer abwechslungsreichen und bewussten Ernährung.
Jan Distelmeyer widmet sich in diesem Beitrag der Frage, was für eine Art von Autonomie beim autonomen Fahren angestrebt und realisiert wird. Am Beispiel der Marke Tesla zeigt er, dass Vorstellungen einer Selbständigkeit und Unabhängigkeit von menschlicher Aktivität in die Irre führen. Stattdessen ist die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Technik hier durch eine besondere, zunächst verdoppelte und letztlich zirkuläre Form von Kontrolle und Evaluation geprägt: durch eine (Wunsch-)Konstellation spezieller Feedback-Schleifen, die Kontrolle durch menschliche Akteure und Kontrolle durch computerisierte Technik anhaltend verknüpft. Dieses Verhältnis lässt sich als programmatischer Kreislauf von Kontrolle beschreiben. Er wird durch das Ineinandergreifen diverser Ebenen von Interfaces möglich, von denen das zentrale Dashboard-Display des Wagens nur die offensichtlichste und - als Touchscreen - betont brauchbare Interface-Schicht darstellt.
Der Beitrag widmet sich der im Verhältnis von Spiel und Computer so besonderen Rolle von Regeln und der Frage, wie mit ihnen umgegangen werden kann. Das „Casual Game“ ANGRY BIRDS wird hier zum Beispiel und Anlass, grundsätzlich über Games als Funktionen des Computers sowie über Algorithmen und Programmierung nachzudenken.
Vor dem Hintergrund der laufenden Computerisierung – der Verbreitung, Diversifizierung, Vernetzung und zunehmenden Unsichtbarkeit von Computertechnologie – zeichnen sich Computerspiele durch eine herausfordernde Offensivität aus. Games konfrontieren, um einzubeziehen. Während im Hinblick auf „Ubiquitous Computing“ diskutiert wird, wie die ehedem deutlich erkennbare Technologie zunehmend unmerklich in unsere Lebenswelt integriert wird, streben Computerspiele eine geradezu gegensätzliche Bewegung an. Sie müssen sich und ihre Spielmöglichkeiten zeigen, damit jene Form von Spielen omnipräsent werden kann. So geben sie zugleich Anlass und Mittel, sich mit der wirkenden Präsenz von Computern auseinanderzusetzen. In diesem Sinne nimmt der Aufsatz die populäre „Casual Game“-Reihe „Angry Birds“ zum Anlass, um über Games als Funktionen des Computers, über Algorithmen und über Programmierbarkeit nachzudenken.
We see more cartographic products in our digital world than ever before. But what role does cartography play in the modern production of cartographic products? In this position paper, we will argue that the democratization and diffusion of cartographic production has also led to the presumed “fading relevance” of cartography. As an argument against this notion, we highlight starting points for the field of cartography to improve modern cartographic production through its inherent cartographic knowledge.
In this paper we present a general definition of the concept ’intuitive use of user interfaces’ on the basis of our current interdisciplinary work. ’Intuitive use’ is regarded as a characteristic of human-machine systems. It refers to a special kind of interaction process between users and technical systems that use the users’ intuition. The main part of the paper deals with central aspects of this definition in detail and discusses pre-conditions and restrictions of the use of the concept. The main aspects that we discuss are the design of technical systems, application and non-conscious use of previous knowledge, intuition as a non-conscious process, interaction, and effectiveness. We complement this discussion by addressing the relationship between aesthetics and intuitive use.
SocialButton
(2007)
We are exploring the use of small displays as an instrument to enhance social communication. Our focus is on encouraging communication between strangers by revealing the existence of common friends. In the following we present the concept of the SocialButton, a wearable mobile device which displays aspects of friend-of-a-friend networks. A group study has provided us with an initial understanding regarding the potential of the SocialButton to influence our social environment.
In this paper, we investigate possibilities and limitations of temperature change as a method for information display in mobile applications. While some widespread and well-recognized haptic displays such as force-feedback often trigger the user's immediate attention, we will focus on ambient strategies for tactile information display, that is, the display of gradual state changes in the user's periphery that do not unexpectedly interrupt her current tasks, but builds on the mind's ability for subliminal perception of environmental change instead [1, 2].
To this end, we present a series of prototypes of mobile devices that display ambient information by means of thermal change based on the thermo-electric effect [3]. In order to assess the expedience and feasibility of such a display, a series of user tests have been conducted with respect to both, the ability for thermal change recognition and a concrete application scenario for such a display.
Articulated paint
(2007)
In this paper we present the concept and prototype of a new musical interface that utilizes the close relationship between gestural expression in the act of painting and that of playing a musical instrument in order to provide non-musicians the opportunity to create musical expression. A physical brush on a canvas acts as the instrument. The characteristics of its stroke are intuitively mapped to a conductor program, defining expressive parameters of the tone in real-time. Two different interaction modes highlight the importance of bodily expression in making music as well as the value of a metaphorical visual representation.
Today numerous telecommunication services are implemented and brought to users. Common for these services is that their interfaces differ tremendously. As a consequence users have to learn the usage of each interface. Amorelation provides the new approach of meshed interaction design patterns (MIDP) that enable service usage in a consistent way for arbitrary telecommunication services. These patterns enable the design of complex interfaces for a variety of interfaces in a convenient and similar manner. With other words, through MIDP receives the user an unified user experience for a variety of applications. A novelty of this approach is the linkage between the modeling of patterns and interface design, which is achieved by a hierarchical structuring of the patterns. The MIDP approach is applied to a Mobile Messaging Service. This application is evaluated with and without MIDP by well-known usability measures like efficiency and ease-to-use.
United-pulse
(2008)
This paper introduces a device that creates remote intimacy by the use of two rings named "united-pulse". Each ring can measure the wearer's heartbeat and send it to the partner's ring. Hereby, artificial corporeality is created between the couple. By means of a working prototype, united-pulse has been successfully tested. Among the 28 participants the prototype has attracted large interest. Through the heartbeat - the essential vital sign - a feeling of being very close to the partner is provided. Touching the ring allows a small moment of intimacy in situations where emotional support is needed.
In this paper we present a device to support the communication of couples in long-distance relationships. While a synchronous exchange of factual information over distance is supported by telephone, e-mail and chat-systems, the transmission of nonverbal aspects of communication is still unsatisfactory. Videocalls let us see the partners' facial expression in real time. However, to experience a more intimate conversation physical closeness is needed. Stroking while holding hands is a special and emotional gesture for couples. Hence, we developed a device that enables couples to exchange the physical gesture of stroking regardless of distance and location. The device allows both sending and receiving. A user test supported our concept and provided new insights for future development.
{hi}stories
(2008)
With more and more digital information being produced by individuals every day, we will soon be able to use it to understand the past. Based on this premise this paper presents {Hi}Stories, a system to support the creation and access of user generated contents as historical evidences. In {Hi}Stories users aggregate contents from Internet and are invited to contribute their own material. It combines a number of research themes: collaborative information structuring, combination of contents from online services, and visualization and browsing of structured information collections.
Spoken Words
(2008)
Writing is a predominantly visual task. In the following, we describe a system that adds a new modality to computer-supported text editing: Listening with closed eyes.
We present a prototype, for which we combined a text-to-speech software, Microsoft Word and a face tracking system. It reads out the current sentence in Microsoft Word as soon as the user closes both eyes.
In this paper we discuss further details of the concept and its background, describe the implementation of the prototype and disclose first user testing results, before we conclude our findings with an outlook on future research.
Perspective change
(2008)
This project explores the change of on-screen views through single-sided eye closure. A prototype was developed, three different applications are presented: Activating a sniper scope in a 3D shooter game, zooming out into a overview perspective over a web page, and filtering out icons on a cluttered desktop. Initial user testing results are presented.
With relational perspectives, we examine the potential of traversing cultural collections along the richness of individual facets and relations through the process of developing an exploration-centered visualization. Cultural collections can contain thousands of artifacts, of which each typically possesses a diverse set of properties and individual facets constituting a unique relationship to the rest of the collection. Therefore, to create an appropriate representation of the complex data of each underlying artifact, oftentimes, it is not only interesting to get an overview of the entire collection from one perspective, but to explore the specific context of an artifact and the various relations it may have to other items. To investigate the potential of relational perspectives, we selected an art collection as a particularly promising case study. By following and reporting from a collaborative and iterative design process with an art museum, we developed a web interface that contrasts a collection overview with three situated visualizations each exposing a different kind of relational perspective on the art collection from an artifact.
Fritzing
(2009)
Today a growing community of DIY-practitioners, artists and designers are using microcontroller-based toolkits to express their concepts for digital artifacts by building them. However, as these prototypes are generally constructed using solder-free technologies, they are often fragile and unreliable. This means a huge burden of care and upkeep for these inventions when they are either exhibited or sold.
We present a software application called Fritzing which allows artists, designers and DIY-tinkerers to prepare their hardware inventions for production. Through an interface metaphor based on the typical workflow of the target group, Fritzing has proven its ability to provide useful support in the steps following the invention of an interactive artifact.
Fritzing serves also as a tool for documenting these interactive artifacts. As sharing of knowledge has been a driving force within this new DIY-movement, there is a need for a consistent and readable form of documentation which Fritzing can provide.
Fritzing has also proven to be a useful tool in teaching electronics to people without an engineering background.
Stick, Click n' Call
(2009)
This paper describes a new interaction concept, which is based on customizable self-adhesive stickers with an integrated button, manufacturable at low cost. By pressing the button, users can execute specialized functionalities on their mobile phones, e.g. dialing phone numbers or accessing URLs. We present three usage scenarios and a proof-of-concept prototype.
Living interfaces
(2009)
In this paper, we present a novel type of persuasive home appliance: A thrifty water faucet. Through a servo motor construction, it is enabled to move and behave in life-like manners and to step into dialogue with the user. For example about water consumption or hygiene. We sought to research the reactions of users to such an appliance, alongside possible implications for the design of future human-machine interfaces.
This project is part of a larger series of experiments in the Living Interfaces project, exploring ways in which reduced and abstract life-like movements can be beneficial for Human-Machine Interaction.
The digital hourglass
(2009)
This paper presents the Digital Hourglass, an alarm clock that focuses on the amount of sleep, rather than wake-up times. It follows a simple approach, lighting one LED for each hour of sleep, and physically resembles the interaction with a conventional hourglass: Tilting the hourglass moves 'time' between its chambers, placing it in an upright position activates it, turning it by 180° snoozes it and placing it horizontally on a surface turns it off.
Living interfaces
(2009)
In this paper we introduce a new way to interact intimately with an automated system. The Intimate Door Lock investigates the psychological effects of intimate humanhuman interaction being applied to man-machine interfaces. The door lock, in our prototype, is installed at the inside of a domestic front door, and remains locked until given a kiss by its owner. In our prototype, the element to be kissed is a camera-augmented mirror, which we intended to use as a means of lowering the inhibition level. This work is part of a larger series of experiments in the Living Interfaces project, exploring ways in which reduced life-like movements can be beneficial for Human-Machine Interaction.
Living interfaces
(2009)
This paper introduces the Impatient Toaster, a kitchen appliance designed to motivate its owners to eat more often and in regular intervals: After not using it for a while, it signalizes hunger through nervous movements. This project sought to explore life-like behaviour as a means of increasing user's sympathy for everyday objects. We present a prototype that was informally tested with six participants in a situated user test. The results indicate that sympathy and perceived cuteness can arise from life-like movements that, as we propose, represent an object's will of its own. This work is part of a larger series of experiments in the Living Interfaces project, exploring ways in which reduced life-like movements can be beneficial for Human-Machine Interaction.
Human-computer cooperation
(2009)
Whether it be DVD-players, automatic ticket machines, cell phones, PDAs, machines, computers or even airplane cockpits, an increasing number of products at home and at work have a user interface, in other words a place where humans and machines meet. Direct contact with interactive technology was previously limited to the workplace. Now, there is hardly a social group that does not come into contact directly or indirectly with computer or information systems. However, the continuous increase in the performance and functionality of information and communication systems has resulted in rising complexity in controlling such systems. The practicality of user interfaces has become more and more a key criterion for acceptance and success in the market.
Today, digital learning resources in architecture are spread over a growing number of repositories world-wide. Students of architecture face increasing problems finding and being aware of appropriate learning resources they need within their collaborative and/or exploratory learning scenarios. The Metadata for Architectural Contents in Europe (MACE) system addresses these issues by intelligently aggregating and linking information about learning resources from various repositories. We show how, by establishing explicit relations between the learning resources and by adding community features, students are supported in their learning activities. First experiments indicate that the chosen approach improves the results students can achieve in their studies.
Recording inner life
(2010)
"Recording Inner Life" is the title of my master's thesis. It is a system to express the "inner life" (feelings, affects, and emotions) and record them on a long-term basis into a computational system. In contrast to a lot of the research in the field of affective computing this project is not dedicated to enable machines to detect human emotions but to allow an adequate input for emotions. It presents "MyInnerLife", a physical input device to express and record emotions non-verbally.
This studio will give participants a hands-on introduction to Fritzing, a free software tool for advancing electronic prototyping for researchers and practitioners of tangible, interactive electronics. Participants will bring one of their hand-wired prototypes (or a concrete concept) and in several steps learn to document it properly, share it with the community, and turn it into a professional printed circuit board.
Valeo
(2010)
In current healthcare research, pain logs are an important means to measure the impact of medication and to detect pain patterns. However, the entry of textual pain data may be negatively reinforcing, due to its character of direct confrontation with one's pain, potentially leading to a higher pain awareness. This paper introduces valeo, a new form of a tactile pain log, which is based on a vibrotactile, pressure- and tilt-sensitive device. Future iterations will also include body part recognition. By squeezing it close to one's own body, the subjective intensity of a local pain is manifested in the device. Via a shove gesture, it is then transmitted to a docking station. Advantageously, the pain data is covert and conceptually alienated from the patient's body, which may support a possible relief. A proof-of-concept prototype and a user study indicate that our concept is perceived as convenient and reduces negative conditioning.
In this paper, we investigate the components of a Research 2.0 infrastructure. We propose building blocks and their concrete implementation to leverage Research 2.0 practice and technologies in our field, including a publication feed format for exchanging publication data, a RESTful API to retrieve publication and Web 2.0 data, and a publisher suit for refining and aggregating data. We illustrate the use of this infrastructure with Research 2.0 application examples ranging from a Mash-Up environment, a mobile and multitouch application, thereby demonstrating the strength of this infrastructure.
Muse
(2010)
This paper introduces Muse, an interactive visualization of publications to explore the collaborations between institutions. For this, the data on co-authorship is utilized, as these signify an existing level of collaboration. The affiliations of authors are geo-located, resulting in relations not only among institutions, but also between regions and countries. We explain our ideas behind the visualization and the interactions, and briefly describe the data processing and the implementation of the working prototype. The prototype focuses on a visualization for large tabletop displays, enabling multiple users to explore their personal networks, as well as emerging patterns in shared networks within a collaborative public setting. For the prototype we used the publication data of the EC-TEL conference.
Venice unfolding
(2010)
We introduce Venice Unfolding, a case study on tangible geo-visualization on an interactive tabletop to enable the exploration of architectural projects in Venice. Our tangible user interface consists of a large display showing projects on a map, and a polyhedral object to browse these data interactively by selecting and filtering various metadata facets. In this paper we describe a prototype employing new methods to communicate territorial data in visual and tangible ways. The object reduces the barrier between the physical world and virtual data, and eases the understanding of faceted geographical data, enabling urban planners and citizens alike to participate in the discovery and analysis of information referring to the physical world.
This paper presents Muse, a visualization of institutional co-authorship of publications. The objective is to create an interactive visualization, which enables users to visually analyze collaboration between institutions based on publications. The easy to use multitouch interaction, and the size of the interactive surface invite users to explore the visualization in semi-public spaces.
Mobile learning activities of commuters have widely been neglected. The paper reports on the adaption of a grounded innovation approach involving a futures workshop for interaction design and ideation based on ethnographic insights in the field of mobile learning. Current obstacles and utopian futures of mobiles learning lay the grounds for envisioning new systems to support mobile learning for public transport. A system to enhance comfort zones for mobile learners is being specified and illustrated. It proposes a gesture-based handling of tablet computers in order create an adaptable and comfortable personal learning environment with individually adaptable and familiar modules. An iDesk prototype preserving a personal comfort zone for mobile learners is presented. The system intends to support formal and informal learning in mobile times.
This paper presents a tabletop visualization of relations between geo-positioned locations. We developed an interactive visualization, which enables users to visually explore a geospatial network of actors. The multitouch tabletop, and the large size of the interactive surface invite users to explore the visualization in semi-public spaces.
For a case study on scientific collaborations between institutions, we applied and improved several existing techniques for a walk-up-and-use system aimed at scientists for a social setting at a conference. We describe our iterative design approach, our two implemented prototypes, and the lessons learnt from their creation. We conducted user evaluation studies at the two on-location demonstrations, which provide evidence of the prototype usability and usefulness, and its support for understanding the distribution and connectivity in a geospatial network.
In this paper we present a case study for an interactive surface, an explanatory tangible multitouch system in an exhibition context. The system is used as an expressive representation of the complex concept of Micro Smart Grids (MSGs) and their influence on our future energy infrastructure. We built the experience upon research on integrating tangibles into playful and exploratory learning environments. Beyond the well-researched learning experience with tangibles, we developed the system to stimulate and foster discussions on the subject of MSGs. Besides the technology behind the system we will discuss limitations and advantages of combining tangible and multitouch technologies. To conclude we present reflections on the design and interaction concepts that were embedded into the system.
This paper introduces an approach for visualizing large spatial time series data sets on mobile devices. The HeatTile system (Meier et al. 2014) is used and extended with a progressive loading approach, the stream approach. By combining those two approaches, this study aimed to overcome the performance and bandwidth limitations inherent to mobile devices. This chapter focuses on the technological advantages of the presented approach in a performance comparison with other common approaches. Furthermore, an animated time series visualization is introduced, as well as an interface designed specifically for the presented method in order to emphasize the advantages of the approach. To further highlight the possible applications of the method, two real-world use cases are presented.
Exploring vibrotactile feedback on the body and foot for the purpose of pedestrian navigation
(2015)
In this paper, we present an evaluation of vibrotactile onbody feedback for the purpose of pedestrian navigation. For this specific task, many researchers already provide different approaches such as vibrating belts, wristbands or shoes. Still, there are issues left that have to be considered, such as which body position is most suitable, what kind of vibration patterns are easy to interpret, and how applicable are vibrotactile feedback systems in real scenarios. To find answers, we reconstructed prototypes commonly found in literature and continued to further evaluate different foot-related designs. On the one hand, we learned that vibrotactile feedback at the foot reduces visual attention and thus also potentially reduces stress. However, on the other hand, we found that urban space can be very diverse, and ambiguous and therefore a vibrotactile system cannot completely replace common path finding systems for pedestrians. Rather, we envision such a system to be applied complementary as an assistive technology.
The Marker Cluster
(2016)
The growing amount of gathered, stored and available data is creating a need for useful mass-data visualizations in many domains. The mapping of large spatial data sets is not only of interest for experts anymore, but, with regard to the latest advances in web cartography, also moves into the domain of public cartographic applications. One interactive web-based cartographic interface design pattern that helps with visualizing and interacting with large, high density data sets is the marker cluster; a functionality already in use in many web-based products and solutions. In this article, the author will present their ongoing research on the problem of “too many markers.” They will present an empirical evaluation and comparison of marker cluster techniques and similar approaches, including heatmaps and tiled heatmaps. They conclude with a first concept for overcoming some of the obstacles that they were able to identify in their study and thereby introduce a new direction for further research.
Many datasets have multiple perspectives – for example space, time and description – and often analysts are required to study these multiple perspectives concurrently. This concurrent analysis becomes difficult when data are grouped and split into small multiples for comparison. A design challenge is thus to provide representations that enable multiple perspectives, split into small multiples, to be viewed simultaneously in ways that neither clutter nor overload. We present a design framework that allows us to do this. We claim that multi-perspective comparison across small multiples may be possible by superimposing perspectives on one another rather than juxtaposing those perspectives side-by-side. This approach defies conventional wisdom and likely results in visual and informational clutter. For this reason we propose designs at three levels of abstraction for each perspective. By flexibly varying the abstraction level, certain perspectives can be brought into, or out of, focus. We evaluate our framework through laboratory-style user tests. We find that superimposing, rather than juxtaposing, perspective views has little effect on performance of a low-level comparison task. We reflect on the user study and its design to further identify analysis situations for which our framework may be desirable. Although the user study findings were insufficiently discriminating, we believe our framework opens up a new design space for multi-perspective visual analysis.
As cultural institutions are digitizing their artifacts and interlinking their collections, new opportunities emerge to engage with cultural heritage. However, it is the often comprehensive and complex nature of collections that can make it difficult to grasp their distribution and extent across a variety of dimensions. After a brief introduction to the research area of collection visualizations, this paper presents a design study visualizing an aggregated collection from diverse cultural institutions in Germany. We detail our iterative design process leading to prototypical implementations of four stylistically and functionally coordinated visualizations, each one focusing on different facets of the collection.
The Haptic Body Scale
(2017)
Followers of the Quantified Self movement track, analyze and compare vital and environmental data to optimize themselves. It can be stressful to keep all the measured values under control when pursuing this ambitious way of life. Body weight can be an especially emotional issue for many people and slight differences can be perceived as lack of discipline, although little fluctuations are natural. In this paper, we present a tangible display for body weight, based on floor rigidity. It displays body weight without numbers, which makes it less suitable for comparisons, while still giving the user an idea about their weight. We describe the metaphorical foundations of the concept, as well as the development of two prototypes, which implement the envisioned full-body weighing experience. We demonstrate how the design of a display can influence the users' connotation of data.
Photography in the digital
(2018)
Photography in the digitally created or digitized reality is an everyday activity that is rarely discussed in the context of photographic debates. This refers to practices such as in-game photography or, simpler yet, the screenshot. The paper focuses on their history, the specific status and materiality of these images of screens. Their (hi)story begins with screen image photography of measured data on cathode ray tubes and the photographic capture of x-ray screens. Screenshots and in-game photography can be seen throughout this context but they are cameraless and can therefore be understood and discussed within a long history of experimental photographic practices. Should we speak here at all of photography? If so, what is their photographic specificity? Which image of reality do they provide us?
Shifted Maps
(2018)
We present a hybrid visualization technique that integrates maps into network visualizations to reveal and analyze diverse topologies in geospatial movement data. With the rise of GPS tracking in various contexts such as smartphones and vehicles there has been a drastic increase in geospatial data being collect for personal reflection and organizational optimization. The generated movement datasets contain both geographical and temporal information, from which rich relational information can be derived. Common map visualizations perform especially well in revealing basic spatial patterns, but pay less attention to more nuanced relational properties. In contrast, network visualizations represent the specific topological structure of a dataset through the visual connections of nodes and their positioning. So far there has been relatively little research on combining these two approaches. Shifted Maps aims to bring maps and network visualizations together as equals. The visualization of places shown as circular map extracts and movements between places shown as edges, can be analyzed in different network arrangements, which reveal spatial and temporal topologies of movement data. We implemented a web-based prototype and report on challenges and opportunities about a novel network layout of places gathered during a qualitative evaluation.
From object to process
(2019)
One of the most difficult tasks today is trying to grasp the presence of computing. The almost ubiquitous and diverse forms of networked computers (in all their stationary, mobile, embedded, and autonomous modes) create a nearly overwhelming complexity. To speak of what is here evading and present at the same time, the paper proposes to reconsider the concept of interface, its historical roots, and its heuristic advantages for an analysis and critique of the current and especially everyday spread of computerization.
The question of interfaces leads to isolable conditions and processes of conduction, as well as to the complexity of the cooperation formed by them. It opens both an investigative horizon and a mode of analysis, which always asks for further interface levels involved in the phenomenon I am currently investigating. As an example, the paper turns to the displacement of the file with the launch of the iPhone in 2007 and its comeback in 2017 with the “Files” apps.
Both developments are profoundly related to the establishment of computers as permanently networked machines, whereby their functionality, depresentations, and ideology come into focus.
Creativity is a crucial factor in finding novel and useful visualization and interaction techniques, but its emergence is contingent on the right conditions. The focus of visualization research has traditionally been on techniques, and to a lesser degree on the process of creating them with domain experts and end users. This paper focuses on the collaborative design of visualizations for information seeking and knowledge management. The difficult, yet common challenge in any visualization project is to find meaningful visual representations and useful interaction techniques to carry out complex analysis tasks. The unique difficulty for preparing co-design activities for visualization lies in the gap between the abstract nature of data and the concrete form of visual representations. To bridge this gap, our co-design framework for visualization places particular emphasis on actors, activities, and artifacts as categories that expand the focus of visualization design beyond the traditional triad of users, tasks, and data. Drawing from general co-design principles, the framework is developed and validated during the course of two case studies in the context of information management systems and library collection databases. Based on observed patterns during the case studies, practical tactics provide advice on carrying out co-design in information visualization.
Effective use of data is an essential asset to modern cities. Visualization as a tool for analysis, exploration, and communication has become a driving force in the task of unravelling our complex urban fabrics. This paper outlines the findings from a series of three workshops from 2018-2020 bringing together experts in urban data visualization with the aim of exploring multidisciplinary perspectives from the human-centric lens. Based on the rich and detailed workshop discussions identifying challenges and opportunities for urban data visualization research, we outline major human-centric themes and considerations fundamental for CityVis design and introduce a framework for an urban visualization design space.
The Public Life of Data
(2021)
This research investigates how people engage with data visualizations when commenting on the social platform Reddit. There has been considerable research on collaborative sensemaking with visualizations and the personal relation of people with data. Yet, little is known about how public audiences without specific expertise and shared incentives openly express their thoughts, feelings, and insights in response to data visualizations. Motivated by the extensive social exchange around visualizations in online communities, this research examines characteristics and motivations of people’s reactions to posts featuring visualizations. Following a Grounded Theory approach, we study 475 reactions from the /r/dataisbeautiful community, identify ten distinguishable reaction types, and consider their contribution to the discourse. A follow-up survey with 168 Reddit users clarified their intentions to react. Our results help understand the role of personal perspectives on data and inform future interfaces that integrate audience reactions into visualizations to foster a public discourse about data.
I/O Bits
(2021)
We present I/O Bits, a prototype personal informatics system that explores the potential for user-driven and situated self-tracking. With simple tactile inputs and small e-paper visualizations, I/O Bits are dedicated physical devices that allow individuals to track and visualize different kinds of personal activities in-situ. This is in contrast to most self-tracking systems, which automate data collection, centralize information displays, or integrate into multi-purpose devices like smartwatches or mobile phones. We report findings from an e-paper visualization workshop and a prototype deployment where participants constructed their own I/O Bits and used them to track a range of personal data. Based on these experiences, we contribute insights and opportunities for situated and user-driven personal informatics.
Nachtalb
(2021)
Nachtalb is an immersive interface that enables brain-to-brain interaction using multisensory feedback. With the help of the g.tec Unicorn Hybrid Black brain-computer-interface (BCI), brain-activity-data is measured and translated visually with the Oculus Quest 2, tactilely with the bHaptics TactSuit and auditorily with 3D Sound. This intends to create a feedback loop that turns brain activity from data-input into sensory output which directly influences the brain activity data-input again.
mæve – An Interactive Tabletop Installation for Exploring Background Information in Exhibitions
(2009)
This paper introduces the installation mæve: a novel approach to present background information in exhibitions in a highly interactive, tangible and sociable manner. Visitors can collect paper cards representing the exhibits and put them on an interactive surface to display associated concepts and relations to other works. As a result, users can explore both the unifying themes of the exhibition as well as individual characteristics of exhibits. On basis of metadata schemata developed in the MACE (Metadata for Architectural Contents in Europe) project, the system has been put to use the Architecture Biennale to display the entries to the Everyville student competition.
User Activity Display
(2009)
Our project is a system to express emotions and record them on a long-term basis. In contrast to a lot of the research in the field of affective computing our project is not dedicated to enable machines to detect human emotions but to allow new input methods. This demo presents 'MyInnerLife', a physical input device to express and record emotions non-verbally.
Die Kuppel als medialer Raum
(2013)
"THREADS" is an efficient and feasible virtual tool which in theory is easily accessible from everywhere, where users can surf the internet. Nowadays with laptops, netbooks and mobile phones this is possible wherever one goes. This leaves a lot of potential for such a workspace related Software as proposed in this thesis. The problem of finding something specific in a mass of data, even if it is located on ones own storage, is familiar to every Person, that uses a Computer System and especially if it is used together with other people. This thesis has to be seen as an approach to make it easier to find data and to have an overview of things, that are not so obvious on first sight. The author has decided to leave as much room to the user as possible to set own preference of search and consider different search behavior. People are very different, not only within different cultures or different age groups also within friends or farnily. This is why the future of the digital world needs to focus more on individuals and has to be more adaptable and dynamic. All aspects considered it can be concluded that this thesis has dynamically improved during the process of researching and developing a concept. This concept can be taken into further development and with the help of users, a successful final product can be developed that will help to strengthen the position of user experience work inside a scrum team.
In dieser Bachelorarbeit beschäftige ich mich mit dem Problem, dass die Maus für die Anwendung in neuartigen Kontexten leicht an die Grenzen ihrer Benutzbarkeit stößt. So etwa im mobilen Bereich, da sie auf unebenen Oberflächen schlecht oder gar nicht funktioniert. Ich zeige die Entwicklung der Maus im Laufe der Geschichte auf, um ihre Nutzung als verschiebungsbasiertes Zeigegerät zu erkunden. Außerdem präsentiere ich, wie sich die Verwendung des Computers durch die Verbreitung des Internets verändert hat, um festzustellen, dass das Internet immer mehr Möglichkeiten zur medialen Unterhaltung des Nutzers bietet und damit die Anzahl der nötigen Interaktionen schon weit höher ist, als beispielsweise bei einem Fernsehgerät. Dieses Mehr an Interaktion und das Fehlen eines adäquaten Eingabegerätes bedingt, dass das Internet zu Hause, trotz seiner Rolle als Unterhaltungsmedium, immer noch am Schreibtisch stattfindet - also nach vorn gelehnt und nicht bequem zurückgelehnt.
Das Prinzip des Faltens soll als Metapher für grafische Benutzeroberflächen weiterentwickelt werden. Es soll untersucht werden, ob das Erlernen und das Verständnis der Bedienung bestimmter Programmfunktionen im Wesentlichen durch Faltprinzipien erleichtert werden. Eine Vielzahl von Funktionen wird heute in einem einzigen Gerät integriert. Die so entstehenden Hybriden stellen aus Sicht des Designs jedoch die Frage nach Form und Gestalt des Artefakts. Wegen der kleinen Größe der mobilen Geräte ist es folglich problematisch all diese unterschiedlichen Interfaces auf der Benutzeroberfläche zu integrieren. Versucht man diese unterschiedlichen Interfaces zu vereinen, ist das Ergebnis ein unübersichtliches, verwirrendes Interface mit eingeschränkter Bedienung. Zudem findet das Interface für die obsolete Desktop-Metapher immer noch Verwendung. Durch den bezug zu real existierenden Arbeitsumgebungen sind Desktop-Systeme zwar einfach zu bedienen und verständlich, doch können sie nicht ausgebaut werden. Problematisch ist vor allem die kleine Größe der Desktops, um die Desktop-Metapher konvenabel auszuführen. Demnach ist eine konvenable Bedienung aufgrund der veralteten Desktop-Metapher sowie des Interfaces hinsichtlich der Miniaturisierung der mobilen Geräte nur eingeschränkt möglich oder sogar undurchführbar. Die Arbeit erhebt hiernach den Anspruch, Überlegungen anzustreben, die den Begriff ‚Interface’ neu definieren sowie die daraus resultierende These „Das Paradigma ‚Falten‘ ist die Zukunft der ‚ePaper-Technologie‘ zu diskutieren.
This thesis contributes to a new discipline of science: web science, as introduced in [Berners-Lee:2006]. The big challenge is, that such a research area has only been recently postulated, however, does not yet exist in a coherent form. Designers, computer scientists, sociologists, cognitive scientists, psychologists etc. have individual perspectives on the complex and rapidly evolving interplay of technological and social infrastructure and human society. However, a well-defined discipline — unifying the scientific analysis of social and human factors to understand, but also to shape and steer web developments by informed design and engineering — is not established yet. I hope to contribute to an interdisciplinary dialogue between science, engineering and design with this thesis.