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Retrospective analysis of GnRH analogue administration in patients with advanced ovarian cancer
(1992)
Untersuchungen zur Amenorrhoe unter adjuvanter CMF-Chemotherapie bei Mammakarzinom-Patientinnen
(1993)
Identification of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) receptors in ovarian cancer
(1994)
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test if specific insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) receptors are expressed in ovarian cancer tissue. Thirteen tissue specimens from primary ovarian cancers, 1 specimen from a primary peritoneal carcinoma, 10 specimens from metastatic lesions of ovarian carcinomas, and 4 specimens from recurrent ovarian cancers together with 13 normal ovaries were tested for their content of insulin and IGF-I receptors, by the application of specific insulin and IGF-I receptor radioimmunoassays. The insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-I receptor (IGF R) content in the primary tumors varied between 23.8-321.4 and 16.4-554.2 ng/0.1 mg DNA, respectively. Metastatic lesions contained between 12.3 and 226.7 ng IR/0.1 mg DNA and between 7.5 and 459.4 ng IGF R/0.1 mg DNA. In recurrent tumors the receptor concentrations were in the range of 41.5-79.8 and 48.9-160.9 ng/0.1 mg DNA for insulin and IGF-I receptors, respectively. Normal ovarian tissue contained between 12.2 and 150.1 ng IR and between 21.4 and 420.1 ng IGF R per 0.1 mg DNA, respectively. As both insulin and IGF-I receptors are present in ovarian cancer tissue, the effects of insulin and IGF-I as potential growth factors in ovarian cancer should be further investigated.
Copyright © 1994 Academic Press. All rights reserved.
Cis-diammine dichloro platinum (II) (CDDP), is a highly potent antineoplastic agent that is used in the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, the clinical use of CDDP is restricted by its severe side effects. In order to reduce these side effects and to enhance its therapeutic efficacy, we developed specific immunoconjugates consisting of the murine monoclonal antibody OC125 and CDDP, using diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a linker.
The coupling efficiencies of the different preparations synthesized, varied between 1.10±0.42 and 2.65±1.60 mol of CDDP per mol of antibody protein. Despite the chemical modification of the antibody molecule, specific binding activity of the OC125-CDDP conjugates toward the CA125 antigen was maintained as was demonstrated by means of immunohisto-/cytochemical staining of frozen sections of ovarian cancer tissue, amniotic epithelium, and the CA125 positive ovarian cancer cell line NIH:OVCAR 3.
The antiproliferative activity of the immunoconjugates was tested against the human ovarian cancer cell lines NIH:OVCAR3 and SKOV 3, applying a kinetic crystal violet microassay.
Despite the promising results obtained with the specific immuno-staining of the target cells, no significant antiproliferative activity of our immunoconjugates against the cell lines tested was observed.
One possible explanation for the lack of antitumor activity could be the fact that CA125 is released in large amounts by the NIH:OVCAR 3 cells. This may have prevented an efficient immunotargeting of the cancer cells by the formation of soluble immune complexes.
The single most common cause leading to the diagnosis of endometrial cancer is postmenopausal bleeding. Although most patients with early-stage disease (FIGO stage I and II) can be cured, prognosis worsens considerably with increasing stage. While serum CA 125 levels are elevated only in a significant proportion of patients with advanced disease, recently a new serum marker (OVX1) for the detection of early-stage endometrial cancer was reported. Serum OVX1 levels were measured using an OVX1 radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in 192 patients with endometrial cancer. CA 125 levels were measured in 112 patients using the CIS ELSA CA 125 kit. Apparently healthy females had mean serum OVX1 levels measured with the OVX1–EIA of 1.34 ± 0.74 U/ml, while patients with endometriosis had mean OVX1 serum levels of 3.15 ± 2.45 U/ml. The mean OVX1 serum level for endometrial cancer patients was 2.00 ± 1.32 U/ml. These values were 2.76 ± 1.62, 6.10 ± 4.66, and 5.37 ± 3.49, respectively, using the OVX1–RIA assay. Applying a cutoff value of 2.8 U/ml, serum OVX1–EIA levels in endometrial cancer patients were increased in 25 of 127 patients (19.7%) with stage I disease, 5 of 17 patients with stage II (29.4%), 5 of 22 patients (22.7%) with stage III, and 4 of 11 patients (36.4%) with stage IV disease. Using the OVX1–RIA and a cutoff of 7.2 U/ml, serum levels were increased in 22 of 127 (17.3%) stage I, 6 of 17 (35.3%) stage II, 5 of 22 (22.7%) stage III, and 6 of 11 (54.5%) stage IV patients. Serum CA 125 levels, determined in a total of 112 patients, were elevated above 35 U/ml in 12 of 79 patients (15.2%) with stage I, 4 of 12 patients (33.3%) with stage II, 8 of 13 patients (61.5%) with stage III, and all of 8 patients (100%) with stage IV disease. While a good correlation between serum CA 125 levels and the clinical stage of the disease was found, no correlation could be detected for OVX1 and stage.
Zusammenfassung
Intrauterin wachstumsretardierte Neugeborene konnten ihr genetisches Wachstumspotential aufgrund einer intrauterinen Mangelversorgung nicht realisieren und werden deshalb zu klein oder zu leicht geboren. Das Merkmal „zu leicht” wird mit Hilfe von Gewichtsperzentilen quantifiziert. Kinder mit einem Gewicht< 10. Perzentile werden als „small for gestational age” (SGA) bezeichnet. Diese Einteilung berücksichtigt jedoch nicht die Proportionen eines Neugeborenen, so daß vor allem asymmetrisch retardierte Neugeborene, deren Gewicht zwar die 10. Perzentile noch überschreitet, die jedoch für ihre Körpergröße untergewichtig sind, nicht erfaßt werden. Der Ponderal Index (PI) dagegen berücksichtigt sowohl Gewicht als auch Länge des Neugeborenen. Kinder mit einem PI < 10. Perzentile werden als „low Ponderal Index” (LPI) klassifiziert. Aus pädiatrischen Studien ist bekannt, daß LPI-Kinder vermehrt durch Hypoglykämien, Hypothermien, Hypokalzämien und Mekoniumaspirationen/Aspirationspneumonien gefährdet sind. Langzeiterhebungen zeigten eine verzögerte körperliche Entwicklung und gehäuft motorische oder neurologische Verhaltensauffälligkeiten sowie schulische Probleme.
Fragestellung: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Frage, ob Mangelgeborene, insbesondere LPI-Neugeborene, auch intrapartum einer erhöhten Gefährdung ausgesetzt sind.
Methoden: Hierzu wurden 3687 Neugeborene retrospektiv erfaßt, die anhand von Perzentilenkurven des betrachteten Kollektivs als SGA, LPI, SGA/LPI oder Vergleichskollektiv klassifiziert wurden.
Ergebnisse: Unterschiede im Geburtsmodus zwischen SGA- bzw. LPI-Mangelgeborenen und eutrophen Neugeborenen waren schwach ausgeprägt. Demgegenüber unterschied sich die Indikation, aufgrund deren ein geburtshilflicher Eingriff vorgenommen werden mußte deutlich. Bei 31 % aller operativ entbundenen LPI-Neugeborenen, 47 % der SGA-Neugeborenen und 52 % der SGA/LPI-Kinder erfolgte die operative Entbindung aus fetaler Indikation, im Vergleich zu 16 % des Normalkollektivs. Bezüglich des „fetal outcome”, das die Merkmale neonataler Säure-Basen-Status, Apgar-Wert, Verlegung in die Kinderklinik und perinatale Mortalität einbezog, verhielten sich die Gruppen SGA, LPI und SGA/LPI in gleicher Weise schlechter gegenüber dem Vergleichskollektiv. Die Unterschiede zwischen proportionierten (SGA) und dysproportionierten (LPI) Mangelgeborenen waren weniger deutlich.
Schlußfolgerungen: Es zeigte sich, daß das gegenwärtige engmaschige, geburtshilfliche Management mit nahezu permanenter CTG-Überwachung sub partu Probleme rechtzeitig erkennen und beherrschen ließ. Die Erfassung des niedrigen Ponderal Index war zur Erkennung und Vermeidung subpartaler geburtshilflicher Risikofaktoren nicht entscheidend.
BACKGROUND
Despite radical surgery and the introduction of novel chemotherapeutic agents, the prognosis of ovarian cancer remains poor. Since in the past the potential role of gonadotropins in the induction and progression of ovarian cancer has been discussed, we conjugated doxorubicin to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in order to specifically target ovarian cancer cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Doxorubicin was conjugated to hCG via glutaraldehyde. 48 hours post seeding, NIH:OVCAR 3 cells were treated with various concentrations of hCG-conjugated and non-conjugated doxorubicin for 2 hours. Cells were cultured for a total of 168 hours. Cell growth was monitored by a crystal violet assay.
RESULTS
Conjugating doxorubicin to hCG resulted in an average specific uptake of 22 mol doxorubicin per mol protein (range 3.0-43.3 mol). Incubating NIH:OVCAR 3 cells for 2 hours with the conjugate led to a more than 8 fold increase of the IC50 values compared to non-conjugated doxorubicin (0.55 microM versus 4.43 microM). The antiproliferative activity of both conjugated and free doxorubicin was detectable up to 168 hours post treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
The present experiments clearly demonstrate a more than 8-fold increase in cytotoxicity of the conjugates compared to free doxorubicin. It was also shown that this effect was not restricted to an acute toxic event but that it resulted in a prolonged antiproliferative activity.
The IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1-R) belongs to the tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family. It is structurally similar to, but distinct from, the insulin receptor, with which it shares a 70% homology. As expected, it crossreacts with insulin and, vice versa, insulin receptor crossreacts with IGF-1. Numerous studies suggest that IGF-1-R is very important for mitogenesis and is essential for phenotype transformation, at least in rodents (1). In particular, the IGF-1-R has been described in human breast cancer (2-4) and ovarian cancer (5) tissues and in cultured human breast cancer cell lines (6,7).
Summary
Background: Combination chemotherapies of platinum compounds with alkylating agents have been the standard treatment for patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma over the last decades. The recent development of taxans has added a group of new promising agents; however, long-term results are not yet available. Platin derivates have proven to be an indispensable part in combination chemotherapies for ovarian carcinoma. The dose intensity of cisplatin is, however, still a matter of debate. We report on the long-term results of a prospective randomized trial comparing two dosages of cisplatin combined with treosulfan in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods: Between 1988 and 1995, 125 patients with ovarian cancer (FIGO stage II–IV) were randomized to receive 4 cycles (28-day intervals) of either cisplatin 100 mg/m2 (high dose, HD) or 50 mg/m2 (low dose, LD) in combination with 5 g/m2 treosulfan after primary cytoreductive surgery. Postoperative residual tumor was absent in 39 patients (HD: 16; LD: 23), < 2 cm in 61 patients (HD: 36; LD: 25) and > 2 cm in 25 patients (HD: 13; LD: 12). 65 and 60 patients received HD and LD cisplatin, respectively. Second-look surgery was optional. Results:The overall response rate was 70.0% (HD: 70.9%; LD: 68.9%). Pathological complete response (CR) was seen in 45 patients (37.5%), clinical CR in 23 patients (19.2%), partial response (PR) in 16 patients (13.3%), stable disease (SD) in 2 patients, and progression of disease (PD) in 34 patients (28.3%). 5 patients were not assessable for response. Overall median survival was 25.6 (HD: 26.9, LD: 25.2) months. The overall disease-free survival for responders was 19.6 and 24.7 months (HD and LD, respectively). HD chemotherapy did not result in any significant survival benefit in completely resected patients: HD: 39.8 months versus LD: 49.5 months. In suboptimally debulked patients (residual tumor < 2 cm), median survival was 24.1 months (HD) versus 22.6 months (LD). In patients with residual tumors > 2 cm median survival was 14.6 months (HD) versus 15.5 months (LD). Significantly less side effects were seen in the LD group: anemia (p = 0.008); nephrotoxicity (p = 0.014); alopecia (p = 0.017). Conclusions: Our data suggest that LD cisplatin-based chemotherapy is as effective as HD chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer, but is far less toxic.
Copyright © 2000 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
PURPOSE: To evaluate the detection of epithelial cells in bone marrow of breast cancer patients as an indicator of metastatic disease.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1989 and 1994, bone marrow biopsies were performed on 393 breast cancer patients during primary surgery. Specimens were stained immunocytochemically for epithelial cells expressing cytokeratins or the epithelial membrane antigen. The long-term outcomes of these patients were analyzed in this study.
RESULTS: In 166 of 393 patients, epithelial cells were found in bone marrow (BM) aspirates. These patients were designated BM+. The rate of tumor recurrence or cancer-related death was significantly higher in BM+ patients than in BM− patients. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model revealed BM status as a prognostic parameter independent of tumor size and axillary lymph node status. However, tumor size and axillary lymph node status were clearly superior prognostic parameters.
CONCLUSION: Disseminated epithelial cells in BM are associated with poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. However, the presence of these cells is not a sufficient parameter to predict growing metastases in the majority of patients, suggesting that epithelial cells in the BM of breast cancer patients at the time of surgery have limited metastatic potential. The role of these cells needs to be further evaluated.
Cytotoxic activity of drug conjugates of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and doxorubicin alone was investigated compared to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells with and without expression of hCG receptors. Expression of hCG receptor was determined in MCF-7 and MB231 breast cancer cell line using a multiplex nested rt-PCR approach. The entire sequence of mRNA encoding for hCG receptor was detected in MCF-7 but not in MB231 breast cancer cell line. Cytostatic effect of doxorubicin–hCG conjugates was investigated in these cell lines in comparison to unconjugated doxorubicin. The number of viable cells was determined after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. To exclude non-specific uptake of the carrier hCG from the culture media, a similar experiment was performed with albumin–doxorubicin conjugates. The number of viable cells decreased in a concentration depending manner after doxorubicin and hCG–doxorubicin conjugate treatment. However, the cytotoxic effect of hCG–doxorubicin conjugate was 10-fold increased compared to unconjugated doxorubin in hCG-receptor positive MCF-7 but not in hCG-receptor negative MB231 cells. Albumin–doxorubicin conjugates showed no increased toxicity compared to doxorubicin. We conclude that the cytotoxic effect of hCG–doxorubicin conjugates is mediated specifically via the hCG receptor. By using hCG conjugates, the development of more selective cytostatics can be achieved.
Objective
Ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues express gonadotropin receptors. Conjugation of cytostatics to ligands of these receptors may increase the specificity of cytotoxic drugs.
Study design
Toxicity of doxorubicin–human chorionic gonadotropin conjugates was determined in 4 ovarian cancer cell lines. Expression and regulation of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors were analyzed before and after treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin, epidermal growth factor, and 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate with a nested reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction approach.
Results
Toxicity of human chorionic gonadotropin–doxorubicin conjugates was increased compared with unconjugated doxorubicin in OVCAR-3 cells. However, drug conjugates failed to demonstrate increased toxicity in other cell lines, especially after preincubation with human chorionic gonadotropin. All cell lines expressed luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors. Receptor expression in OVCAR-3 cells was not effected by human chorionic gonadotropin, endothelial growth factor, or 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate treatment. In other cell lines, receptor expression was down-regulated by these agents.
Conclusion
Cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin was increased specifically by conjugation to human chorionic gonadotropin. However, the regulation of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptor expression and other compounds may reduce the drug-uptake of the conjugates.
Krankenhäuser müssen noch viel lernen, wenn es darum geht, ihre Leistungen kundenorientiert – auch über die medizinischen Kernleistungen hinaus – erfolgreich zu vermarkten. Von einem systematischen Dienstleistungsmarketing sind viele Häuser noch weit entfernt. Ein professionell praktiziertes Dienstleistungsmarketing – von der grundlegenden Strategie bis zur operativen Umsetzung – ist jedoch die Grundvoraussetzung, um sich im Wettbewerb um Patienten erfolgreich zu behaupten.
Online only?
(1998)
Modular process nets are a graphical and formal notation for the representation of technical and business process models containing concurrent activities. Originally this class of Petri nets was developed for the modeling, analysis, simulation and control of workflows and computer-based process control systems, but it is also suitable for use in all other areas where a formal but comprehensible description of complex processes is needed. After a description of the basic aims and design decisions for modular process nets, the report gives a brief introduction to low-level Petri nets including different types of transition rules and aspects of the descriptive and prescriptive use of process models. The main and most innovative points which are explained in more detail are the introduction of a hierarchical module concept for nets and the definition of elementare process nets. The module concept is part of a more general ("object-based") approach to Petri nets allowing severaltypes of ab straction, whereas the main points of elementary process nets are synchronous and asynchronous communication between separately interpreted net instances via events and token passing. Modular process nets are low-level Petri nets equipped with these module and communication concepts and optionally enhanced by die use of a task concept, a method known from the areas of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and work-flow management. Because the report is aimed at a systematic and easy-to-understand introduction to modular process nets, it provides a precise explanation of this net class which is kept as informal as possible and enhanced by some typical application examples
Visual knowledge maps are being used to improve the communication processes within global organizations. Knowledge maps are graphical presentations of ontological knowledge as well as of business processes. Especially for enterprises working in a multi-cultural space the explicit formaliza-tion of knowledge and business rules using graphical models seems to be a very promising approach in order to improve discussion and learning processes. Publishing and automatic inference or search techniques are becoming available due to the latest standards for Semantic Web worked out by W3C. This article gives an impression how to create end user interfaces for the ”Corporate Knowledge Base” using MS Office and Visio with the modeling tool SemTalk. Several problems on capturing and maintaining large scale knowledge bases are discussed. Specific attention is given to the problem of weighting and association of information from orthogonal ontologies, which arises while using the same concepts in different graphical scenarios.
An innovative net-based methodology to integrate qualitative and quantitative analysis of distributed software systems is outlined, and an on-going prototype implementation of a related graphic-oriented tool kit is sketched. The proposed method combines qualitative analysis, monitoring and testing as well as quantitative analysis on the basis of a net-based intermediate representation of the distributed software system under consideration. All transformations (from the distributed software system into a first Petri net model, and between the different kinds of net models) can be made formally, and therefore automated to a high degree. The evaluation of quantitative properties is based on so-called object nets which are obtained by a property-preserving structural compression and quantitative expansion of the qualitative model. In this way, the frequency and delay attributes necessary to generate quantitative models are provided by the monitoring and testing component.
Technologies for advancing and supporting criminalistic forensic are an upcoming challenge with rising importance within the domain of multimedia security and forensic. For example the acquisition and automated analysis of latent fingerprints, using high resolution 3D scanners, appears to be a promising area of research. Within the paper we will give a detailed demarcation of biometric and forensic fingerprint analysis. We will introduce the aim of a partly automated process for forensic fingerprint acquisition, detection, and processing. Based on the idea of splitting the overall scan process into a fast, low resolution coarse scan and a high resolution detailed scan, different approaches and algorithms has to be evaluated, whether they are feasible for detecting latent fingerprints. Referring to the subject of biometrics and emerging applications, this work will show an approach of a novel Fourier-based spectral texture feature for detecting latent fingerprints in low resolution grey-scale images. Our work is based on data that is acquired using a chromatic white light sensor (CWL), which provides intensity and topographic information of the scanned surface areas. While using a very limited set of different surfaces so far, our first experiments have shown good results on flat and non structured surfaces. Using the presented feature, it is possible to detect latent fingerprints on these surfaces. Even on slightly structured surfaces, like wood imitation, the application of the spectral density feature yields promising results. However the first evaluation of the spectral density feature has also shown some serious limitations of its use on low resolution images.
The automated forensic analysis of latent fingerprints poses a new challenge. While for the pattern recognition aspects involved, the required processing steps can be related to fingerprint biometrics, the common biometric model needs to be extended to face the variety of characteristics of different surfaces and image qualities and to keep the chain of custody. Therefore, we introduce a framework for automated forensic analysis of latent fingerprints. The framework consists of a generic process model for multi-branched process graphs w.r.t. security aspects like integrity, authenticity and confidentiality. It specifies a meta-model to store all necessary data and operations in the process, while keeping the chain of custody. In addition, a concept for a technical implementation of the meta-model is given, to build a container format, which suits the needs of an automated forensic analysis in research and application.
Application of non-invasive scan technologies for acquisition of latent fingerprints promise a better support of forensic and dactyloscopic experts when securing evidence at crime scenes. Furthermore, non-destructive acquisition preserve the chance of subsequent chemical and forensic analysis of left residue. Based on results of an ongoing research project with sensor industry partners, this paper presents a collection of 28 statistical, gradient-, and spectral density-based features for latent fingerprint detection using low resolution scans. Within this work a chromatic white light (CWL) sensor is used for image acquisition. Furthermore, based on concepts of biometric fusion, a taxonomy for possible fusion strategies is presented and very first results for three different strategies on decision level are discussed. Experimental evaluation is performed based on scans of 1680 latent fingerprints on three different surfaces. The results show very good performance on planar, non-absorbing surfaces with uniform reflection characteristics with an detection rate of 2.51% in the best case. On the other hand difficulties are arising from surfaces with non-uniform/predictable reflection characteristics.
In forensic investigations, the recovering of latent fingerprints is one of the most essential issues. Driven by human experts, today this process is very time consuming. An automation of both examination of suspicious areas and acquisition of fingerprints lead on the one hand to the covering of larger surfaces and on the other hand to significant speed up of the evidence collection. This work presents an experimental study on capabilities of chromatic white-light sensor (CWL) regarding the contact-less localization of latent fingerprints on differently challenging substrates. The fully automatic CWL-based system is implemented from the acquisition through the feature extraction right up to the classification. The key objective of the work is to develop a methodological approach for the quantitative evaluation of the localization success. Based on the proposed performance measures, the optimal system parameters such as scan resolution, extracted features and classification scheme are specified dependent on the surface material. Our experiments from an actual project with the sensor industry partner show convincing localization performance on easy-to-localize and adequate performance on moderate-to-localize substrates. The hard-to-localize substrates require further improvements of the localization system.
The technology-aided support of forensic experts while investigating crime scenes and collecting traces becomes a more and more important part in the domains of image acquisition and signal processing. The manual lifting of latent fingerprints using conventional methods like the use of carbon black powder is time-consuming and very limited in its scope of application. New technologies for a contact-less and non-invasive acquisition and automatic processing of latent fingerprints, promise the possibilities to inspect much more and larger surface areas and can significantly simplify and speed up the workflow. Furthermore, it allows multiple investigations of the same trace, subsequent chemical analysis of the residue left behind and the acquisition of latent fingerprints on sensitive surfaces without destroying the surface itself. In this work, a FRT MicroProf200 surface measurement device equipped with a chromatic white-light sensor CWL600 is used. The device provides a gray-scale intensity image and 3D-topography data simultaneously. While large area scans are time-consuming, the detection and localization of finger traces are done based on low-resolution scans. The localized areas are scanned again with higher resolution. Due to the broad variety of different surface characteristics the fingerprint pattern is often overlaid by the surface structure or texture. Thus, image processing and classification techniques are proposed for validation and visualization of ridge lines in high-resolution scans. Positively validated regions containing complete or sufficient partial fingerprints are passed on to forensic experts. The experiments are provided on a set of three surfaces with different reflection and texture characteristics, and fingerprints from ten different persons.
© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
Private Public Partnerships (PPP) have been proven as one solution to ensure that the public receive enhanced services delivery from government and other civic organizations. In countries such as Namibia where the effects of the digital divide are so pertinent, PPP can and should be used to narrow this divide and so bringing to the people the promises of e-government and its many benefits as outlined in Vision 2030 and National Development Plan 3 (NDP3). Furthermore, these Private Public Partnerships can help to contribute to economic growth in particular in the Small Medium Enterprises (SME) sector. This paper attempts to show that these effects can be well achieved in the Namibian context by using the experience of a research/prototype project conducted in Germany to establish a so-called Public Service Network.
An innovative net-based methodology to integrate qualitative and quantitative analysis of distributed software systems is outlined, and an on-going prototype implementation of a related graphic-oriented tool kit is sketched. The proposed method combines qualitative analysis, monitoring and testing as well as quantitative analysis on the basis of a net-based intermediate representation of the distributed software system under consideration. All transformations (from the distributed software system into a first Petri net model, and between the different kinds of net models) can be made formally, and therefore automated to a high degree. The evaluation of quantitative properties is based on so-called object nets which are obtained by a property-preserving structural compression and quantitative expansion of the qualitative model. In this way, the frequency and delay attributes necessary to generate quantitative models are provided by the monitoring and testing component.
In this paper a Petri net based methodology is outlined for an integrated qualitative and quantitative analysis of parallel software systems which is based on different (Petri) net representations of die software system under consideration. The software validation methodology starts from the source text of a set of communicating processes which specify the system under development. From this source text skeleton, a Petri net representation of the general control structure of the system is generated. On this basis a set of reduction steps is defined for transforming the net into different intermediate representations all owing the validation of both qualitative and qualitative properties. Particular attention is paid to the validation of quantitative properties which is performed using a transformation into locally Markovian Object Nets (MONs). Models of this new class of modular Petri nets are obtained by property-preserving structural compression and by enhancement with quantitative i nformation This information is obtained in the form of frequency and delay parameters by monitoring testing the software on the basis of prototypes. Compared to a previous paper on the same topic /Heiner94/ the methodology as well presentation have been improved. In particular, a new, more comprehensive running example been selected and the object net approach is explained in much more detail.
Personalarbeit im Internet
(1998)