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PURPOSE: To evaluate the detection of epithelial cells in bone marrow of breast cancer patients as an indicator of metastatic disease.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1989 and 1994, bone marrow biopsies were performed on 393 breast cancer patients during primary surgery. Specimens were stained immunocytochemically for epithelial cells expressing cytokeratins or the epithelial membrane antigen. The long-term outcomes of these patients were analyzed in this study.
RESULTS: In 166 of 393 patients, epithelial cells were found in bone marrow (BM) aspirates. These patients were designated BM+. The rate of tumor recurrence or cancer-related death was significantly higher in BM+ patients than in BM− patients. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model revealed BM status as a prognostic parameter independent of tumor size and axillary lymph node status. However, tumor size and axillary lymph node status were clearly superior prognostic parameters.
CONCLUSION: Disseminated epithelial cells in BM are associated with poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. However, the presence of these cells is not a sufficient parameter to predict growing metastases in the majority of patients, suggesting that epithelial cells in the BM of breast cancer patients at the time of surgery have limited metastatic potential. The role of these cells needs to be further evaluated.
The IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1-R) belongs to the tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family. It is structurally similar to, but distinct from, the insulin receptor, with which it shares a 70% homology. As expected, it crossreacts with insulin and, vice versa, insulin receptor crossreacts with IGF-1. Numerous studies suggest that IGF-1-R is very important for mitogenesis and is essential for phenotype transformation, at least in rodents (1). In particular, the IGF-1-R has been described in human breast cancer (2-4) and ovarian cancer (5) tissues and in cultured human breast cancer cell lines (6,7).
Coole Experimente
(2001)
Experimente mit flüssigem Stickstoff kommen in der Lehre - vor allem an Hochschulen - bislang zu kurz. Dabei gibt es schöne Versuche aus nahezu allen Bereichen der Physik, die in Lehrveranstaltungen relativ einfach vorgeführt werden können. Wir stellen hier einige Experimente vor, die eindrucksvoll demonstrieren,wie sich physikalische Eigenschaften bei tiefen Temperaturen ändern.
Strahlungsgesetz und Augenempfindlichkeit: Bemerkungen zu einer klassischen Fehlinterpretation
(2001)
Universality of correlationships among pulse parameters for different MIG Welding Power Sources
(2001)
Dieser Beitrag der Hochschule Anhalt (FH) und der gedas beschreibt ein Modellsystem mit dem Ziel, das Verhalten von Reifen auf unterschiedlichen Straßenbelägen zu berechnen. Neben der Modellierung des Reifens selbst liegt ein weiterer Schwerpunkt auf der Darstellung realer Straßenverhältnisse basierend auf Messungen unter Verwendung eines Millimetergitters. Simulationen im Bereich der Fahrdynamik, des Fahrkomforts bis hin zu Lebensdauertests mit virtuellen Fahrzeugmodellen können mit dem Modellsystem RMOD-K bereits in einem frühen Stadium der Fahrzeugentwicklung durchgeführt werden.
For most separations fully thermally coupled distillation columns are thermodynamically more efficient than conventional arrangements. In spite of the superiority of double-effect distillation systems to a single column concerning energy savings these systems are not often used in the industrial practice, because of the disadvantages in dynamic operability. Generally the product switchover is a complicated and protracted operation, where many process variables must be changed simultaneously. The economic and ecological interest is to minimize the time of switchover periods, which are generally non-productive and require long times especially for coupled systems. The aim of this study is to reduce the time needed for the product switchover of coupled distillation systems. This paper presents a new product switchover strategy, which will lead to a time saving of 57%. Furthermore, a new startup strategy is developed and verified in experimental studies. The results demonstrate that using the optimized startup strategy a time saving of 57% can be achieved too and thereby these unproductive periods can be reduced significantly.
Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.
Dysarthria in acute ischemic stroke: lesion topography, clinicoradiologic correlation, and etiology
(2001)
Topodiagnostic value of blink reflex R1 changes: a digital postprocessing MRI correlation study
(2001)
E-Business im Krankenhaus
(2002)
Marktforschung
(2002)
Visual knowledge maps are being used to improve the communication processes within global organizations. Knowledge maps are graphical presentations of ontological knowledge as well as of business processes. Especially for enterprises working in a multi-cultural space the explicit formaliza-tion of knowledge and business rules using graphical models seems to be a very promising approach in order to improve discussion and learning processes. Publishing and automatic inference or search techniques are becoming available due to the latest standards for Semantic Web worked out by W3C. This article gives an impression how to create end user interfaces for the ”Corporate Knowledge Base” using MS Office and Visio with the modeling tool SemTalk. Several problems on capturing and maintaining large scale knowledge bases are discussed. Specific attention is given to the problem of weighting and association of information from orthogonal ontologies, which arises while using the same concepts in different graphical scenarios.
Die moderne optische Spektroskopie kann geringste Substanzmengen nachweisen. Für schnelle Routinemessungen reichen konventionelle Zweistrahl-Spektralphotometer. Eine wesentlich höhere Nachweisempfindlichkeit im ppm- oder sogar ppb-Bereich ermöglichen das Atomabsorptions-Spektrometer (AAS) und das Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-Spektrometer (FTIR). Ein AAS atomisiert die Probe vollständig und weist dann einzelne Elemente nach. Deshalb ist es zum Beispiel für die Schwermetall-Analyse geeignet. Bei der Analyse von Molekülen dominieren heute FTIR-Geräte. Ihr Herzstück ist meist ein Michelson-Interferometer. Zusammen mit schnellen Fourier-Algorithmen erlaubt es, sehr schnell breite Spektren aufzunehmen. Stationäre und mobile FTIR-Geräte können vielfältig eingesetzt werden.
Es werden eine Reihe einfacher Freihandexperimente zum Thema Unterdruck vorgestellt. Viele der Beispiele sind vom grundlegenden Aufbau her bekannt, gestatten jedoch neue Varianten, Erweiterungen bzw. die Korrektur von Fehlvorstellungen. Neben der Druckmessung in Einmachgläsern und der Funktionsweise von Ausgussreinigern und Saughaken werden Druck- sowie Tragfähigkeitsmessungen an Staubsaugern diskutiert. Des weiteren wird untersucht, welche Saughöhe per Strohhalm realisiert werden kann. Es wird eine physikalisch einleuchtende, aber dennoch verblüffende Erweiterung des Versuchs mit dem umgedrehten Wasserglas präsentiert.
Summary In this paper, a simplified model of tangential contact between tyre and rigid surface is investigated. By linearization the eigensystem of the contact equations is obtained and parameter variations are carried out. It is shown, that some vehicle model parameters have great influence on the eigensystem of tangential contact and can determine the highest eigenfrequency of the system vehicle and tyre. Root loci are used to investigate the influence of parameters like vehicle velocity and gridwidth of the discretization. Based on the eigensystem, stability areas of numerical methods in solving the partial differential equations of tangential contact are calculated. Numerical solutions using stiff and nonstiff integrators are compared with respect to the stability areas, computational effort and accuracy. The results are discussed with a view to further development.
Über die Farben der Sonne und des Himmels: Rayleigh- und Miestreuung in Demonstrationsexperimenten
(2002)
F&E Controlling
(2002)
Systemanalyse
(2002)
Two problems that appear in the linearization of certain free boundary value problems of the hydrodynamics of two viscous fluids are studied in the strip-like domain
Π = {x = (x1, x2) ∈ ℝ2 : x1 ∈ ℝ1, (0 < x2 < h*) ∨ (h* < x2 < 1)}.
The first problem arises in the linearization of a two-layer flow down a geometrically perturbed inclined plane. The second one appears after the linearization of a two-layer flow in a geometrically perturbed inclined channel with one moving (smooth) wall. For this purpose the unknown flow domain was mapped onto the double strip Π.
The arising linear elliptic problems contain additional unknown functions in the boundary conditions. The paper is devoted to the investigation of these boundary problems by studying the asymptotics of the eigenvalues of corresponding operator pencils. It can be proved that the boundary value problems are uniquely solvable in weighted Sobolev spaces with exponential weight. The study of the full (nonlinear) free boundary value problems will be the topic of a forthcoming paper.