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The purpose of this work is to demonstrate how International Transport of Nuclear Material in Brazil is organized, coordinated and executed according to the National Nuclear Security Regime. The country has created a Nuclear Security governance in the Presidency of the Republic Institutional Security Cabinet, which holds a central role in the System for the Protection of the Brazilian Nuclear Program (Sipron, as the acronym in Portuguese), which has recently established the Nuclear Security Coordination in its structure. This new organization enabled the coordination of all national assets involved in the security of nuclear material during transport. Brazil has extensive dimensions; it occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and all the subcontinent countries except Ecuador and Chile. This continental country presents huge challenges to the ground transportation of any kind in order to reach neighboring countries. Nevertheless, in 2018, a successful nuclear material transport operation to Argentina was coordinated by Sipron within a length of more than 2.000 Km. Nuclear material was delivered from Resende in the State of Rio de Janeiro to Uruguaiana in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in the border with Argentina. This represents an itinerary farther then the distance between Vienna and Moscow. Various security coordination arrangements were necessary before and during the operation. First of all these arrangements were concerned to the identification of all stakeholders roles and responsibilities with the purpose to achieve the necessary synergy in order to perform the operation jointly. The Design and Evaluation Process Outline (DEPO) methodology was applied and the following tasks were accomplished: transportation conveyance characterization; risk and threat assessment with the support of the national intelligence agency; physical protection design according to a defined threat; law enforcement coordination (Federal Police and State Polices); contingency planning; information security measures; personnel clearances; coordination with highway operators; regulatory compliance; activation of the National Command and Control Joint Center and the State Command and Control Joint Centers; synchronization matrix implementation. The operation proved the importance of liaison in all levels, information sharing and cooperation among the responders. However, the principle of confidentiality application became crucial to restrict access to sensitive information to the minimum necessary. Deterrence was largely employed during the operation to minimize risks. The operation has turned into a successful interagency Case Study with many Best Practices and Lessons Learned.
Goal of the thesis is to research enhancement of the legislative robustness and its possibilities regarding nuclear security of mobile Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in The Netherlands to improve the licensing process. SMRs are small Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) with an electrical power output lower than 300 MWe with specific attributes like modularity and mobility, which is beneficial in serial manufacturing, like simplified design features, so fewer components allows for a higher reliability, like passive safety features, which connotes the behavior of components according to known laws of physics, for instance gravity, and like inherent safety features which are defined by reactor characteristics.
Chapter 2 reviews the inherent safety and security features of SMRs and its implications on nuclear safety and nuclear security. Chapter 3 deals with the international nuclear regulatory framework and its applicability towards licensing SMRs. Some IAEA Member States have revisioned their legal structure to optimize an SMR licensing process by applying a graded approach towards nuclear security and safety requirements. In Chapter 4 the Dutch nuclear regulatory framework and its impact on SMR developments related to nuclear safety and security are discussed. Suggestions and recommendations for possible legal adjustments are made. Chapter 5 approaches the harmonization of licensing requirements by proposing a more efficient alternative to the Dutch licensing process for all types of NPPs, including SMRs, as presented in international recommendations. Chapter 6 considers the need for SMRs and an alternative approach to the stakeholder involvement in the Dutch NPP licensing process.
Generally nuclear regulatory frameworks mainly focus on licensing conventional NPPs and the corresponding nuclear safety and security requirements and therefore prescribing overshooting regulations. Legal options to gradually approach safety and security requirements are deeply embedded in the Dutch Nuclear Energy Act and corresponding legislation. Combined with legal adjustments as denoted in the conclusions and recommendations, the adjustmenst are not only permittable and justifiable but also legally possible. Therefore, the licensing process of SMRs can be streamlined, establishing a harmonized and robust nuclear regulatory framework creating great opportunities for enriching the energy mix in The Netherlands with SMRs.
Gefrierende Gewässer
(2021)
Ziel der Hochschulbibliothek der Technischen Hochschule Brandenburg (THB) ist es seit jeher, Informationen zu jeder Zeit an jedem Ort gezielt, schnell, aktuell, vollständig und qualitativ hochwertig verfügbar zu machen. Das Strategiepapier benennt fünf konkrete Handlungsfelder und zeigt Perspektiven für die zukünftige Arbeit der Hochschulbibliothek der THB auf.