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Institute
Rolling contact fatigue generates cracks on the running surface of high strength railway rails which grow under a small angle into the rail head. These cracks can cause in its last stage the fracturing of the rail. The crack extension behaviour is – as the origin of these cracks too – influenced by the cold working of the rail steel. The crack growth in the first stage is fracture mechanically analyzed by means of two-dimensional modelling. The simulation results are assessed for the use of rail grinding. A criterion for the change of the crack growth direction could not be derived, but the following stages of the crack growth in the transverse direction and the final fracture and the conditions for secondary fractures are considered. Rolling contact fatigue generates cracks on the running surface of high strength railway rails which grow under a small angle into the rail head. These cracks can cause in its last stage the fracturing of the rail. The crack extension behaviour is – as the origin of these cracks too – influenced by the cold working of the rail steel. The crack growth in the first stage is fracture mechanically analyzed by means of two-dimensional modelling. The simulation results are assessed for the use of rail grinding. A criterion for the change of the crack growth direction could not be derived, but the following stages of the crack growth in the transverse direction and the final fracture and the conditions for secondary fractures are considered.
The present work researches the existing publications on security management, assesses the relevance of selected literature in relation to corporate security and its subdisciplines and gives some recommendations for the elaboration of prospective security publications. The addressed publications are specialist books, academic journals and specialist magazines. The first part of the work defines the term security management from the perspective of this study in order to find a homogenous scheme, on which the literature research and analysis will be based. The central part of the work assesses the collected publications and determines their relevance with the security management outline defined in this work. The closing part gathers the results of the research and analysis, in order to determine characteristics and shortcomings of the existing literature, and proposes structural improvements for future publications.
Debt-overhang and ways out
(2014)
The focus of this paper is legacy debt and ways out of it. It introduces credit, debt and financial stress as a basis for understanding the ongoing financial crisis as well as solutions discussed in politics and media. We clarify why and when debt is too much, and discuss ways of avoiding outright default.
The main questions are
• What are the basics of debt and related financial problems?
• How much debt is too much?
• Why and when is default a problem to all of us?
• Is there a way out of the current debt crisis?
While debt and looming bankruptcy of governments is the focus of media attention, we will not neglect the fact, that households, banks and companies in many countries acquired too much debt as well and are therefore a source of problems of their own right.
Kurzdarstellung
Kolumbien ist ein agrarwirtschaftlich geprägtes Land, indem eine Vielzahl verschiedener
landwirtschaftlicher Produkte, wie zum Beispiel Zuckerrohr, Kaffee oder Reis, angebaut
werden. Durch die jährlich anwachsende Menge an produzierten Gütern steigt auch die jährlich
produzierte Menge an landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen, welche Anwendung als erneuerbare
Energieträger finden können. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass es in weiten Teilen Kolumbiens,
gerade in den ländlichen agrarwirtschaftlich geprägten Gebieten, Probleme mit der
Energieversorgung gibt, könnten die landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle genutzt werden, um vor Ort
Energie zu erzeugen und die Entwicklung dieser Regionen zu fördern.
Die Forschungsgruppe „Biomass and Optimization of Thermal Systems” (BIOT) der „National
University of Colombia“ beschäftigt sich mit genau diesem Thema. In dem Projekt „Efficient
Use of Alternative Carbonaceous Fuels in the Power Generation in Colombia by
Implementation of Fluidized Bed Reactors” ist geplant, eine zirkulierende Wirbelschichtanlage
zur Vergasung von Biomassepartikeln zu konstruieren. Wirbelschichtreaktoren besitzen
hervorragende Wärmetransporteigenschaften, sowie gute Partikelkontaktraten, welche
notwendig für einen thermochemischen Wandlungsprozess sind [1]. Das Ziel des Projektes ist
es zu untersuchen, welche der vor Ort anfallenden landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle effizient genutzt
werden können, um Energie durch Vergasungsprozesse unter Anwendung einer
Wirbelschichtanlage zu produzieren.
Die Auslegung des Wirbelschichtreaktors und die Modellierung des thermochemischen
Wandlungsprozesses hängt stark von den physischen und fluiddynamischen Eigenschaften der
verwendeten Biomassepartikel ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der
experimentellen Bestimmung der wesentlichen Eigenschaften der Biomassepartikel. Dazu
gehören: die Partikelgrößenverteilung, der mittlere Partikeldurchmesser, die Schütt- und
Partikeldichte und der Feuchtigkeitsgehalt. Im Weiteren werden Fluidisierungsversuche mit
Mischungen aus Quarzsand, welcher als Bettmaterial dient, und verschiedenen zugeführten
Mengen an Biomassepartikeln durchgeführt. Dabei werden die charakteristischen Kenngrößen,
wie die Lockerungsgeschwindigkeit, und die Art der Fluidisierung bzw. die Art der sich
ausbildenden Schicht experimentell ermittelt, um Erkenntnisse darüber zu erlangen, ob die
verschiedenen landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle erfolgreich fluidisiert werden können.
Competency Acquisition in Applied Knowledge Engineering An Approach based on Learning from Errors
(2018)