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Crepuscular rays: laboratory experiments and simulations

  • Model simulations of laboratory-generated and natural crepuscular rays are presented. Rays are created in the laboratory with parallel light beams that pass through artificial fogs and milk–water solutions. Light scattered by 90° in a dilute mixture of whole milk first increases in intensity with distance from the source to a maximum as a result of multiple scattering by mainly small angles before decreasing exponentially due to extinction as distance continues to increase. Crepuscular rays areModel simulations of laboratory-generated and natural crepuscular rays are presented. Rays are created in the laboratory with parallel light beams that pass through artificial fogs and milk–water solutions. Light scattered by 90° in a dilute mixture of whole milk first increases in intensity with distance from the source to a maximum as a result of multiple scattering by mainly small angles before decreasing exponentially due to extinction as distance continues to increase. Crepuscular rays are simulated for three cloud configurations. In case 1, the Sun at the zenith is blocked by a cloud with an overhanging anvil. The rays appear white against blue sky and are brightest when atmospheric turbidity, β≈11 . Shading by the anvil separates maximum brightness from apparent cloud edge. In case 2, a ray passes through a rectangular gap in a cloud layer. The ray is faint blue in a molecular atmosphere but turns pale yellow as β and solar zenith angle, ϕsun , increase. At ϕsun=60° it appears most striking when the cloud is optically thick, β≈5 , and the beam width Δx≈1000 m . In these cases, increasing aerosol radius, raer , to about 1000 nm brightens, narrows, and shortens rays. In case 3, the twilight Sun is shaded by a towering cloud or mountain. The shaded rays are deeper blue than the sunlit sky because the light originates higher in the atmosphere, where short waves have suffered less depletion from scattering. The long optical path taken by sunlight at twilight makes color and lighting contrasts of the rays greatest when the air is quite clean, i.e., for β−1≪1 . In all cases, the brightest rays occur when sunlight passes through an optical thickness of atmosphere, τ≈O(1) . © 2011 Optical Society of Americashow moreshow less

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Metadaten
Author:Stanley David Gedzelman, Michael VollmerGND
DOI:https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.00F142
Parent Title (English):In: Applied Optics Vol. 50 (2011) 28, pp. F142-F151
Document Type:Article
Language:English
Year of Publishing:2011
Date of Publication (online):2014/01/03
Release Date:2014/01/03
Institutes:Fachbereich Technik
Dewey Decimal Classification:Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / Physik / Physik
Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / Geowissenschaften, Geologie / Geologie, Hydrologie, Meteorologie
University Bibliography:Hochschulbibliografie
Licence (German):Creative Commons - Namensnennung, Nicht kommerziell, Keine Bearbeitung
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