TY - JOUR A1 - Preetham Sata, Sai A1 - Stannarius, Ralf A1 - Puzyrev, Dmitry ED - Alam, M. ED - Das, S.L. ED - Bose, M. ED - Murthy, T.G. ED - Chikkadi, V. ED - Singh, A. ED - Luding, S. T1 - Machine learning for prediction of dynamical clustering in granular gases JF - EPJ Web of Conferences N2 - Continuously excited dense granular gases in microgravity can develop spatial inhomogeneities of the particle distribution. Dynamical clustering is a phenomenon where a significant share of particles concentrate in strongly overpopulated regions. It is caused by a complex interplay between the energy influx and dissipation in collisions. The overall packing fraction, container geometry, and excitation parameters influence the gas-cluster transition. We perform Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations for frictional spheres in a cuboid container and apply statistical criteria to the packing fraction profiles. Machine learning (ML) methods are used to study the dependence of the gas-cluster transition on system parameters. It is a promising alternative to predict the state of the system without the need for the time-consuming DEM simulations. We identify the best models for predicting the dynamical clustering of frictional spheres in a specific experimental geometry. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202534012012 VL - 340 PB - EDP Sciences ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - Naked eye celestial objects and phenomena: how far can we see at night? JF - European Journal of Physics N2 - How far can we see with the naked eye at night? Many celestial objects like stars and galaxies as well as transient phenomena such as comets and supernovae can be observed in the night sky. We discuss the furthest distances of such objects and phenomena observable with the naked eye during the night-time for Earth-bound observers. The physics of night-time visual ranges differs from that of daytime observations because human vision shifts from cones to rods. In addition, mostly point sources are observed due to the large distances involved. Whether celestial objects and phenomena can be detected depends on the contrast of their radiation and the background sky luminance. We present a concise overview of how far we can see at night by first discussing the effects of the Earth's atmosphere. This includes attenuation of transmitted radiation as well as its role as a source of background radiation. Disregarding the attenuation of light due to interstellar and intergalactic dust, simple maximum night-time visual range estimates are based on the inverse square law, which can be easily verified by laboratory and demonstration experiments. From the respective calculations, we find that individual stars within the Milky Way galaxy of up to 15 000 light years are observable. Even further away are observable galaxies with several billion stars. The Andromeda galaxy can be observed with the naked eye at a distance of around 2.5 million light years. Similarly, the observability of supernovae also allows a visual range beyond the Milky Way galaxy. Finally, gamma ray bursts as the most energetic events in the universe are discussed concerning naked eye observations. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/adbf74 VL - 46 IS - 3 PB - IOP Science ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - How far can we see at day? JF - European Journal of Physics N2 - We discuss the farthest objects on Earth observable for the unaided, healthy naked eye during the daytime, i.e., the maximum visual range for observers on Earth. Visual range depends first on the properties of the material between observer and object and its interaction processes with radiation, but second also on our visual perception system. After a rough comparison of ranges in water, glass, and the atmosphere, we focus on the physical basis of visual range for the latter. As a contrast phenomenon, visual range refers to allowed light paths within the atmosphere. It results from the interplay of geometry, refraction, and light scattering. We present a concise overview of this field by qualitative descriptions and quantitative estimates as well as classroom demonstration experiments. The starting point is the common geometrical visual ranges, followed by extensions due to refraction and limitations due to contrast, which depend on scattering and absorption processes within the atmosphere. The quantitative discussion of scattering is very helpful to easily understand the huge ranges in nature from meters in dense fog to hundreds of kilometers in clear atmospheres. Extreme visual ranges from about 300 km to above 500 km require optimal atmospheric conditions, cleverly chosen locations and times, and a sophisticated topography analysis. Even longer visual ranges are possible when looking through the vertical atmosphere. From the ISS, daytime ranges well above 1000 km are possible. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/adc4a0 VL - 46 IS - 3 PB - IOP Science ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - How many stars appear colored to the naked eye? JF - Applied Optics N2 - Naked eye studies of the clear night sky reveal that a certain percentage of all observable stars can be perceived as having color. Subjective estimates differ widely, ranging from just a few to a maximum of above two hundred. Explanations are based on the emission spectra of the stars, which are modified by interstellar dust clouds, the Earth atmosphere, and mostly the inverse square law. Color changes occur not only for variation of the star’s angular elevation above the horizon, but as well for decreasing nighttime sky brightness due to the transition from photopic via mesopic to scotopic vision. The maximum number of stars showing color to the naked eye depends on star illuminances on Earth and the background sky luminance. The limit of observing color is found to correspond to apparent visual magnitudes around , defining the number of colored stars. This also means that naked eye perception of stars with color is only possible for a certain star distance range, which is well below the maximum naked eye visual range of stars. Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.580635 VL - 65 IS - 9 SP - C27 EP - C37 PB - Optica Publishing Group ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kitzelmann, Emanuel A1 - Boersch, Ingo A1 - Tarassow, Artur A1 - Nitze, André A1 - Gohlicke, Franziska A1 - Hochwald, Jessica A1 - Siebert, Tim A1 - Wagner, Robin T1 - SmartRetrieve - GraphRAG für einen Campus-ChatBot, Abschlussbericht Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.25933/opus4-3341 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Daupayev, Nursultan A1 - Reber, Paul A1 - Bendyk, Ricky A1 - Engel, Christian A1 - Hirsch, Sören T1 - Data Reduction for Energy-Constrained Sensors via Event-Aware Sampling T2 - Konferenz: 2025 IEEE SENSORS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2025 N2 - Environmental monitoring plays a crucial role in analyzing environmental parameters and detecting anomalies. However, sensor systems work continuously, which results in constant energy consumption and data redundancy, especially for sensors with limited computing power and memory. In addition, installing and maintaining sensors in remote places creates additional challenges. An adaptive environmental sensing approach is developed to reduce data redundancy and energy consumption. A custom-designed sensor based on PIC16LF19156 microcontroller measures CO2, humidity and temperature simultaneously. The sensor is connected to a Raspberry Pi, where a signal processing algorithm is executed, aimed at reducing data redundancy, thereby increasing the energy efficiency of the system. The algorithm includes the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to extract spectral features from the signals. A machine learning model trained on previous data estimates the daily variability of the signal and saves data labeled as SAVE (deviations) or SKIP (consistency). As a result, only the relevant intervals showing significant fluctuations are retained. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was evaluated by reconstructing the compressed signals and comparing them with the original data based on RMSE and MAE metrics, which confirms the insignificant loss of information. Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-8-3315-4467-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS59705.2025.11330656 SN - 2168-9229 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - Elektromagnetische Wellen – Grundlagen und ausgewählte Anwendungen T2 - Schwingungen und Wellen in Alltagskontexten N2 - Schwingungen und Wellen zeigen sich in vielen Alltagsphänomenen der Physik, d. h. in der Lebenswelt von Schülerinnen und Schülern. Dazu zählen in der Mechanik Beispiele wie Schaukeln, Seilwellen oder Wasserwellen am Strand, in der Akustik Schallwellen durch beliebige Geräusche oder stehende Wellen in Musikinstrumenten und im Elektromagnetismus die allgegenwärtigen elektromagnetischen Wellen. Letztere haben vielfältigste Anwendungen, z. B. Erhitzen mit Mikrowellengeräten, Kommunizieren mit Smartphones, Datenübertragung mit Lichtleitern oder Fotografieren mit Kameras, ganz zu schweigen von medizinischen Anwendungen der Endoskopie, des Röntgens oder laserbasierten chirurgischen Eingriffen. Viele dieser Anwendungen haben ein enormes Motivationspotenzial in der Lehre, weshalb das Thema fest in Lehrplänen der Sekundarstufen verankert ist. Im Folgenden werden zunächst allgemeine Grundlagen und Gemeinsamkeiten der Beschreibung beliebiger Wellen diskutiert, bevor das Hauptaugenmerk auf elektromagnetische Wellen und ausgewählte Anwendungen gelegt wird. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-70949-8_3 SP - 35 EP - 48 PB - Springer ET - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - Optical Phenomena in the Atmosphere JF - Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences N2 - Following a brief description of the atmosphere and spectra of the Sun as dominant daytime light source, the most common optical phenomena within the troposphere are discussed, which are due to scattering of radiation with the constituents of the atmosphere. At first mirages, rainbows, coronas, iridescence, glories and halos are explained. Then light scattering phenomena which give rise to sunset colors, blue and colorful skies are presented as well as related phenomena like blue mountains, white clouds, green flashes and visual ranges. The review ends with a short survey of other less easily observable optical phenomena of the atmosphere and a very detailed bibliography. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-96026-7.00177-6 IS - 2 SP - 285 EP - 306 PB - academic press ET - 3 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - Optik und ihre Phänomene BT - Lichtspiele in der Natur: von Luftspiegelungen und Himmelsfarben bis in die Weiten des Alls N2 - Dieses Lehr-, Lern-, Fach- und Sachbuch präsentiert die Grundlagen der Optik in Theorie und ausführlich beschriebenem Experiment sowie vielfältige faszinierende optische Phänomene. Ob in Vorlesungen, Seminaren, für Projektarbeiten, Schulunterricht oder Selbststudium - dieses Buch ist eine wertvolle Ressource für alle, die sich für Optik interessieren. Durch die große Zahl zitierter Originalarbeiten schlägt es nicht nur die Brücke zur Lehre sondern auch zur Forschung. Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-662-69308-7 SN - 978-3-662-69309-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-69309-4 PB - Springer ET - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Radinger, Johannes A1 - Braun, Marlon A1 - Jechow, Andreas A1 - Hölker, Franz A1 - Michiels, Niko K. A1 - Feldhege, Fritz A1 - Roser, Phillip A1 - Arlinghaus, Robert T1 - Effectiveness of fluorescent angling lures on catch outcomes in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) under ambient light conditions JF - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences N2 - Anecdotal reports in angling media suggest that using fluorescent lures may increase catch rates in dim light or at high turbidity. We conducted a controlled angling experiment, comprising 501 30-min experimental fishing trials in three meso- to eutrophic waterbodies and assessed catch rates and sizes of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) caught when offered two soft plastic lures (fluorescent vs. non-fluorescent) with similar reflective spectra. We also examined fluorescent properties of a range of market-available lures and modelled the experimental lure’s fluorescing effects under natural lake light. Considering the specific light environment of the study waters, the experimental fluorescent lure could get excited by downwelling visible daylight and fluoresce at depths of up to 3 meters. Based on a sample catch of 331 perch, and after controlling for interactions with illuminance, cloud cover, water depth and daytime, the fluorescence of the experimental lure did, however, neither affect the catch rate nor the size of perch caught. Lure fluorescence maybe less important than many anglers believe, but further studies in different lake conditions are needed. Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2025-0084 VL - 83 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Canadian Science Publishing ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Kraska, Martin T1 - Technische Mechanik mit SMath Studio N2 - Dieses Lehrbuch führt am Beispiel der Technischen Mechanik in die Nutzung der Mathematiksoftware SMath Studio für die Durchführung und Dokumentation technischer Berechnungen ein. Das für Privatanwender kostenlose SMath ist, ähnlich wie Mathcad, eine leistungsfähige Alternative zu Papier, Bleistift und Taschenrechner oder auch zu den bekannten Tabellenkalkulationsprogrammen. Das Buch nimmt Einsteiger an die Hand, behandelt aber auch Erweiterungen wie numerische Methoden und Computeralgebra. Mit Beispielen aus Statik, Festigkeitslehre und Dynamik wird das typische Themenspektrum der Technischen Mechanik in technischen Studiengängen, insbesondere im Maschinenbau, abgedeckt. Y1 - SN - 978-3-658-50591-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-50592-9 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dickerson, Ashton L. A1 - Andreas, Jechow A1 - Nößler, Michelle A1 - Walles, Tim J. A1 - Berger, Stella A. A1 - Hölker, Franz A1 - Nejstgaard, Jens C. T1 - High-resolution in situ imaging reveals size-specific moonlight responses in zooplankton diel vertical migration JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Light is the primary cue driving zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM), a strategy that balances predation risk with resource access. However, DVM is often oversimplified, with limited consideration of how light-driven risks and resource needs vary across taxa and life stages. This simplification is partly due to constraints on collecting high-resolution, size-resolved data —especially at night, when subtle shifts in illumination reshape nocturnal risk landscapes. To overcome these limitations, we deployed a high-resolution in situ modular Deep-focus Plankton Imager and an image-recognition approach to quantify fine scale DVM and body sizes of Cladocerans and Copepods in Lake Stechlin, Germany. Data was collected from day into night and across moonrise and was compared with environmental data from vertical profiling sondes. Typical DVM patterns emerged, with deeper daytime distributions, however, moonlight introduced additional behavioural complexity: larger individuals avoided illuminated layers, likely managing predation risk, while smaller individuals moved into these layers, possibly exploiting foraging opportunities and reduced risk. These light-mediated shifts were further shaped by ecological conditions; copepods tracked food-rich layers regardless of light levels at night, while cladocerans showed light-dependent responses to both temperature and food, such that light caused them to avoid otherwise favourable (warm, food-rich) layers. Our approach provides new insight into how zooplankton navigate nocturnal lightscapes, revealing size- and taxon-specific strategies. By establishing size-dependent responses to natural moonlight, this work provides a crucial baseline for predicting how artificial light at night may restructure zooplankton communities and destabilize freshwater food webs. Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36105-0 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Nature ER - TY - INPR A1 - Markgraf, Klaus A1 - Müller, Katja A1 - Henkel, Clara A1 - Flassig, Robert A1 - Janke, Christian A1 - Flassig, Peter T1 - Application of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in Combination with Bootstrap to Improve Processes in Model-Based Aero-Engine Development N2 - In aerospace engineering, data-driven surrogate models are increasingly employed to mitigate the computational and temporal costs of simulations, numerical analyses, and experiments. Two major challenges accompany this trend. First, the training of surrogate models often requires a sufficient amount of data, the determination of which is inherently difficult. Second, these models often exhibit high complexity, limiting both the traceability of their outputs and the extraction of useful insights. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods have therefore emerged as promising tools to enhance the interpretability, explainability, and transparency of such models. In this work, a combination of the established Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) approach with a bootstrap-based method is investigated. The proposed framework provides insights into the contribution of individual features and enables an assessment of data sufficiency with respect to surrogate model performance. Building upon these findings, the Bootstrap-Informed Feature Importance (BIFI) method is proposed. BIFI offers a model-agnostic, robust identification of relevant features.The method is analyzed in the context of Design of Experiments (DOE) processes used for surrogate model construction. Evaluation on four synthetic datasets of increasing complexity, as well as a dataset from aero-engine development, demonstrates that BIFI-based DOEs can improve surrogate model quality measured in terms of R and MSE by up to 90%. Consequently, the proposed method enables more efficient utilization of simulations, computations, and experiments while reducing the required number of samples. Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8590595/v1 SP - 1 EP - 23 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Querner, Erich A1 - Ewerling, Philipp A1 - Kindsmüller, Martin Christof T1 - Touch gets it done, tangibles make it fun? Balancing objective accuracy and user experience T2 - Mensch und Computer 2025 - Workshopband : MCI-WS11: 18th Workshop “Be-greifbare Interaktion”. Chemnitz. 31. August - 03. September 2025 N2 - This study compares Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs) with conventional touch interfaces (CTIs) on multi-touch tables for exploratory multi-user map applications. We developed a prototype that enables multiple users to interact with map content simultaneously and independently. Four interaction methods were implemented and evaluated: gesture-based touch control, widget-based touch joystick control, and two tangible interaction variants (a joystick and car-steering metaphor). A user study with 15 participants was conducted in which users navigated predefined routes with varying difficulty. We collected both objective performance measurements and subjective user assessments. While touch-based methods yielded higher accuracy in objective metrics, TUI-based interactions were rated significantly better by participants in terms of user experience. Notably, the car-steering tangible control was particularly well-received, highlighting how physical, playful interaction can enhance usability despite lower accuracy. These findings contribute to our understanding of how different interaction paradigms support collaborative exploration on multi-touch surfaces. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2025-mci-ws11-164 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simmering, Veronika A1 - Pfeiffer, Thies A1 - Kindsmüller, Martin Christof T1 - The Impact of Embodiment and Output Modality on Learning with Conversational Agents in VR T2 - GI Workshop 2025 on Virtual and Augmented Reality : VR/AR 2025, Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn 2025 N2 - In Virtual Reality (VR) learning applications, the integration of pedagogical agents is particularly promising, as they function as a virtual social support. With the recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs), conversational language models are now available that enable natural language interaction in a VR environment. We evaluated four possible designs for LLM-based agents (푛 = 21) in an aircraft-engine training. Focusing on the primary questions when bringing LLM-based agents into VR: whether to use text or speech and whether to embody the conversational agent in 3D or not. Pre- and post-tests were used to measure retention and questionnaires were used to measure the User Experience (UX) of different design variants. Contrary to our hypotheses, retention was higher when using a non-embodied design compared to an embodied design. The output modality did not have a significant impact on the learning success, but it did have an impact on the UX. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18420/vrar2025_12 SN - 2944-7682 SP - 235 EP - 254 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kristal, Samuel A1 - Naguleswaran, Piruntha T1 - Der Einfluss von Rebranding auf den Markenwert im Kontext von künstlicher Intelligenz: Eine bibliometrisch-systematische Analyse T2 - Handbuch Innovatives Marketing N2 - In Zeiten rasanter technologischer Entwicklungen stellt sich die Frage, welchen Einfluss Rebranding auf den Markenwert hat, insbesondere im Kontext künstlicher Intelligenz. Während Rebranding traditionell als strategische Maßnahme zur Anpassung an veränderte Marktbedingungen verstanden wurde, eröffnet die Integration von KI neue Möglichkeiten der Automatisierung, Personalisierung und datengetriebenen Entscheidungsfindung. Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die Rolle von KI im Rebranding-Prozess und untersucht, inwiefern KI-gestützte und menschliche Strategien den Markenwert beeinflussen. Durch eine bibliometrische und systematische Literaturanalyse wird der aktuelle Forschungsstand aufgearbeitet, zentrale Mechanismen identifiziert und zukünftiger Forschungsbedarf abgeleitet. Abschließend werden Implikationen für Wissenschaft und Praxis diskutiert, um eine fundierte Grundlage für den strategischen Einsatz von KI im Markenmanagement zu schaffen. Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-46709-8_99-1 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Querner, Erich A1 - Ewerling, Philipp A1 - Kindsmüller, Martin Christof T1 - Setting the Stage for Collaboration: A Multi-View Table for Touch and Tangible Map Interaction T2 - Mensch und Computer 2025 - Workshopband : MCI-WS11: 18th Workshop “Be-greifbare Interaktion”. Chemnitz. 31. August - 03. September 2025 N2 - We present a multi-user map application based on a novel multiview concept that enables simultaneous and independent interaction with shared geospatial content. Each user operates a personal View Finder and Focus View, color-coded for clarity, while a shared, immutable Context View provides a common reference frame. The system supports both touch-based and tangible interaction techniques, including gesture control, virtual joysticks, and physical objects. Users can flexibly arrange their workspaces on a multi-touch table, supporting both individual exploration and collaborative tasks. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2025-mci-demo-318 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puzyrev, Dmitry A1 - Trittel, Torsten A1 - Harth, Kirsten A1 - Sata, Sai Preetham A1 - Stannarius, Ralf A1 - Cruz Hidalgo, Raúl ED - Alam, M. ED - Das, S.L. ED - Bose, M. ED - Murthy, T.G. ED - Chikkadi, V. ED - Singh, A. ED - Luding, S. T1 - AI-aided visual data analysis for granular gases: Complex particles, high density, and other challenges JF - EPJ Web of Conferences N2 - Microgravity experiments with three-dimensional (3D) granular gases, i.e., ensembles of freemoving macroscopic particles which collide inelastically, produce large amounts of stereo video footage which require processing and analysis. The main steps of data treatment are particle detection, 3D matching and tracking in stereoscopic views, and quantification of ensemble statistical properties such as, e.g. mean kinetic energy or collision processes. Frequent overlapping or clustering of particles and their complicated movement patterns require smart software solutions. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) methods were successfully used for analysis of granular systems. We have applied such techniques to the granular gases of rod-like particles and developed a software tool which enables a full cycle of semi-automatic experimental data analysis. The approach is now tested on more complex, non-convex particles, shaped as 3D crosses (hexapods). Another challenge is optical analysis of dense granular gases, where individual particles cannot be tracked. We present a preliminary result of application of an ML method for number density profiles extraction in VIP-Gran experiment with dense ensemble of rod-like particles. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202534012013 VL - 340 PB - EDP Sciences ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wehland, Markus A1 - Corydon, Thomas J. A1 - González-Torres, Luis Fernando A1 - Abdelfattah, Fatima A1 - Sahana, Jayashree A1 - Schulz, Herbert A1 - Mushunuri, Ashwini A1 - Burenkova, Hanna A1 - Wuest, Simon L. A1 - Krüger, Marcus A1 - Kraus, Armin A1 - Grimm, Daniela T1 - New Knowledge About Tissue Engineering Under Microgravity Conditions in Space and on Earth JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Microgravity (µg)-generated three-dimensional (3D) multicellular aggregates can serve as models of tissue and disease development. They are relevant in the fields of cancer and in vitro metastasis or regenerative medicine (tissue engineering). Driven by the 3R concept—replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing—µg-exposure of human cells represents a new alternative method that avoids animal experiments entirely. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are used in biomedical research, pharmacology, toxicology, cancer research, radiotherapy, and translational regenerative medicine. Various types of human cells grow as 3D spheroids or organoids when exposed to µg-conditions provided by µg simulating instruments on Earth. Examples for such µg-simulators are the Rotating Wall Vessel, the Random Positioning Machine, and the 2D or 3D clinostat. This review summarizes the most recent literature focusing on µg-engineered tissues. We are discussing all reports examining different tumor cell types from breast, lung, thyroid, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, we are focusing on µg-generated spheroids and organoids derived from healthy cells like chondrocytes, stem cells, bone cells, endothelial cells, and cardiovascular cells. The obtained data from NAMs and µg-experiments clearly imply that they can support translational medicine on Earth. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010341 VL - 27 IS - 1 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stein, Stefan A1 - Pilgermann, Michael A1 - Weber, Simon A1 - Sedlmayr, Martin T1 - Leveraging MDS2 and SBOM data for LLM-assisted vulnerability analysis of medical devices JF - Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal N2 - This study investigated the use of a semi-automated, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)-based multi-agent architecture to analyze security-relevant data and assemble specialized exploitation paths targeting medical devices. The input dataset comprised device-specific sources, namely, the Manufacturer Disclosure Statement for Medical Device Security (MDS2) documents and Software Bills of Materials (SBOMs), enriched with public vulnerability databases, including Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE), Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV), and Metasploit exploit records. The objective was to assess whether a modular, Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agent system could autonomously correlate device metadata with known vulnerabilities and existing exploit information to support structured threat modeling. The architecture follows a static RAG design based on predefined prompts and fixed retrieval logic, without autonomous agent planning or dynamic query adaptation. The developed Vulnerability Intelligence for Threat Analysis in Medical Security (VITAMedSec) system operates under human-prompted supervision and successfully synthesizes actionable insights and exploitation paths without requiring manual step-by-step input during execution. Although technically coherent results were obtained under controlled conditions, real-world validation remains a critical avenue for future research. This study further discusses the dual-use implications of such an agent-based framework, its relevance to patient safety in medical device cybersecurity, and the broader applicability of the proposed architecture to other critical infrastructure sectors. These findings emphasize both the technical potential and ethical responsibility for applying semi-automated AI workflows in medical cybersecurity contexts. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2025.07.012 VL - 28 SP - 267 EP - 280 PB - Elsevier ER -