TY - THES A1 - Ghulam Zada, Taj Mohammad T1 - Machine-Learning-basiertes Forecasting des Elektromobilitätshochlaufs in Deutschland N2 - Forecasting is an important decision-making tool for businesses, organizations, and governments because it saves a lot of resources. The forecast of the market share of new BEV car registrations in Germany can help efficiently evaluate strategic and future-oriented decisions, e.g., the climate targets set by the federal government. Machine learning methods were used to implement forecasting. Two machine learning models were used to forecast of the market share of new BEV car registrations in Germany: SARIMA(X) and DeepAR model. Due to variety in input datasets, four univariate and multivariate time series analysis models were trained. Afterwards, all four trained models were compared with each other using the RMSE metric. The last six months of the dataset were used to evaluate the model quality. The result of model comparison shows that SARIMAX model needs the exogenous variables to create a forecast of the multivariate data sets. However, the DeepAR model does not require any exogenous variables to generate forecast. Furthermore, if the input dataset contains at least 300 observations, then the implementation of DeepAR model is much more advantageous than SARIMA(X) model. DeepAR model not only supports the univariate and multivariate datasets, but also creates a global model that generates a forecast per variable. This is a great advantage over the SARIMA(X) model, which is not capable of this. N2 - Forecasting ist eine wichtige Methode zur Entscheidungsfindung für Unternehmen, Organisationen und Regierungen, da so der Ressourcenverbrauch reduziert werden kann. Der Forecast des prozentualen Marktanteils der neuen BEV-PKW-Zulassungen in Deutschland kann helfen, um strategische und zukunftsorientierte Entscheidungen, z.B. die vom Bund gesetzten Klimaziele, besser steuern zu können. Zur Durchführung des Forecastings wurde der Einsatz unterschiedlicher Machine-Learning-Methoden ausgenutzt. Es wurden zwei Machine-Learning-Modelle für das Forecasting des prozentualen Marktanteils der BEV-PKW-Neuzulassungen in Deutschland verwendet: Die SARIMA(X)- und DeepAR-Modelle. Aufgrund der Unterschiede in den Eingabedatensätzen wurden vier Modelle der Univariate- und Multivariate- Zeitreihenanalyse trainiert. Mit Hilfe der RMSE-Fehlermetrik wurden die vier trainierten Modelle miteinander verglichen. Die letzten sechs Monate der Eingabedatensätze wurden zur Evaluierung der Modellqualität genutzt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Masterarbeit zeigen, dass das SARIMAX-Modell zur Erstellung einer Prognose der multivariaten Datensätze die exogenen Variablen benötigt. Allerdings braucht das DeepAR-Modell keine exogenen Variablen, um eine Prognose generieren zu können. Wenn der Eingabedatensatz mindestens 300 Zeitreihen beträgt, eignet sich das DeepAR-Modell besser als das SARIMA(X)-Modell. Das DeepAR-Modell unterstützt nicht nur die univariaten- und multivariaten Datensätze, sondern generiert auch ein globales Modell, wodurch eine Prognose je Variable erstellt wird. Das ist ein großer Vorteil gegenüber dem SARIMA(X)-Modell, welches dazu nicht in der Lage ist. KW - Forecasting KW - Time Series Analysis KW - SARIMA(X) KW - DeepAR KW - Hyperparameter Optimization KW - Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), Elektromobilität Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-28784 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rothenhäusler, Luis T1 - d3.js and its potential in data visualization N2 - Diese Arbeit gibt einen Einblick sowie eine Einschätzung eines Code-basierten Werkzeuges zur Datenvisualierung, der d3js bibliothek für JavaScript. Es werden nicht nur das Potential, sondern auch die Vor- und Nachteile evaluiert. Weiterhin wird eine Einschätzung gegeben, wann der Einsatz dieses Werkzeuges sinnvoll ist. Um diese Einschätzungen treffen zu können, werden einige Di- agramme, bezüglich der aktuellen Flüchtlichgssituation, die aufgrund des bewaffneten Ukrainekonfilktes besteht, erstellt. Dafür werden zunächst die nötigen Grundlagen erklärt. Dies umfasst sowohl Daten und Datentypen, als auch Diagramme und deren Aufbau. Abschließend werden die erstellten Diagramme, sowie d3js im Diskussionsteil ausgewertet. Da d3js in reinem JavaScript implementiert ist, lässt es sich problem- los mit anderen Frameworks kombinieren. Der Fokus von d3js liegt auf der schnellen und einfachen Manipulation von Elementen im Document Object Model. d3js ist jedoch kein Werkzeug, mit dem in wenigen Zeilen Quell- code ganze Diagramme erstellt werden können. Vielmehr müssen sowohl die einzelnen Elemente eines Diagrammes, wie auch deren Position und Ausse- hen händisch definiert werden. Das ermöglicht ein Höchstmaß an Kontrolle über das Aussehen und Verhalten der Diagramme. Es ist jedoch auch zeitin- tensiv und führt eventuell zur Implementation unübersichtlicher Diagramme. Gepaart mit der hohen initialen Lernkurve kann die Nutzung von d3js nur in speziellen Fällen, welche die volle Kontrolle über Aussehen und Verhalten von Diagrammen benötigen, empfohlen werden. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-28536 ER - TY - THES A1 - Diel, Alexander T1 - Vergleich moderner Frontend-Technologien zur Erstellung von Single-Page-Webanwendungen N2 - In der heutigen Zeit finden Single-Page-Webanwendung immer mehr Verwendung. Entsprechend dieser Entwicklung wurden Technologien, zur Erstellung von Single-Page-Webanwendungen, angefertigt. Um ihre Unterschiede und individuellen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten zu ermitteln, wurde mit den drei populärsten Technologien eine Webanwendung gebaut und eine Evaluation anhand einer Reihe von Kriterien durchgeführt. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-28656 ER - TY - THES A1 - Surjanto, Jennifer T1 - Analysis of the Preferences of Younger and Older Indonesian Users Towards the User Interface of Mobile Instant Messaging Applications N2 - In recent years, the messaging application has been Indonesia’s most widely used mobile app. The number of users of these instant messaging (IM) applications has also been increasing constantly. Unfortunately, research has mentioned that older users often face challenges in using them. Although some papers have created guidelines for designing interfaces for the elderly, these applications are still focused on developing according to the need of young people. In addition, the aging of adults increases their chances of facing some difficulties. Therefore, this thesis aims to give a better understanding of the interface of the mobile instant messaging (MIM) application preferred by its users, specifically Indonesian users. By distributing an online-based survey to 150 Indonesian users of the MIM application, the preferences of several features in the message list and messaging interface of this application are collected. Then, the statistical analysis of the results found that the preferences of both users’ age groups differ. Among them are the button or icon each age group finds more suitable, the bottom bar in the messaging interface, and the placement of action options to be performed to the message they prefer most. Thus, this research also presents design recommendations that both younger and older users prefer. KW - Preference KW - Mobile Instant Messaging KW - User Interface KW - Indonesian user KW - Younger user KW - Older user Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-28675 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dalitz, Franz T1 - Implementierung eines Stacks zum Erzeugen, Verarbeiten und Visualisieren von Telemetriedaten für ein Microservice basiertes System N2 - Einsicht in die Abläufe und Leistung heutiger Software und verteilter Systeme zu erlangen, wird durch stetig steigende Komplexität zunehmend erschwert. Die Firma Peterson Technologies GmbH implementierte zur Linderung dieser Problematik ein internes Telemetriesystem. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das System auf Wunsch der Firma durch ein neues zu ersetzen, um so die Überwachung zu verbessern und aktuellere Software zu verwenden. Nach einer Untersuchung des vorherigen Systems werden Prioritäten festgelegt, welche die spätere Nutzung, Instandhaltung und Erweiterung des neuen Systems erleichtern sollen. Darauf folgen die Planung seiner Architektur, die Auswahl und Implementierung der Software und schließlich das Erzeugen einer einfachen Dokumentation. Der resultierende Telemetriestack ist funktionstüchtig und erfüllt die Vorstellungen der Firma. Dennoch weist er einige Probleme, wie beispielsweise eine hohe CPU Belastung auf, welche zusammen mit Möglichkeiten der Verbesserung und Erweiterung abschließend betrachtet werden. KW - Telemetrie KW - Distributed Tracing KW - Microservices KW - Grafana KW - OpenTelemetry KW - Telemetrie KW - Mikroservice Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-29418 CY - Brandenburg an der Havel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kombe, Emmanuel Yeri A1 - Lang'at, Nickson A1 - Njogu, Paul A1 - Malessa, Reiner A1 - Weber, Christian-Toralf A1 - Njoka, Francis A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Process modeling and evaluation of optimal operating conditions for production of hydrogen-rich syngas from air gasification of rice husks using aspen plus and response surface methodology JF - Bioresource Technology N2 - Biomass gasification is recognized as a viable avenue to accelerate the sustainable production of hydrogen. In this work, a numerical simulation model of air gasification of rice husks is developed using the Aspen Plus to investigate the feasibility of producing hydrogen-rich syngas. The model is experimentally validated with rice husk gasification results and other published studies. The influence of temperature and equivalence ratio on the syngas composition, H2 yield, LHVSyngas, H2/CO ratio, CGE, and PCG was studied. Furthermore, the synchronized effects of temperature and ER are studied using RSM to determine the operational point of maximizing H2 yield and PCG. The RSM analysis results show optimum performance at temperatures between 820 °C and 1090 °C and ER in the range of 0.06–0.10. The findings show that optimal operating conditions of the gasification system can be achieved at a more refined precision through simulations coupled with advanced optimization techniques. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096085242201063X SN - 0960-8524 VL - 361 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruzankina, Iuliia A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Mermoul, Ali A1 - Parfenov, Vadim A1 - Fron, Eduard A1 - Ferrini, Gabriele T1 - Surface optical sensitivity enhanced by a single dielectric microsphere JF - Optics Express N2 - Single dielectric microspheres can manipulate light focusing and collection to enhance optical interaction with surfaces. To demonstrate this principle, we experimentally investigate the enhancement of the Raman signal collected by a single dielectric microsphere, with a radius much larger than the exciting laser spot size, residing on the sample surface. The absolute microsphere-assisted Raman signal from a single graphene layer measured in air is more than a factor of two higher than that obtained with a high numerical aperture objective. Results from Mie’s theory are used to benchmark numerical simulations and an analytical model to describe the isolated microsphere focusing properties. The analytical model and the numerical simulations justify the Raman signal enhancement measured in the microsphere-assisted Raman spectroscopy experiments. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.472720 VL - 30 IS - 24 SP - 43021 EP - 43036 PB - Optica ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schugardt, Alexander T1 - Untersuchung der Rotorfestigkeit von permanenterregten Synchronmaschinen mit vergrabenen Magneten N2 - Diese Projektarbeit behandelt die mechanische Simulation der Rotoren von permanenterregten Synchronmaschinen für den Festigkeitsnachweis. Hierzu wird die Finite-Elemente-Methode mit dem Programm CalculiX verwendet. Als Beispiel wird der Elektromotor des Toyota Prius II im Detail betrachtet. Hierbei werden die unterschiedlichen Lasten modelliert, dazu zählen neben der Zentrifugalkraft auch der Innendruck durch eine Presspassung sowie die elektromagnetischen Kräfte. Für die Modellierung von Kräften auf der Rotoroberfläche wird eine Methodik zur Umsetzung in CalculiX entwickelt und anhand eines Beispielmodells demonstriert. Der angestrebte Festigkeitsnachweis kann im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erbracht werden. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass der Einfluss der elektromagnetischen Kräfte im Arbeitspunkt mit der höchsten Drehzahl sehr gering ausfällt. Insgesamt bietet diese Arbeit die Grundlagen für mechanische Modellierungen von Rotoren unter Berücksichtigung aller Kräfte. Dies kann direkt auf andere Elektromotoren angewendet werden. KW - Rotor KW - Finite-Elemente-Methode KW - Elektromotor Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-29610 PB - Technische Hochschule Brandenburg CY - Brandenburg an der Havel ER - TY - THES A1 - Kenfack, Divine Leopold T1 - Erhöhung der Phishing-Resistenz von Anmeldeverfahren durch Einsatz von FIDO2 und Passkey N2 - In dieser Forschung wird es gezeigt, wie sicher und benutzerfreundlich eine Authentifizierung mit Passkey/FIDO2 auf Ebene des Web-Browsers ist, im Vergleich zu einer Authentifizierung mit einem starken Passwort oder eine Authentifizierung aus einer Kombination von einem Passwort und einer Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung. KW - Authentifizierung KW - Computersicherheit KW - Phishing Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-29688 PB - Technische Hochschule Brandenburg CY - Brandenburg an der Havel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uhl, Roland T1 - Charakterisierung des Erwartungswertes am Graphen der Verteilungsfunktion N2 - Der Erwartungswert einer Zufallsgröße kann generell am Graphen ihrer Verteilungsfunktion durch eine naheliegende Gleichheit zweier Flächeninhalte festgelegt werden. Äquivalent dazu lässt er sich mit zwei uneigentlichen Riemann-Integralen darstellen. Davon ausgehend werden die Tschebyschow-Ungleichung und ihre Modifikation mit strikten Ungleichheitszeichen hergeleitet. KW - Erwartungswert KW - Verteilungsfunktion KW - Čebyšev-Ungleichung KW - Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung KW - Tschebyschow-Ungleichung KW - Zufallsgröße Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-29862 PB - Technische Hochschule Brandenburg CY - Brandenburg an der Havel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tumarkin, Andrey A1 - Tyurnina, Natalya A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Tyurnina, Zoya A1 - Sinelshchikova, Olga A1 - Gagarin, Alexander A1 - Sapego, Eugeny A1 - Kretser, Yriy T1 - Glass-ceramic ferroelectric composite material BaTiO3/KFeSi for microwave applications JF - Composite Structures N2 - Glass-ceramic composites consisting of potassium-iron-silicate glass and barium titanate mixed in various proportions were successfully synthesized by low-temperature sintering. The crystal structure of the obtained composite samples, the porosity and the microhardness were studied by the X-ray diffraction, the electron microscopy, the weight method, and the Vickers method. Electrical characteristics (dielectric permittivity, tunability and losses) of as-prepared and annealed in oxygen medium samples were investigated at microwaves. According to structural analysis, the synthesized samples are a mixture of KFeSi glass, ferroelectric BaTiO3, and dielectric barium polytitanates; the ratio of the latter determines the electrical properties of the composites. Depending on the content of barium titanate, the studied composite samples show a permittivity from 50 to 270 with a dielectric loss level of 0,1–0,02 in frequency range from 3 to 10 GHz. Annealing of composite samples in an oxygen-containing environment leads to an increase in their dielectric permittivity and tunability by 10–25% and a twofold decrease in dielectric loss. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822321014161 SN - 0263-8223 VL - 281 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Revina, Aleksandra A1 - Buza, Krisztian A1 - Meister, Vera G. T1 - IT Ticket Classification: The Simpler, the Better JF - IEEE Access KW - IT tickets KW - Linguistics KW - Machine learning KW - Text classification KW - TF-IDF KW - Process complexity Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3032840 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 8 SP - 193380 EP - 193395 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sasaki, Felix T1 - Künstliche Intelligenz in der Ausbildung von Wissensarbeiterinnen und Wissensarbeitern JF - API : Ausbilden, Publizieren, Informieren - studentisches Magazin der HAW Hamburg KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Wissensarbeiter KW - Ausbildung KW - Curricula KW - Journalisten KW - Übersetzer KW - Bibliothekare Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15460/apimagazin.2021.2.1.65 SN - 2699-6693 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Hamburg University Press ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levina, Olga T1 - Von Ethik zu Recht : Der AI Act und seine Bedeutung für die Gestaltung von algorithmischen Systemen JF - Informatik aktuell Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.informatik-aktuell.de/betrieb/kuenstliche-intelligenz/von-ethik-zu-recht.html#top SN - 2511-7564 PB - Alkmene Verlag ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fachet, Melanie A1 - Witte, Carina A1 - Flassig, Robert J. A1 - Rihko-Struckmann, Liisa K. A1 - McKie-Krisberg, Zaid A1 - Polle, Jürgen E. W. A1 - Sundmacher, Kai T1 - Reconstruction and analysis of a carbon-core metabolic network for Dunaliella salina JF - BMC Bioinformatics KW - Metabolic network reconstruction KW - Central carbon metabolism KW - Flux balance analysis KW - Dunaliella salina Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-019-3325-0 VL - 21 IS - 1 PB - BioMed Central ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Whiskerd, Nicholas A1 - Körtge, Nicklas A1 - Jürgens, Kris A1 - Ezennaya-Gomez, Salatiel A1 - Vielhauer, Claus A1 - Dittmann, Jana A1 - Hildebrandt, Mario T1 - Keystroke biometrics in the encrypted domain: a first study on search suggestion functions of web search engines JF - EURASIP Journal on Information Security KW - keystroke dynamics KW - biometrics KW - search engines KW - encrypted domain Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-020-0100-8 IS - 2020:2 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Giesler, Jasper A1 - Pesch, Georg R. A1 - Weirauch, Laura A1 - Schmidt, Marc-Peter A1 - Thöming, Jorg A1 - Baune, Michae T1 - Polarizability-Dependent Sorting of Microparticles Using Continuous-Flow Dielectrophoretic Chromatography with a Frequency Modulation Method JF - Micromachines Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11010038 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 38 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael A1 - Möllmann, Klaus-Peter T1 - Unsichtbares sichtbar gemacht: Infrarotkameras für Smartphones JF - Physik in unserer Zeit KW - Infrarotkamera KW - Smartphone KW - Temperaturmessung KW - räumliche Auflösung KW - qualitative Analyse KW - quantitative Analyse Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/piuz.201901551 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 35 PB - Wiley-VCH ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael A1 - Möllmann, Klaus-Peter T1 - Wenn Licht die Biege macht JF - Physik in unserer Zeit Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/piuz.202001569 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 47 PB - Wiley-VCH ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Maximilian A1 - Schwarz, Klaus A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner T1 - Conception and Implementation of Professional Laboratory Exercises in the field of ICS/SCADA Security - Part I: Fundamentals JF - Electronic imaging KW - Blue Team KW - Censys KW - Maltego KW - OSINT KW - Red Team KW - Shodan KW - cybersecurity KW - open source intelligence Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-073 SP - 73-1 EP - 73-13 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Jing A1 - Harth, Kirsten A1 - Puzyrev, Dmitry A1 - Stannarius, Ralf T1 - The effect of obstacles near a silo outlet on the discharge of soft spheres JF - New Journal of Physics KW - fluid dynamics Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac8bea VL - 24 PB - IOP ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Regehly, Martin A1 - Hecht, Stefan T1 - Auf dem Weg zum Replikator BT - volumetrischer 3D-Druck JF - Physik in unserer Zeit KW - Xolographie KW - 3D-Druck KW - Additive Fertigung KW - volumetrisch KW - Photoschalter KW - Lichtschnitt Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/piuz.202201637 SN - 1521-3943 SN - 1521-3943 (eISSN) VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 125 EP - 131 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wikarski, Dietmar A1 - Aurah, Catherine A1 - Ebinga Osore, Emmanuel A1 - Mengich, Gladys A1 - Mutua, Gershom A1 - Ndiema, Alice A1 - Nkangi, Felister Nyaera A1 - Ogemah, Vitalis A1 - Okoth, Patrick A1 - Ondulo, Jasper A1 - Orata Omoto, Francis A1 - Wambui Mwangi, Mary A1 - Namayi, Vivian A1 - Flassig, Peter A1 - Loose, Harald A1 - Malessa, Reiner A1 - Piorr, Hans-Peter A1 - Schrader, Thomas A1 - Weber, Christian-Toralf ED - Wikarski, Dietmar T1 - Towards Practice-oriented Higher Education for Sustainable Rural Development in Western Kenya BT - Proceedings of the final workshop of the DAAD funded project ProUniEdu-WeK Brandenburg an der Havel, August 10-12th, 2021 N2 - The workshop proceedings contain the written versions of the presentations of the Kenyan participants of the final workshop of the DAAD-funded cooperation project "Practice-oriented Higher Education in Western Kenya" (ProUniEdu-WeK) in August 2021 at the Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences (THB). The contributions give an impression of what has been achieved in the last years on the way to practice-oriented higher education in the participating departments of the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST) in cooperation with its partners from the THB and what is planned to be done in the years to come. KW - Manufacturing KW - 3D Printing KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Bio-slurry KW - Biodigester KW - Biogas KW - CAD/CAM KW - Certification KW - CFD KW - Chronic illnesses KW - Collaboration KW - Communication Strategies KW - Competence KW - Computational Algorithms KW - COVID-19 KW - Cross-Flow Turbine KW - Diagnostic Toolkit KW - Digital Economy KW - Digitalisation KW - E-Health KW - Efficiency KW - Finite Element Method KW - Food Security KW - Health Communication KW - Higher Education KW - IoT KW - Learning Tool KW - Milling KW - Multi-disciplinarity KW - Organic Agriculture KW - Organic Farming KW - Organic Products KW - Pedagogy KW - Programming KW - Prosthetics KW - Prototyping KW - Robotics KW - Rural Areas KW - Rural Community KW - Rural Populations KW - Statistical Analysis KW - Telemedicine Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-27420 PB - Technische Hochschule Brandenburg CY - Brandenburg an der Havel ET - 1st edition ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfeiffer, Thomas A1 - Dilip, Khadse Himanshu A1 - Suryawanshi, Raunak A1 - Kishnamurthy, Gnana Swaroop A1 - Téllez, Batcheva Domínguez A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner A1 - Hartmann, Michael T1 - Airflow visualization and air purifier positioning optimization in potentially COVID-19 contaminated classrooms JF - Electronic Imaging KW - Covid-19 KW - aeroso KW - airflow visualization Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-039 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 39-1 EP - 39-15 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Franziska A1 - Schwarz, Klaus A1 - Fuchs, Daniel A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner A1 - Akopian, David T1 - Firmware Vulnerability Analysis of Widely Used Low-Budget TP-Link Routers JF - Electronic Imaging KW - cybersecurity KW - firmware analysis KW - firmware vulnerabilities KW - internet security KW - router forensics KW - router security KW - smart home KW - smart home devices Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-135 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 135-1 EP - 135-11 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Islam, Saiful A1 - Patil, Sanket Shrikant A1 - Rafajlovski, Goran A1 - Hartmann, Michael A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner T1 - Technical design and operational control of a decentralized microgrid in rural area JF - Electronic Imaging KW - AI KW - deep learning KW - micro grid KW - mobility KW - sustainability KW - transmission loss Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-097 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 97-1 EP - 97-7 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bassey, Uduak A1 - Rojek, Lukasz A1 - Hartmann, Michael A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner A1 - Volland, Arne T1 - The potential of NIR spectroscopy in the separation of plastics for pyrolysis JF - Electronic Imaging KW - identification KW - near-infrared KW - plasics KW - pyrolysis KW - separation KW - spectroscopy KW - wasre sorting KW - waste2energy Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-143 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 143-1 EP - 143-14 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Franziska A1 - Schwarz, Klaus A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner T1 - Improving Detection of Manipulated Passport Photos - Train- ing Course for Border Control Inspectors to Detect Morphed Facial Passport Photos - Part I: Introduction, State-of-the-Art and Preparatory Tests and Experiments JF - Electronic Imaging KW - border control KW - face morphing KW - homeland security KW - image forensic KW - image morphing KW - passport control KW - passport photo manipulation KW - security Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-136 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 136-1 EP - 136-9 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Maximilian A1 - Schwarz, Klaus A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner T1 - Conception and Implementation of Professional Laboratory Exercises in the field of ICS/SCADA Security Part II: Red Teaming and Blue Teaming JF - Electronic Imaging KW - Blue Team KW - Censys KW - Maltego KW - OSINT KW - Red Team KW - Shodan KW - cybersecurity KW - open source intelligence Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-074 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 74-1 EP - 74-13 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hasche, Eberhard A1 - Karaschewski, Oliver A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner T1 - Using ACES Look Modification Transforms (LMTs) in VFX Environments – Part 2: Gamut Mapping JF - Electronic Imaging KW - 3ARRI footage KW - ACES KW - VFX KW - color gamut KW - color management KW - color spaces KW - tone mapping Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-108 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 108-1 EP - 108-14 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kraska, Martin T1 - Meclib: Dynamic and Interactive Figures in STACK Questions Made Easy JF - International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) N2 - Making and interpretation of drawings and schematics is an important skill to be developed in engineering education. The question type STACK in the Moodle learning management system combined with the interactive graphics library JSXGraph has a great potential for implementation of e-learning resources addressing these skills in formative and summative settings. The authoring process of such materials is complex due to multiple markup and programming languages like HTML, LaTeX, Maxima and JavaScript (JS) being involved. The Meclib concept mitigates this complexity and allows for efficient bulk production of material with consistent appearance and user experience. The core of Meclib is a set of pre-defined JSXGraph-based objects with an interface to Maxima, such that no problem specific JS code is required at all. The present paper outlines the basic ideas of the implementation and demonstrates the approach for some typical examples of different complexity. The focus is on applications in engineering mechanics, starting from static illustrations up to an editor for free body diagrams, with rich adaptive formative feedback. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/article/view/36501 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i23.36501 SN - 1863-0383 VL - 17 IS - 23 SP - 15 EP - 27 PB - International Association of Online Engineering ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuznetsov, Artur A1 - Frorip, Aleksandr A1 - Sünter, Alar A1 - Korsakov, Vadim A1 - Konoplev, Georgii A1 - Stepanova, Oksana A1 - Roschina, Natalia A1 - Ovsyannikov, Nikolay A1 - Lialin, Daniil A1 - Gerasimchuk, Roman A1 - Dmitriev, Alexander A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Hirsch, Sören T1 - Optical Chemical Sensor Based on Fast-Protein Liquid Chromatography for Regular Peritoneal Protein Loss Assessment in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis JF - Chemosensors KW - optical chemical sensor KW - fast-protein liquid chromatography KW - UV LED KW - end-stage renal disease KW - peritoneal dialysis KW - peritoneal protein loss KW - albumin KW - point-of-care diagnostic devices Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060232 VL - 10 IS - 6 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lamshöft, Kevin A1 - Neubert, Tom A1 - Hielscher, Jonas A1 - Vielhauer, Claus T1 - Knock, knock, log: Threat analysis, detection & mitigation of covert channels in syslog using port scans as cover JF - Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2022.301335 SN - 2666-2817 VL - 40 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trittel, Torsten A1 - Klopp, Christoph A1 - Harth, Kirsten A1 - Stannarius, Ralf T1 - Stability and Rupture of Liquid Crystal Bridges under Microgravity JF - Crystals KW - smectic liquid-crystals KW - Rayleigh-Plateau instability KW - TEXUS suborbital rocket KW - microgravity Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081092 VL - 12 IS - 8 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konoplev, Georgii A1 - Agafonova, Darina A1 - Bakhchova, Liubov A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Kurachkina, Marharyta A1 - Schmidt, Marc-Peter A1 - Verlov, Nikolay A1 - Sidorov, Alexander A1 - Oseev, Aleksandr A1 - Stepanova, Oksana A1 - Kozyrev, Andrey A1 - Dmitriev, Alexander A1 - Hirsch, Sören T1 - Label-Free Physical Techniques and Methodologies for Proteins Detection in Microfluidic Biosensor Structures JF - Biomedicines KW - label-free biosensor KW - microfluidics KW - proteins detection KW - optical biosensors KW - impedance spectroscopy KW - plasmon resonance KW - point-of-care KW - diagnostic devices Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020207 SN - 2227-9059 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 207 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - John, Stefanie A1 - Orlowski, Katja A1 - Mrkor, Kai-Uwe A1 - Edelmann-Nusser, Jürgen A1 - Witte, Kerstin T1 - Differences in hip muscle strength and static balance in patients with transfemoral amputations classified at different K-levels : A preliminary cross-sectional study JF - Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal (CPOJ) KW - Amputation KW - K-level KW - Balance KW - Transfemoral amputation KW - Muscle strength KW - Residual limb KW - Static balance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v5i1.37456 SN - 2561-987X VL - Vol. 5 IS - No.1 PB - University of Toronto Libraries ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marcus, von der Heyde A1 - Gerl, Armin A1 - Groß, Rainer A1 - Klapper, Frank A1 - Meister, Vera G. A1 - Knaden, Andreas A1 - Rehm, Simone T1 - Gemeinsame Digitalisierung durch die Entwicklung von IT-Governance-Strukturen auf Landesebene BT - Vergleich von Zielen und Steuerung der Hochschulkooperation von fünf Bundesländern in Deutschland JF - Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-022-00393-8 PB - Gabler ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fitz, Lukas R. G. A1 - Scheeg, Michaela A1 - Scheeg, Jochen T1 - Amplifying Human Factors in the Inquiry of SMEs’ Needs in Digitalization Collaborations with External Service Providers BT - 3rd International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing JF - Procedia Computer Science KW - Digitalization KW - SME KW - Human-Centered Design KW - Open Innovation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.257 SN - 1877-0509 VL - 200 SP - 595 EP - 601 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weimer, Katja A1 - Buschhart, Cliff A1 - Broelz, Ellen K. A1 - Enck, Paul A1 - Horing, Björn T1 - Bibliometric Properties of Placebo Literature From the JIPS Database: A Descriptive Study JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.853953 SN - 1664-0640 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation ER - TY - JOUR A1 - John, Stefanie A1 - Weizel, David A1 - Heumann, Anna Sophie A1 - Fischer, Anja A1 - Orlowski, Katja A1 - Mrkor, Kai-Uwe A1 - Edelmann-Nusser, Jürgen A1 - Witte, Kerstin T1 - Persisting inter‐limb differences in patients following total hip arthroplasty four to five years after surgery? A preliminary cross‐sectional study JF - BMC Musculoskelet Disorders KW - Gait KW - Inter-limb difference KW - Muscle strength KW - Range of motion KW - Balance KW - Total hip arthroplasty Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04099-7 SN - 1471-2474 VL - 22 PB - BioMed Central ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Konoplev, Georgii A1 - Oseev, Aleksandr A1 - Schmidt, Marc-Peter A1 - Stepanova, Oksana A1 - Kozyrev, Andrey A1 - Dmitriev, Alexander A1 - Hirsch, Soeren T1 - Label-Free Protein Detection by Micro-Acoustic Biosensor Coupled with Electrical Field Sorting. Theoretical Study in Urine Models JF - Sensors KW - acoustic liquid sensor KW - shear bulk acoustic resonator KW - biosensor KW - structured sensor interface KW - electrical field manipulation KW - urine proteins characterisation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072555 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 2555 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rojek, Lukasz A1 - Islam, Saiful A1 - Hartmann, Michael A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner T1 - IoT-Based Real-Time Monitoring System for a Smart Energy House JF - Electronic Imaging KW - AI KW - Raspberry Pi KW - low cost sensors KW - monitoring KW - networking KW - real-time KW - smart energy house KW - smart home Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-038 SN - 2470-1173 SP - 38-1 EP - 38-10 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology CY - Springfield, VA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rizun, Nina A1 - Revina, Aleksandra A1 - Meister, Vera G. T1 - Assessing business process complexity based on textual data: Evidence from ITIL IT ticket processing JF - Business Process Management Journal KW - Business process management KW - Business process complexity KW - Natural language processing KW - Situation awareness KW - Decision support KW - ITIL IT ticket Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-04-2021-0217 SN - 1758-4116 VL - 27 IS - 7 SP - 1966 EP - 1998 PB - Emerald ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Revina, Aleksandra A1 - Aksu, Ünal A1 - Meister, Vera G. T1 - Method to Address Complexity in Organizations Based on a Comprehensive Overview JF - Information 2021 KW - organizational complexity KW - technological complexity KW - textual complexity KW - morphological box KW - goal question metric Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/info12100423 VL - 12 IS - 10 SP - 423 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rudenko, Maryia A1 - Gaponenko, Nikolai A1 - Litvinov, Vladimir A1 - Ermachikhin, Alexander A1 - Chubenko, Eugene A1 - Borisenko, Victor A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Radyush, Yuriy A1 - Tumarkin, Andrey A1 - Gagarin, Alexander T1 - Structural Dependent Eu3+ Luminescence, Photoelectric and Hysteresis Effects in Porous Strontium Titanate JF - Materials KW - europium luminescence KW - poporous film KW - strontium titanate KW - resistive switching hysteresis KW - photocurrent Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245767 VL - 13 IS - 24 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tumarkin, Andrey A1 - Tyurnina, Natalya A1 - Tyurnina, Zoya A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Sinelshchikova, Olga A1 - Gagarin, Alexander A1 - Sviridov, Sergey A1 - Drozdovsky, Andrey A1 - Sapego, Eugeny A1 - Mylnikov, Ivan T1 - Barium-Strontium Titanate/Porous Glass Structures for Microwave Applications JF - Materials KW - glass-ceramic structures KW - filling of porous material KW - microwave KW - barium-strontium titanate Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245639 VL - 13 IS - 24 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johannsen, Andreas A1 - Kant, Daniel T1 - IT-Governance, Risiko- und Compliance-Management (IT‑GRC) – Ein Kompetenz-orientierter Ansatz für KMU JF - HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik KW - IT-Governance KW - IT-Risikomanagement KW - IT-Compliance KW - Security Awareness KW - IT-GRC Reifegrad KW - KMU Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-020-00625-8 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - Gefrierende Gewässer JF - Physik in unserer Zeit KW - Gefrieren von Seen KW - Eiswachstumsmodell KW - Konvektion KW - Strahlung KW - Stefan-Boltzmann-Gesetz KW - Wärmeleitfähigkeit KW - optische Eisdickenmessung Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/piuz.202001589 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 25 PB - Wiley-Blackwell ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Michael T1 - Below the horizon-the physics of extreme visual ranges JF - Applied Optics Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.390654 VL - 59 IS - 21 SP - F11 EP - F19 PB - Optica Publishing Group ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baecker, Christoph A1 - Alabbadi, Osama A1 - Yogiputra, Georgius Pradipta A1 - Tien Dung, Nguyen T1 - Threats provided by artificial intelligence that could disrupt the democratic system N2 - This research paper examines the potential consequences of AI technology on democratic systems. The study focuses on two main areas: the weakening of the media and the emergence of "smart dictatorship." The paper examines the ways in which AI can be used to supervise, manipulate, and frustrate the media, thereby weakening its role as a check on government and corporate power. The study also explores how AI technology can be used to create an "omnidirectional monitoring" society, where individuals are constantly monitored and controlled through the use of "panopticon" techniques and "social bots". This can lead to the emergence of a "postdemocratic" society, characterized by growing inequality, dehumanization, and the manipulation of information on online media platforms. The research methodology adopted in the study is qualitative, using expert interviews with three experts who discussed the overall use of AI and its disruptive effects on democracy, such as the creation of fake news, filter bubbles, and algorithm bias. In conclusion, this research highlights the need for increased awareness and regulation of AI technology to ensure its responsible use and to protect democratic values. KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Demokratie KW - Wertordnung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-28988 PB - Technische Hochschule Brandenburg ER - TY - THES A1 - Garzón Gil, Zahira A1 - Ingabire, Noella Arlette A1 - Kibathi, Patrick T1 - Disruption of Africa's education systems and economic development due to overpopulation N2 - Education lies at the foot of economic growth and human development. However, an increase in population tends to put a strain on existing education systems, especially in Africa where most countries are characterized by slow economic development, rapid population growth rates and a median age just shy of 20 years. Due to the slow rate of economic growth, many African countries lack the financial capability to provide proper education for their ever-growing populations or even already overpopulated regions, many of which have people who have reached the appropriate school-going age. This leads to a series of disruptive impacts on the education systems resulting in a people who are poorly or improperly educated, and thus are not equipped with the necessary skills required for the vast technical, professional and ever modernizing high-skill job markets such as construction, economic and technical professions, teaching occupations and so on, all of which drive economic growth and development. Therefore, we can see that rapid population growth, if left unchecked, may lead to overpopulation scenarios which could have a negative disruptive impact on education and human development, both of which are important factors necessary for economic growth. Key words: Population, education, Africa, poverty, economy, development. KW - Übervölkerung KW - Afrika KW - Armut KW - Demographie Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-28909 EP - 21 Seiten ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Sokolova, Irina A1 - Chigirev, Dmitry A1 - Rudaja, Lyudmila A1 - Lebedeva, Galina A1 - Kastro, Rene A1 - Bol’shakov, Maxim A1 - Schmidt, Marc-Peter A1 - Hirsch, Sören T1 - Composite Ferroelectric Coatings Based on a Heat-Resistant Polybenzoxazole Polymer Matrix JF - Coatings KW - lead zirconate titanate KW - poly(o-hydroxy amide) KW - 4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) dianiline KW - 5,5-methylene bis(2-aminophenol) KW - poly(o-hydroxyamide) KW - composite ferroelectric coatings KW - thermal stability of dielectric properties Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030286 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 286 PB - Vincentz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kutia, Mykhailo A1 - Mukhin, Nikolay A1 - Petrova, Hanna A1 - Oseev, Aleksandr A1 - Bakhchova, Liubov A1 - Schmidt, Marc-Peter A1 - Aman, Alexander A1 - Palis, Stefan A1 - Tarasov, Sergey A1 - Hirsch, Soeren T1 - Sensor for the evaluation of dielectric properties of sulfur-containing heteroatomic hydrocarbon compounds in petroleum based liquids at a microfluidic scale JF - AIP Advances KW - Microfluidics KW - Chemical compounds KW - Petroleum KW - Dielectric spectroscopy KW - Microfluidic devices KW - Gasoline KW - Dielectric properties Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141482 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 025006 PB - American Institute of Physics ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kant, Daniel A1 - Johannsen, Andreas A1 - Creutzburg, Reiner T1 - Analysis of IoT Security Risks based on the exposure of the MQTT Protocol JF - Electronic Imaging KW - Internet of Things KW - Industrial Internet of Thing KW - IoT KW - IIoT KW - MQTT KW - IoT protocol KW - IIoT protocol KW - IoT security KW - IIoT security KW - MQTT vulnerability Y1 - 2021 UR - https://itwirtschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021_Electronic-Imaging_IoT_Security-BASIC-1.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.3.MOBMU-096 N1 - Paper was created within the German program "Mittelstand (SME) 4.0 - Competence Center for IT Economy" of the Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy VL - 33 SP - 096-1 EP - 096-8 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology ER - TY - GEN A1 - Uhl, Roland T1 - Mit einem modifizierten Sieb des Eratosthenes erzeugte Zahlenfolgen N2 - Das Sieb des Eratosthenes wird mit einer größeren Anfangszahl als der 2 durchgeführt, sodass nicht nur Primzahlen übrig bleiben. Von der sich ergebenden Folge wird die größte zusammengesetzte Zahl bestimmt. Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:522-opus4-18701 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dietenberger, Manuel A1 - Jechow, Andreas A1 - Kalinkat, Gregor A1 - Schroer, Sibylle A1 - Saathoff, Birte A1 - Hölker, Franz T1 - Reducing the fatal attraction of nocturnal insects using tailored and shielded road lights JF - communications biology N2 - The attraction of insects to artificial light is a global environmental problem with far-reaching implications for ecosystems. Since light pollution is rarely integrated into conservation approaches, effective mitigation strategies towards environmentally friendly lighting that drastically reduce insect attraction are urgently needed. Here, we tested novel luminaires in two experiments (i) at a controlled experimental field site and (ii) on streets within three municipalities. The luminaires are individually tailored to only emit light onto the target area and to reduce spill light. In addition, a customized shielding renders the light source nearly invisible beyond the lit area. We show that these novel luminaires significantly reduce the attraction effect on flying insects compared to different conventional luminaires with the same illuminance on the ground. This underlines the huge potential of spatially optimized lighting to help to bend the curve of global insect decline without compromising human safety aspects. A customized light distribution should therefore be part of sustainable future lighting concepts, most relevant in the vicinity of protected areas. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06304-4 VL - 7 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER -