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Über die bloße körperliche Repräsentation des Sozialen hinaus kann der Körper als ein konstitutives Medium gesellschaftlicher Ordnung aufgefasst werden, das Handlungspotenzial besitzt und auf Diskurse rückwirkt. Bislang beschäftigte sich die Forschung allerdings weniger mit der intersektionalen Verschränkung von Formen der Differenz bei der Konstitution von Körpern.
Die interdisziplinären Beiträge widmen sich dem Körper aus zwei sich bedingenden und überlagernden Perspektiven: Zum einen betrachten sie Körper in gesellschaftlichen Strukturen und Institutionen, zum anderen richtet sich der Blick auf die Akteure selbst und deren Körper. Der intersektionale Zugriff auf den Körper und die Beobachtung der Verflechtung verschiedener Differenzkategorien zeigt, wie dynamisch sich intersektionale Körperkonfigurationen verändern können und wie sie in verschiedenen kulturellen Settings und historischen Kontexten ganz unterschiedliche Wirkungen entfalten.
This Festschrift celebrates the contributions of Joachim C. Brunstein to motivation studies, personality psychology, and the science of self- and co-regulated learning in the classroom. In six chapters, colleagues and former students explore some of the ways in which Brunstein’s work has fostered a better understanding of human goal striving, implicit motivational needs, how subjective well-being is shaped by the interplay between personal goals and implicit motives, and collaborative and self-regulated learning at school. The Festschrift also provides in-depth accounts of how Brunstein’s research interests came about and developed over the course of his career.
<Objective: The present study aims to understand the familial decision-making process on transport mode choice in adolescents with a focus on the parental perspective within this process.
Background: Active travel contributes to adolescents’ overall physical activity and its positive health effects. Based on the social-learning theory, especially parents are assigned a central role for adolescents’ travel behavior. The aim of the present study was to examine how parents are involved in the decision-making process on transport mode choice in adolescents.
Method: The study is part of the cross-sectional mixed-methods ARRIVE study which includes semi-structured interviews with mothers (n = 12) and fathers (n = 7) of 11- to 14-year-old German adolescents. The interviews focused on travel behavior in adolescents and the decision-making process on transport mode choice from the parental perspective. All interviews were analyzed inductively using Thematic Analysis.
Results: Our study revealed that parents do not primarily decide for or against active travel in adolescents, but are mostly involved in the decision-making process, especially in case of a deviation from the main transport mode. Different forms of parental involvement in the decision-making process were identified. Some parents acted as main decision makers which is the highest form of involvement while others gave their children complete freedom of choose a transport mode for themselves. These parents accepted their child’s choice fully which shows a low involvement in the decision-making process.
Conclusion: The results provide a deeper understanding of the familial decision-making process on travel behavior in adolescents. The results indicate an occasionally parental involvement in the decision-making process on the mainly used transport mode by adolescents, and that mothers and fathers are always involved when deviating from the main mode.
Implications: Further research should investigate changes in travel behavior from childhood to young adulthood to understand long-term travel decisions in families. Due to the findings that parents are often involved in the decision-making process on transport mode choice and that they mainly reported safety concerns as barriers to their children’s active travel, further research should focus especially on the social and physical environment of adolescents.
This title provides an alternative model and method for extracting issue positions from political parties’ electoral programs, pioneered especially by the earlier works of the mandate theory as well as the saliency approach to locating parties in political space. The simple spatial model consists of a status quo at its center. The more specific political parties’ electoral promises, as stated in their electoral programs, the more these political parties deviate from that status quo. Based on this model, a method was developed in order to extract issue positions from electoral programs and to categorize them according to their specificity. An application of this model and method to the electoral programs of the major national Spanish parties from 2008 to 2019 and the analysis of this data provides some first tentative evidence that the method works and is capable of producing interesting insights into how parties adapt their behavior to changing strategic circumstances.
Die beiden arabischen Kreolsprachen Juba Arabic (im Südsudan) und Kinubi (vor allem in Uganda und Kenia) stehen in dem Ruf, wenig Spuren der angestammten Sprachen ihrer afrikanischen Schöpfer aufzuweisen. Diese Vorstellung resultiert aus der Tatsache, dass diese beiden Kreols bislang fast ausschließlich mit der nilotischen Sprache Bari verglichen wurden. Im ersten, soziohistorischen Teil dieses Buches wird gezeigt, dass in der ägyptischen Provinz Äquatoria, wo der gemeinsame Vorläufer von Juba Arabic und Kinubi entstanden ist, neben Sprechern des Bari auch solche der Niger-Kongo Sprache Zande eine hervorragende Rolle gespielt haben. Im zweiten, sprachlichen Teil wird gezeigt, dass sich die eingangs genannte Vorstellung nicht halten lässt, wenn bei dem Sprachvergleich neben dem Bari auch das Zande berücksichtigt wird.
The main objective of this dissertation is to address the sensitive issue of power-sharing in autocracies. Elite cohesion is an integral part of sustainable power-sharing because it ensures the loyalty and compliance of elites. Based on the assumption that the subnational levels matter equally as much to the resilience of a regime as the central level, this research goes beyond the current state of literature by systematically including the subnational levels into the analysis. Thereby, the study sets out two guiding research questions: Why and how do autocratic regimes foster a cohesive elite in elected institutions on all levels of government? What are the repercussions of this resilience strategy on the relationship between the center and the periphery? The empirical analysis is based on a case study of Jordan and sets a focus on Karak, Zarqa and Jarash to offer an in-depth comparative perspective on three governorates.
Trotz großer gesellschaftlicher Bedeutung und ansteigenden Umfangs Sozialer Arbeit gelten ihre Arbeitsbedingungen sowie damit verbundenes psychisches Erleben der Fachkräfte aus empirischer Perspektive als relativ wenig erforscht. Dabei betont die Arbeitswissenschaft die wachsende Bedeutung ausgewogener Belastungs- und Stresspegel, puffernder Ressourcen und hoher Zufriedenheitspotenziale für die subjektiv erlebte Berufspraxis und erfolgreiche Zielerfüllung nicht nur sozialprofessioneller Organisationen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung möchte mit einer mehrphasigen Strategie dazu beitragen, die für Soziale Arbeit ausgemachte Forschungslücke systematisch zu bearbeiten und ihren weiteren Professionalisierungsprogress durch innovativen Wissensgewinn zu unterstützen. Hierbei liegt der Fokus auf der sowohl theoretischen als auch empirischen Nachzeichnung relevanter psychosozialer Belastungsauswirkungen auf die Arbeitszufriedenheit von Sozialarbeitenden unter Berücksichtigung kompensierender Bewältigungsfaktoren.
In der ersten Hälfte kommt es zur Analyse bedeutsamer Literatur- und Theorieansätze zum Zusammenspiel von beruflichen Belastungsfaktoren, Bewältigungsressourcen und Zufriedenheits- bzw. Gesundheitsgraden. So werden Lesende zunächst durch ein erweitertes professions- und sozialpolitisches Rahmengerüst begleitet, über das historische Entstehungsprozesse, fachliche Charakteristika sowie strukturelle Problemlagen der heutigen Arbeitsrealität Sozialer Arbeit zugänglich gemacht werden. Den theoretischen Kern bildet ein ausführliches, interdisziplinär zusammengesetztes Review fünfzehn verschiedener Belastungs- und Zufriedenheitskonzepte.
Angeleitet von zentralen Erkenntnissen zu belastungsinduzierten Wirkungsmechanismen wird in der zweiten Hälfte ein neues, analyseleitendes Modell zu Belastung, Ressourcen und Zufriedenheit entwickelt und am Datenmaterial der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2018 empirisch angewandt. Unter Rückgriff auf die Ordered-Probit-Regressionsmethode wird das interaktive Wechselspiel von Belastungs- und Bewältigungseffekten auf verschiedene Dimensionen der Arbeitszufriedenheit von insgesamt 618 Sozialarbeitenden detailliert untersucht. Zusätzlich werden die Befunde für Soziale Arbeit zur besseren Einordnung mit jenen der Erziehungs- und Unterrichtsbranche, des Pflegewesens sowie aller Wirtschaftsbranchen verglichen.
Für Soziale Arbeit ist empirisch zu beobachten, dass sich atypisch reduzierte Beschäftigungsumfänge, häufige Informationsdefizite, häufiger Leistungs- und Zeitdruck sowie häufige Vereinbarkeitsprobleme und Erreichbarkeitsanforderungen im Spannungsfeld beruflicher und privater Verpflichtungen in besonders deutlicher Weise als zufriedenheitsreduzierend präsentieren. Zudem zeigt sich, dass soziale Unterstützung am Arbeitsplatz am häufigsten mit positiven Ressourceneffekten zu verknüpfen ist. Auch Lern- und Weiterbildungsaktivitäten sowie Handlungsspielraum weisen vermehrt positive Bewältigungseigenschaften auf. In der Überprüfung der Bewältigungsfunktionen von Sinnhaftigkeit deuten sich hingegen vergleichsweise limitierte Potenziale an, die Zufriedenheit Sozialarbeitender vor negativen Belastungseinflüssen zu bewahren. Als instrumenteller Mehrwert der Studie lassen sich aus den generierten Erkenntnissen abschließend Implikationen für die Gestaltung einer nachhaltig gesunden Praxis Sozialer Arbeit ableiten. Über die Schlussfolgerungen hinweg werden somit Verbindungslinien zwischen empirisch festgestellten Negativbelastungen sowie Bewältigungswirkungen auf die Zufriedenheit, daran ansetzenden Handlungsoptionen und dem langfristigen Aufwertungsprojekt Sozialer Arbeit aufgegriffen.
Are reframing strategies more effective than empathy in processing trauma reports? A pilot study
(2023)
<p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Listening to trauma reports can lead to the development of symptoms associated with secondary traumatization. This is particularly relevant for psychotherapists in practice, where psychologists need to estabilish effective strategies for processing and coping with such emotionally challenging events. This explorative study investigated adaptive reframing strategies for future therapists listening to trauma stories compared to feeling empathy for the client. In a mixed design, 42 postgraduate psychology students were randomly instructed to objectively distance themselves, reappraise, or feel empathetic while watching a video of a presumed trauma patient reporting a single violent act. An overall ANOVA did not reveal a difference between the reframing groups and the empathy group (between subjects manipulated) in their skin conductance level and heart rate variability during the video, as well as their change in state depression and state anxiety over the three measurements (before the video, after the video, and 2 days later). Nevertheless, an explorative <italic>t</italic>-test showed a significantly weaker rise in state depression and state anxiety from before the video to after the video in the reframing groups compared to the empathy group. This supports the suggestion that reframing strategies can be discussed as a protective factor against health issues such as secondary traumatization in therapists and should be examined in further studies in more detail.</p>
In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden mit Hilfe eines 3 × 3 Kategorisierungssystems drei Hauptfunktionen sozialer Netzwerke (soziale Unterstützung, soziales Kapital und sozialer Einfluss) in drei Größenskalen (Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebene) sozialer Netzwerkanalysen im Kontext der Pädagogischen Psychologie untersucht. Hierbei werden spezifische Fragestellungen aus den Bereichen des Einsamkeitsempfindens von Studierenden, der Online-Mentoring-Ergebnisse von Mentees sowie Netzwerkdynamiken von Schüler:innen und deren wahrgenommener Kreativität adressiert.
Im ersten Kapitel wird die Notwendigkeit von sozialen Netzwerkanalysen als fester Bestandteil des Methodenpools in der Bildungsforschung motiviert. Des Weiteren werden unterschiedliche Zugänge zur Analyse von komplexen (sozialen) Systemen aufgezeigt: Relational intensiv, zeitlich intensiv und zeitlich-relational intensiv. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist vorwiegend im relational intensiven Bereich angesiedelt.
Das zweite Kapitel gibt einen netzwerktheoretischen Überblick. Hier werden die Elemente und die Konzeptualisierung von sozialen Netzwerken eingeführt. Darüber hinaus werden die drei verwendeten Größenskalen (die Mikro-, Meso- und die Makroebene) erklärt.
Das dritte Kapitel führt die drei untersuchten Netzwerkfunktionen (soziale Unterstützung, soziales Kapital und sozialer Einfluss) ein, die mit Hilfe der Manuskripte adressiert werden.
Das vierte Kapitel dient als Übersicht der verschiedenen Forschungsfragen und gliedert sie in das Kategorisierungsschema Netzwerkfunktion × Größenskala ein.
Das fünfte Kapitel behandelt das erste Manuskript, welches die Netzwerkfunktion der sozialen Unterstützung adressiert. In der Mikroebene wird das Einsamkeitsempfinden von sozialen Netzwerken Studierender während des durch die COVID 19-Pandemie bedingten Lockdowns untersucht. Hierbei steht die Fragestellung im Vordergrund, wie die Struktur der engen sozialen Beziehungen der Studierenden mit dem wahrgenommenen Einsamkeitsgefühl assoziiert ist. Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass homogene Netzwerke aus engen Beziehungen mit geringerem Einsamkeitsempfinden zusammenhängen.
Das sechste Kapitel adressiert die zweite Netzwerkfunktion: Das soziale Kapital, welches durch das soziale Netzwerk vermittelt wird. Das zweite Manuskript untersucht das Kommunikationsnetzwerk einer Online-Mentoring Plattform, welches in der Mesoebene angesiedelt ist. Als Hauptergebnis wird festgestellt, dass die Position einer Men-tee in diesem Netzwerk mit ihrer Wahlintention für Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik (MINT) positiv assoziiert ist und somit das soziale Kapital auch bei Online-Mentoring eine zu beachtende Rolle einnimmt.
Im siebten Kapitel werden die Untersuchungsergebnisse vom dritten Manuskript dargestellt. Dieses untersucht die Netzwerkfunktion des sozialen Einflusses zwischen Mentees im Kontext von Online-Mentoring. Das Kommunikationsnetzwerk, welches sich in der Mesoebene befindet, ist längsschnittlich erfasst, um somit Selektionsmechanismen von Einflussmechanismen zu trennen. Die Ergebnisse suggerieren, dass altersmoderierter sozialer Einfluss bei Online-Mentoring auftritt und mit den untersuchten Mentoring-Erfolgen positiv zusammenhängen. Peers können daher positiv mit dem Vertrauen von Mentees in die eigenen MINT-Fähigkeiten und die MINT-bezogenen Aktivitäten assoziiert sein.
Im achten Kapitel wird das vierte Manuskript behandelt, in dem die Netzwerkdynamiken und Selbstorganisationsprinzipien zweier Netzwerke (multiebenen Netzwerk) von irischen hochbegabten Schüler:innen einer Sommerschule untersucht werden. Um den Einfluss von wahrgenommener Kreativität zwischen den Schüler:innen auf die Freundschaftsformation zu modellieren, wird die Koevolution der Netzwerke bestehend aus der dyadisch wahrgenommenen Kreativität und Freundschaft längsschnittlich untersucht. Die Ergebnisse offenbaren den Mehrwert von sozialer Netzwerkanalyse, da hierbei auf dyadischer Ebene ein positiver Effekt von wahrgenommener Kreativität – jedoch auf Gruppenebene eher ein negativer Effekt von Kreativität auf die Freundschaftsnominierung identi-fiziert werden.
Im neunten Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse diskutiert, in größeren Forschungskontext eingebettet und weitere zeitlich intensive sowie zeitlich-relational intensive Forschungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt.
Introduction: Regular physical activity provides many health benefits to older adults. As a well-known form of physical activity, cycling can be an appropriate means for older people to meet WHO recommendations and to improve their health. In addition, cycling can help to protect the environment and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The primary aim of this scoping review is to identify the currently available scientific evidence and gaps of research in this field.
Methods: A systematic search in seven databases resulted in 7,192 studies. After the exclusion of duplicates, studies were screened by two independent reviewers in a two-stage process. Based on previously defined inclusion criteria, 123 studies were included. Data extraction was based on a descriptive analytical method, and seven categories for the main topics of studies were developed. Data were extracted by three reviewers to analyze different characteristics of included articles such as age range, study design, data type, gender, type of bicycle, and country of origin.
Results: The included studies covered the following topics: (1) traffic safety, (2) cycling as physical activity or for transport, (3) health benefits, (4) environmental factors, (5) facilitators and barriers, (6) application of technology and (7) promotion of cycling. Results show that the majority of studies were performed in both younger (60–79 years) and older (80+ years) adults. Most studies had an observational study design, used conventional bicycles, and were based on quantitative methods. Researchers from the United States, Netherlands, and Japan published the highest number of studies related to cycling.
Discussion: Traffic safety was the most prevalent focus of the included studies. Gaps were identified with regard to studies focusing on the promotion of cycling, application of technology, as well as facilitators and barriers of cycling. While research on traffic safety should continue to be a high priority for public health, potentially more research should focus on how to get older people to bicycle more. This is warranted by the proven individual and planetary health benefits of cycling and the urgency of combating climate change.
<title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Abstract</title><p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:lang="en">An important first step in talent development in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is getting individuals excited about STEM. Females, in particular, are underrepresented in many STEM fields. Since girls’ interest in STEM declines in adolescence, interventions should begin in secondary education at the latest. One appropriate intervention is (online) mentoring. Although its short‐term effectiveness has been demonstrated for proximal outcomes during secondary education (e.g., positive changes in elective intentions in STEM), studies of the long‐term effectiveness of STEM mentoring provided during secondary education—especially for real‐life choices of university STEM majors and professions—are lacking. In our study, we examine females’ real‐life decisions about university majors and entering professions made years after they had participated in an online mentoring program (CyberMentor) during secondary education. The program's proximal positive influence on girls’ elective intentions in STEM and certainty about career plans during secondary education had previously been demonstrated in several studies with pre–post‐test waitlist control group designs. Specifically, we compared the choices that former mentees (<italic>n</italic> = 410) made about university majors and entering professions several years after program participation with (1) females of their age cohort and (2) females of a group of girls comparably interested in STEM who had signed up for the program but then not participated (<italic>n</italic> = 71). Further, we examined the explanatory contribution to these later career‐path‐relevant, real‐life choices based on (1) mentees’ baseline conditions prior to entering the program (e.g., elective intentions in STEM), (2) successful 1‐year program participation, and (3) multiyear program participation. Findings indicate positive long‐term effects of the program in all areas investigated.</p>
It is desirable that children engage in reading and writing beyond school. What is known about various individual and environmental variables that may be related to children’s leisure reading and writing? And how strong is existing evidence? Our scoping review aims at mapping research on leisure reading and writing in first- to fourth-graders. Using content analysis, we extracted 135 research findings, among them only 6 on leisure writing. In most findings, leisure reading and writing were considered as consequences of variables like reading competence, motivation, and attitudes. Considerably fewer findings included leisure reading and writing as antecedents. We discuss the need for more longitudinal and experimental studies and a stronger focus on the connection between leisure reading and writing.
Introduction: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, working environments and private lives have changed dramatically. Digital technologies and media have become more and more important and have found their way into nearly all private and work environments. Communication situations have been largely relocated to virtual spaces. One of these scenarios is digital job interviews. Job interviews are usually—also in the non-digital world—perceived as stressful and associated with biological stress responses. We here present and evaluate a newly developed laboratory stressor that is based on a digital job interview-scenario.
Methods: N = 45 healthy people participated in the study (64.4% female; mean age: 23.2 ± 3.6 years; mean body mass index = 22.8 ± 4.0 kg/m2). Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and cortisol were assessed as measures for biological stress responses. Furthermore, perceived stress was rated at the time points of the saliva samplings. The job interviews lasted between 20 and 25 min. All materials, including instructions for the experimenter (i.e., the job interviewer) and the data set used for statistical analysis, as well as a multimodal data set, which includes further measures, are publicly available.
Results: Typical subjective and biological stress-response patterns were found, with peak sAA and perceived stress levels observed immediately after the job interviews and peak cortisol concentrations 5 min afterwards. Female participants experienced the scenario as more stressful than male participants. Cortisol peaks were higher for participants who experienced the situation as a threat in comparison to participants who experienced it as a challenge. Associations between the strength of the stress response with further person characteristics and psychological variables such as BMI, age, coping styles, and personality were not found.
Discussion: Overall, our method is well-suited to induce biological and perceived stress, mostly independent of person characteristics and psychological variables. The setting is naturalistic and easily implementable in standardized laboratory settings.
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident had a global impact on public acceptance, risk perception, and trust in nuclear power generation. Despite growing public distrust in Japan, the Abe government decided to restart nuclear power plants in 2012. Japanese newspapers, such as Asahi and Yomiuri, exhibited contrasting stances on nuclear energy, contributing to the public discourse. While extensive research exists on the nuclear discourse in mass media, studies on social media discourses and their comparison to the public sphere are lacking.
This thesis examines the discourse on nuclear phase-out in the Asahi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun newspapers, as well as on Twitter, following the Fukushima accident. It aims to understand how topics, attitudes, and opinions spread across different media, particularly focusing on keyword and collocation analyses. The analysis utilizes purpose-built corpora for the newspapers and Twitter, employing critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics methods.
The study reveals that in 2011, the discourse covered a wide range of topics, including anti-nuclear measures, protests, economy, energy, safety, construction, technology, disaster, and environment. By 2014, newspapers primarily focused on the economy and elections, while Twitter discussions mainly involved maintaining an online community among protesters. The framing of the nuclear phase-out shifted from criticizing Prime Minister Kan's campaign to criticizing the pro-nuclear campaign of the Abe government, with both newspapers engaging other political actors in the critique. On Twitter and Asahi, connective action was observed, mobilizing the anti-nuclear movement.
Different frames were employed by the newspapers. Yomiuri emphasized nuclear education, regional development, and Germany's economic disadvantage due to its anti-nuclear stance. Asahi and Twitter invoked resistance education, radiation hazards awareness, alternative energy support, and Germany's anti-nuclear movement as a model. Yomiuri also discussed energy independence and green nuclear frames, while Asahi emphasized the need for alternative energy development.
Overall, this research sheds light on the interconnectedness between traditional media and social media in shaping the nuclear phase-out discourse, while identifying the unique contributions and limitations of each platform.
As other crises before, the COVID-19 pandemic put established discursive routines at stake. By framing the pandemic as a crisis, an immediate search for adequate counter-measures started to define proper means of mitigation and protection for the population. In the early stages of COVID-19, when little reliable information on the virus and its transmission behaviour was available, an intense use of metaphor to explain and govern the crisis had to be expected. Beside its well-known impact on (geo-)politics, a thorough analysis especially of the use of spatial metaphors to reason about the crises is still missing. In our approach, we rely on the foundational work of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) on image schemata, and prior work on spatial metaphors as part of argumentation patterns from cultural geography (Schlottmann, 2008). After a thorough analysis of prominent examples according to the argumentation scheme of Toulmin (1976 [1958]), we explored examples from the pre-existing corpus on COVID-19, deliberately compiled by DWDS for analysis of language patterns used throughout the pandemic. In a subsequent filter-refinement approach building on methods from cognitive linguistics and utilising a chunk of the same corpus, we were able to obtain and discuss results on the variety of spatial metaphors used at that time.
Since medical communication can be perceived as stressful, the assessment of patients’ physiological arousal and behavior during anamnesis interviews may lead to a better understanding of doctor-patient interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test physiological arousal and word use in a laboratory anamnesis interview. In total, sixty-five participants with a mean age of 25.0 years were randomly assigned either to an experimental group (n = 35, 65.7% women) in which they underwent an anamnesis interview or to a control group (n = 30, 73.3% women). Physiological arousal was assessed by salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Psychological arousal was assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Anamnesis interviews were analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count text analysis tool (LIWC). Participants of the experimental group showed an increase of sAA, HR and negative affect (p’s ≤.0.05). Moreover, higher cortisol area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) was associated with lesser use of positive emotion words during the interview and subsequent higher negative affect (p’s <.05). These results indicate that talking about one’s own and family’s medical history in anamnesis interview induces physiological arousal. Our findings suggest that anamnesis interviews could not only induce higher negative affect, but also induce physiological arousal, underscoring the importance of good doctor-patient communication.
Der Artikel gibt einen Einblick in die konzeptionellen Diskussionen und die Organizingpraktiken der Kampagne „Deutsche Wohnen&Co Enteignen“. Er zeigt, welche Möglichkeiten und Grenzen sich hierbei für eine möglichst breite Einbindung vieler gesellschaftlicher Gruppen im Rahmen einer solchen Kampagne bestehen.
Enhancing the reduction of avoidance may optimize treatment for anxiety disorders. Past research focused on boosting fear extinction to reduce avoidance, however, with limited success. Directly extinguishing avoidance may be more promising. This preregistered study tested the impact of incentives and instruction for non-avoidance compared to passive fear extinction on long-term avoidance and fear reduction. On Day 1, participants acquired conditioned fear and avoidance to a conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with an aversive outcome. Next, incentives or instructions encouraged non-avoidance to the CS, which was no longer reinforced by a US regardless of avoidance (Incentives and Instruction group). In a third group, avoidance was unavailable and the CS was passively presented in absence of the US (Passive Fear Extinction group). On Day 2, avoidance retention and reinstatement and return of fear were tested. In the short term, incentives and instruction strongly reduced avoidance with similar fear reduction compared to passive fear extinction. Importantly, incentives and instruction were linked to lower long-term avoidance retention. Avoidance reinstatement was evident in all groups, but avoidance remained higher after passive fear extinction. Finally, incentives yielded a lower return of threat expectancies. Thus, targeting avoidance instead of fear better reduced long-term avoidance and, for incentives, the return of fear. Especially, incentives could be a promising add-on to exposure.
Background
According to the ActivityStat hypothesis more physical activity (PA) in one timespan is compensated by increased sedentary time (ST) in the following timespan and vice versa to maintain an overall stable PA level. Until now, existing literature revealed inconsistent results regarding compensatory behaviour across children and adolescents. Thus, the aim of the present study is (1) to investigate whether ST in the morning is compensated by active behaviour in the afternoon and (2) whether ST during the week is compensated by active behaviour during the weekend in (pre)adolescent girls. Additionally, we aimed to differentiate between positive and negative compensatory behaviour and examine whether it is moderated by socioeconomic status (SES), age or weight status.
Methods
The participants were 370 sixth grade school girls (mean age 11.6 years) from Munich that participated in the CReActivity study, a school based intervention study aiming to identify the mechanisms of behavioural changes in PA among girls. ST and PA were measured over seven consecutive days using accelerometery. Descriptive determination of compensatory behaviour, as well as Bayesian multivariate multilevel analysis were conducted with data clustered on the individual (ID), class and school level.
Results
Descriptive analysis revealed rather constant compensatory behaviour of about 60% for after-school days and weekends over all observation points. However, regarding all girls, compensation was predominantly negative. Differentiated analysis indicated that all girls with low ST levels in the morning or on weekdays, compensated for this behaviour with lower PA levels in the afternoon or on weekends. Multilevel covariate analysis indicated great variability between the participants. Furthermore, differences in compensatory behaviour can also be seen on class and school levels. Interestingly, PA compensatory behaviour is not associated with age, weight status or SES.
Conclusion
Our findings could neither confirm nor reject the ActivityStat Hypothesis. Overall, due to the great variability across the girls, it seems that compensation depends on individual factors. In the future, to prevent negative compensation, school-based interventions that have the potential to provide opportunities to be physically active, should not neglect (pre)adolescents’ leisure time behaviour.
Dicionário do Crioulo de Santiago (Cabo Verde) com equivalentes de tradução em alemão e português
(2023)
Este, até agora mais completo dicionário da variedade demográfica e historicamente mais importante do crioulo português das ilhas de Cabo Verde contém cerca de 8 000 artigos com informações relativamente à pronúncia, às variantes ortográficas e fonéticas, à variabilidade, às diferentes acepções (equivalentes de tradução em alemão e português, ao todo cerca de 26 000 exemplos autênticos de utilização), à recção, à presença da palavra respectiva em colocações, expressões idiomáticas e provérbios, assim como à sua origem. Junto às designações para plantas, aves e pássaros e objetos culturais específicos se encontram frequentemente ilustrações. Além da parte alfabética, o dicionário contém informações suscintas relativamente à história e ao presente deste crioulo assim como um esboço da sua gramática.