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Integration of Decentralized Battery Energy Storage Systems into the German Electrical Power System
(2018)
The increasing generation capacity of wind and solar poses new challenges to the electrical power system due to their fluctuating injection and the displacement of fossil fired generation units.
In order to use the simultaneously increasing capacity of PV-storages in Germany, they could be used for additional applications such as the provision of ancillary services. This can be realized by pooling them to a Virtual Battery Energy Storage (VBES) and motivated the research activities presented within this thesis. It investigates the efficient pooling of decentralized batteries (PV-storages) to a VBES providing Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) power.
Therefore, a hybrid simulation model of a VBES was implemented. It contains
a central controller of the VBES for coordinating the provision of FCR power and a model of each residential household including a local controller for modeling the physical provision of FCR power and the self-consumption of PV-converted power. In addition to the findings from answering the posed research questions, an extensive, approved, and validated simulation model of a VBES results from this work.
One focus of this thesis is the investigation different allocation methods for dispatching the total contracted FCR power to the single PV-storages to ensure an efficient and reliable provision of FCR power. Applying a smart central VBES control strategy allows to operate the VBES more efficiently and reliably compared to other investigated strategies. The overall losses can be decreased by more than ten percentage points. Concerning a single household, a PV-storage integrated in the considered VBES increases the self-consumption of PV-converted power significantly and can be a profitable investment. As the findings presented within this thesis approves that it is possible to run the considered VBES efficiently, a small case study was carried out to analyze its integration into the daily unit commitment in Germany. Replacing the existing pumped hydroelectric energy storage units by VBESs increases the efficiency of the electrical power supply.
In conclusion, it is possible to run a VBES composed of many decentralized PV-storages at a constant high efficiency by means of a smart central control strategy guaranteeing benefits for the households in parallel.