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Women and mothers from rural areas of Poland who work in household services in Brussels, Belgium are the main actors of Sylwia Urbańska's sociological study of migration, work, gender, and family. The objective of this complex study is to explain the process of becoming a transnational mother in the broader context of globalization and social change. The author approaches her subject with interpretative sociology and Grounded Theory Methodology in order to collect and analyze data. Urbańska conducted 54 interviews and did intensive ethnographic field research in both Poland and Belgium between 2008 and 2009.
In his new book, Severin Gawlitta revisits the correspondence with the benefit of fifty years of hindsight. Drawing from the existing literature and newly available primary sources, including the papers of Cardinal Franz Hengsbach, Gawlitta skillfully reconstructs the political, social, and theological contexts that are essential for understanding the origin and impact of the letters. In so doing, he has produced what will likely remain the definitive treatment of the subject for many years to come.
Of the myriad ways in which the Soviet Union attempted to exert control over its new vassal states in Eastern Europe after the Second World War, the use of 'soft power' – which US political scientist Joseph Nye described as 'the power of attraction'[1] – is undoubtedly the least studied. It is this topic that Texas-based historian Patryk Babiracki turns his attention to in his first book-length study, which forms part of 'The New Cold War History' series published by the University of North Carolina Press.
"Bożena Keff's essay is not a historical work, but reflection on culture" we can read on the cover of "Antysemityzm". It is a very good summary of the book which offers a nice summary of the history of anti-Semitism in Europe and Poland. Aiming at a wide audience including "college students, university students, teachers and lecturers", the book may serve as an introduction to the topic for those who have never had a chance to read more comprehensive studies discussing the same problem.[1]
Anna Laudau-Czajka's "Polska to nie oni. Polska i Polacy w polskojęzycznej prasie żydowskiej II Rzeczypospolitej" presents a very interesting approach to Jewish-Polish relations in interwar Poland. The book looks at the issues of Polish antisemitism, Jewish patriotism and assimilation by analysing Jewish newspapers published in Polish, making the issue of language the most important element of the study. Landau-Czajka is fully aware of the nuances of Jewish interwar press, understanding the difficulties of her own work and presenting a collection of different case studies that should be treated more as a catalogue of questions than as a list of clear answers (p. 11). She is also aware of the tricky issue of public opinion and the fact that Jewish press published in Polish, though read mostly by acculturated (not assimilated) Jews, cannot be considered as an expression of any universal Jewish perceptions of Poles and Poland (pp. 42-3). It cannot even be considered as an expression of acculturated Jews' opinions, partly because different newspapers presented different opinions, partly because these opinions changed over time.
The Anonymous Poet of Poland, as well as other studies by Gardner, was undoubtedly a pioneering work when it was first published. Today the decision to reprint this book may appear a little odd, but let us hope that it may initiate a greater interest in Polish Romantic writing, both in Poland and abroad.
Warsaw. The Jewish Metropolis is an impressive collection of twenty five scholarly essays devoted to Warsaw and its Jewish community, from the earliest (mostly illegal) Jewish settlements in the Polish capital in the sixteenth century to the destruction and reconstruction of the Jewish community in the twentieth century. The book is divided into two parts: Part I ("The Rise of the Metropolis") discusses over four centuries of Jewish history in Warsaw prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. Part II ("Destruction of the Metropolis and Its Aftermath") presents new approaches to the tragic events of the post-1939 era. As the editors argue in the introduction to the volume, Warsaw's status of 'the first true metropolis in diasporic Jewish history' was not only about the numbers of Jews living there, but also about the diversity of the Jewish community (p. 2). This element became one of the recurring themes in almost all essays discussing the pre-war period.
Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History, edited by Jonathan Dekel-Chen, David Gaunt, Nathan M. Meir and Israel Bartal, is a collection of eleven essays devoted to pogroms and their role in the history of Jewish-non-Jewish relations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Without looking at pogroms through the lens of the Holocaust, the authors succeeded in presenting different types of pogroms (or the lack of them at the times of the growing anti-Jewish violence) in a new and highly unique way.
The volume consists of a number of well-written articles on Polish-Russian and Polish-Soviet academic cooperation, published in Polish and Russian. Along with its significance for international historical research on Russian-Polish relations, this volume also has an important political meaning. Despite a quite complicated stand of Polish-Russian relations during the last two decades, this volume gives hope that the scientific cooperation between Warsaw and Moscow will continue. Many of its articles deliver a well-researched account of the emergence, evolution and also current development of the scientific cooperation and intellectual interaction between Poland and (post-)Soviet Russia. The bilingual volume is recommendable for everyone interested in the study of the intellectual history of Eastern Europe, Poland and Russia and able to read in Russian and in Polish.
This dissertation investigates the cultivation effect of Facebook use on ethnic diversity perceptions and attitudes as well as on attitudes towards brand names and brands. Based on cultivation theory, social network sites research related to Facebook, and the scholarly work on ethnic diversity and brand attitudes, a research model predicting perceptions (i.e. first-order cultivation effects) and attitudes (i.e., second-order cultivation effects) by Facebook use is developed. More specifically, Facebook use is hypothesized to increase the perceived prevalence of ethnic diversity and attitudes towards ethnic minorities and to decrease ethnocentrism. Besides, it is assumed that Facebook use decreases attitudes towards local brand names and brands and increases attitudes towards global brand names and brands, respectively. The content-related ethnic diversity on Facebook is assessed and the hypotheses are tested via the classical bipartite cultivation research approach consisting of a content analysis and the empirical investigation of the effect of Facebook use on the dependent variables.
The findings of the content analysis of 50 Facebook profiles (Study 1) reveal that ethnic diversity is more prevalent on Facebook than in the real world. Based on a sample of 476 Facebook users, the subsequent cross-sectional survey (Study 2) provides empirical support for the first-order cultivation effect of Facebook use on the perceived prevalence of ethnic diversity, that is, the perceived societal ethnic diversity as well as the perceived number of ethnic minority friends and colleagues. The following experimental investigation (Study 3) with 75 participants tests second-order cultivation effects of Facebook use and finds a negative cultivation effect on the attitude towards local brand names. Furthermore, it corroborates the first-order cultivation effects proved by Study 2. The follow-up experiment (Study 4) with 61 subjects demonstrates a marginally significant, negative second-order cultivation effect on the attitude towards global brands and further confirms the first-order cultivation effects on the perceived number of ethnic minority friends and colleagues. The results are discussed, theoretical contributions to extant literature are illustrated, socio-ethical and marketing implications are derived, and limitations and respective avenues for future research are presented.
Poland in the 1950s and 1960s boasted a jazz scene of remarkable vibrancy. State-sponsored festivals in Sopot and Warsaw gave audiences the chance to hear jazz performers from all over the world. Local groups crafted their own sound, releasing seminal recordings such as the Krzysztof Komeda Quintet's Astigmatic (1966). The sounds of jazz permeated the films of Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polański. An important part of Poland's cultural and social history during the post-Stalin Thaw, jazz remains a lively element in the country's contemporary musical life.
Igor Pietraszewski's Jazz in Poland: Improvised Freedom investigates Polish jazz as both a historical and present-day phenomenon. The second in the Jazz Under State Socialism Series edited by Gertrud Pickhan and Rüdiger Ritter, this book is part of an ongoing effort to understand the significance of jazz in the cultures and societies of East-Central Europe. Pietraszewski is ideally placed to carry out such a study. His experiences as a jazz saxophonist and board member of the Jazz on the Odra Festival in Wrocław give him an insider's insight into the musical world he describes. His training as a sociologist, on the other hand, enables him to approach his subject with an outsider's detachment.
Beth Holmgren's book is a monograph of Helena Modrzejewska/Modjeska (1840-1909), the famous Polish-American stage star. The author's purpose was "to introduce a little-remembered actress to a new American audience" (p. 15). This plan was successfully completed. "Starring Madame Modjeska" is not just a popularized biography but a result of meticulous research and intellectual elaboration. It can be extremely useful for Polish readers (scholars) as it makes use of American resources and a large bibliography inaccessible in Poland. It also presents an analytical rather than simply apologetic attitude, showing a spectrum of roles Modjeska played on- and offstage.
The level of tolerance toward various minorities, as well as to women in general, and the social variables that influence it, is precisely what Ewa A. Golebiowska studies in her current book. As variables, she focuses on education, age, religiosity, area of residence, gender, political interest, ideological self-identification, psychological inclination toward authoritarianism, interpersonal trust, post-materialist individual values, economic perception, satisfaction with Polish democracy, and inter-group contact. According to her research, the prototype of a tolerant person in Poland is a young, childless, educated, and non-religious urban male, and who, moreover, is generally satisfied with his life and the level of democracy in Poland.
The German historian Markus Krzoska, who is an expert on Central European history, presents his postdoctoral thesis with the publication "Ein Land unterwegs: Kulturgeschichte Polens seit 1945" ("A Country on its Way: Cultural History of Poland since 1945"). The book changes the typical focus from confirmed knowledge (p. 13f) in the field of political and economic history towards Polish everyday life, in order to describe therein the "Normal" and the "European" (p. 21). Although research into contemporary history does link the micro and macro perspectives more often, this everyday-life approach has hardly been used in the case of Poland before. The author rightly maintains, that the functioning of a political system can only be understood by also taking into account everyday phenomena (p. 27). For this reason, he directs his attention to transnational-political frames and to small-scale and regional structures. He does so by analyzing "big events", like the accession of Poland to the European Union, but also through questions of lifestyle within village communities. With this broad research approach, Krzoska does not only support the idea of a paradigm shift within the historiography of Central and Eastern Europe, but he himself successfully places another type of "Cultural and Social History" (orig. "andere Kultur- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte", p. 25) in the forefront of his research.
Anna Cichopek-Gajraj's recent book offers valuable insight into the efforts of Holocaust survivors to rebuild their lives in Poland and Slovakia immediately after the Second World War. Despite the growing scholarship on Holocaust survivors, little attention has been given to survivors' everyday lives in the postwar period. Cichopek-Gajraj is not exaggerating when she states that most of the scholarship has focused on either violence or emigration as far as the Holocaust survivors' experience in Eastern Europe is concerned. The author challenges the dominating narratives. Her book offers insight "beyond violence" into survivors' daily interactions with non-Jewish Poles, Jewish organizations and the Polish or Slovak state administration.
With her study on Poland and Slovakia, Anna Cichopek-Gajraj advocates for a comparative approach to post-Holocaust studies. As she argues, it allows for elaborating causal explanations, separating unique phenomena from common ones, and offering a different perspective on events "which remain obscure or ambiguous when examined in the context of a single nation-state" (p. 2). Both Poland and Slovakia witnessed outbreaks of post-war anti-Jewish violence but these countries had also very different pre-war and wartime histories, as well as political settings (p. 3). By comparing Poland and Slovakia, the author studies similar phenomena created under different political and social circumstances. According to the author's own statement, her work situates itself in the middle between public and private (p. 8).
The Polish historian Maciej Górny has set his sights on describing the involvement of Central-Eastern European and Balkan intellectuals in the First World War. His book, entitled Wielka Wojna profesorów (The Great War of the Professors), is devoted to this issue. As it turns out, historians have already given much attention to this so-called "war of spirit" („Krieg der Geister"); however, they have so far concentrated on the involvement of Western European scientists. Górny claims that there is a significant gap in this scope and the possibility to compare successfully intellectuals from the Balkans, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe makes this gap even greater. The scientific as well as social status of such intellectuals, related mainly to public respect, allows for such a comparative analysis.
Erica L. Tucker's Remembering Occupied Warsaw: Polish Narratives of World War II is based on fieldwork that the author, an anthropologist, conducted in the Warsaw neighborhood of Żoliborz in the late 1990s. Drawing on some 25 life-history interviews, Tucker asks "how older ethnic Poles recollected and narrated the outbreak of war, the German occupation, and postwar recovery" in a series of chronologically organized chapters (4).
Żoliborz, of course, is not just any Warsaw neighborhood. Famous before the war for its modern housing and fashionable inhabitants (including many intellectuals, officers and civil servants), today it stands out as one of the few districts to have withstood the Nazis' destructive frenzy: whereas 92% of Warsaw's left bank was in ashes by 1944, Żoliborz, miraculously, survived largely intact. Today, strolling among its pre-war villas and flower-filled courtyards, one has the feeling of having stepped back into a vanished world, and Tucker appealingly conveys something of its genius loci, expressing great affection for the place and its inhabitants. Her subjects, meanwhile – exceptional among Warsavians, and far from typical among urban Poles of this generation – inhabit not only the same neighborhood, but in some cases, even the same homes they lived in as children. Such continuity in a city (and country) marked by urban destruction and displacement, Tucker writes, allows her to explore the role of place in memory, a theme that threads through the study. And yet, Tucker never convincingly explains how the experiences of the district's residents, exceptional in so many respects, relate to broader patterns of experience among "ethnic Poles."
Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning is dense. You will probably put it down a couple of times yet pick it up again and again, trying to refocus on the entirety of a colossal tapestry rather than lose yourself in the infinite fine threads that make up the fabric. The interpretative patterns woven are no less complex: multi-layered across local and international settings, with many shades of grey, not white or black. All the same, Snyder's book on the Holocaust remains very readable: it is written with clarity, style, and an inquisitive readership in mind.
Jack Bloom was a social movement's specialist previously unconcerned with Poland, when he first visited the country in 1986. After five weeks in Poland his new goal was clear: researching the social movement Solidarność. More than 25 years later, this led to an English language in-depth study about the Polish events of the 1980s, and the development of the opposition that led up to it. So many years later, however, this story has only little new to offer in an academic discourse that has moved on.
The set-up of his story is fairly traditional, telling the story of the Polish opposition from the Poznań events, through the upheavals of 1968, 1970 and 1976, to a detailed description of the different phases of the Solidarność years and the story beyond until 1989. The additional value of Bloom's account should therefore be sought in his approach to telling this history.
A decade after 1989, Poland began experiencing a "memory boom." This explosion in cultural productions dealing with the past inspired scholarly research on collective memory in fields as diverse as Anthropology, Archeology, Art History, Communications, Cultural Studies, History, Film, Languages and Linguistics, Literature, Journalism, Media Studies, Museum Studies, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology. While this intellectual surge drew inspiration from classical works produced earlier in Western Europe and the United States, it also produced a plethora of new concepts, theories, and perspectives rooted in the Central European experience and drew on classical Polish authors. This incredibly rich field of inquiry presents an intellectual labyrinth that can be difficult to navigate. Novices may have trouble finding their bearings, while seasoned scholars may talk past each other, each using terms native to their disciplines for lack of a common language.
The dissertation aims at better understanding the ambiguity of parliamentary representation in the EU political system where both national parliaments and the European Parliament play a functional role and are characterized by distinct electoral and territorial interests of representation. In this context EU budgetary politics are a particularly interesting field of research since they constitute a prime parliamentary function that carries high importance inside parliamentary institutions. The EU budget – the Multi-annual Financial Framework (MFF) – is formally divided between the revenue side, which is legitimated through the national parliamentary channel and the expenditure side for which the European Parliament is responsible.
Analyzing the internal parliamentary coordination and the parliamentary debate on the EU’s MFF 2014-2020 it is shown that parliamentary actors are embedded at different points in the budgetary policy cycle while at the same time feeling legitimately responsible for both revenue and expenditure strands of the EU budget. The EU parliamentary budget authority is formally upheld through the national and supranational channels of legitimation. Practically, however, it is impeded by even more constraints than in national budgetary procedures due to the shape of the EU multi-level system.
The performance of the parliamentary budget authority strongly diverged between the policy and the polity level of budgetary policies in the MFF 2014-2020 negotiations. On the one hand there has been a broad understanding between parliamentary actors of the same political family on the policy level in the budgetary debate. This covered joint perceptions of what policies should be enacted through the EU budget and what political priorities should be pursued. However on the polity level of the budget, there has been a fundamental disagreement on what formal structure or institutional shape should be achieved with the EU budget. Therefore the representative interests of parliamentary actors are strongly centered on territorial interests of representation – despite strong similarities in terms of electoral interests.
Budget policies constitute the core of parliamentary sovereignty which in the MFF 2014-2020 negotiations lead to the dominance of an institutional power-play over a joint coordination of welfare as it has already been found with regard to the EU budget negotiations on the member state level in the Council and European Council.
The book, based on Marciniak's dissertation in American Studies at the University at Buffalo, SUNY, wants to 'explore the story of how a subculture emerged and evolved over time through the communication of ideas across space' (p. xiii). Her 'two main research questions' (p. xviii) are the depth of US-American influence in Poland, their local 'adjustments' (ibid.), and the 'cultural diffusion' (p. xix) involved. As the title of her work suggests, the perspective is transnational; the author focuses on the exchange of people, concepts, and ideas from the late 1970s to the early 2010s, mainly (but not exclusively) between Poland and the United States. The main part of the book concentrates on developments after 1989; earlier developments are bundled up in shorter introductions of the respective chapters.
„Energy has become a core issue for the European Union. However, the EU does not have
an exclusive competence in this field” (Morris and Pehnt 2012: 53). Die europäische Energiepolitik
zielt unter anderem auf die Integration des europäischen Energiemarktes als
Schlüssel für eine kosteneffiziente Dekarbonisierung der Energieversorgung. Dies umfasst
beispielsweise den Ausbau der Übertragungskapazitäten im Stromsektor, die fortschreitende
Kopplung der Märkte sowie die Entwicklung gemeinsamer Regeln. Hierbei erlebt jüngst
vor allem das Stromversorgungssystem mit regenerativen Ressourcen einen regelrechten
Innovationsschub, der zur Transformation des Energiesektors in Europa beiträgt.
Deutschland gehört mit seiner nationalen Energiewende zu den Pionieren eines hochkomplexen
Systemwechsels, dessen Erfahrungen zur Einbettung der Energiewende in den europäischen
Kontext beitragen können. Unter anderem zeigt der deutsche Entwicklungspfad,
wie einst fest etablierte, zentralisierte Stromsysteme, meist bestehend aus fossilen und
nuklearen Großkraftwerken, einem zunehmenden Verdrängungswettbewerb durch dezentrale
Stromsysteme mit dargebotsabhängiger Erzeugung aus Sonne und Wind gegenüber
stehen. Gekennzeichnet durch verteilte, kleinteilige Erzeugungsstrukturen in unmittelbarer
Verbrauchernähe stellen die dezentralen Stromsysteme konventionelle Wertschöpfungsstufen
in Frage. Zum einen hat das einschneidende Folgen für den Erfolg etablierter, auf
zentralisierte Stromsysteme orientierte Stromversorger und ihre Geschäftsmodelle und zum
anderen ruft es innovative Wettbewerber ins Feld, die sich mit neuen Geschäftspraktiken
auf dezentrale Stromsysteme spezialisieren, über die jedoch nur wenig bekannt ist.
Daher gibt diese Arbeit Antworten auf zwei Fragen: (1) Wie lassen sich die Geschäftsmodelle
der auf dezentrale Energiesysteme spezialisieren Energieunternehmen in Bezug auf
die derzeit überforderten, etablierten und auf das zentralisierte Stromsystem fokussierten
Energieversorger einordnen? und (2) Welche Rolle spielt das selektive Umfeld für die weitere
Entwicklung von Geschäftsmodellen, die auf dezentrale Energiesysteme spezialisiert
sind?
Ausgehend von einer koevolutionären Beziehung zwischen den genannten Geschäftsmodellen
und ihrem Umfeld, wird zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung ein koevolutionärer Geschäftsmodelrahmen
aus der evolutionären und soziotechnischen Transitionsforschung
hergeleitet und angewendet.
Im Ergebnis werden drei verschiedene Module von spezialisierten Geschäftsmodellen für
dezentrale Energiesysteme hergeleitet. Diese erzeugen unter anderem einen Kannibalisierungsdruck
auf das Ertragsmodell etablierter Geschäftsmodelle. Auch wird derzeit vor allem
durch kontinuierliche technologische Neuerungen, ihre vielseitige Integration sowie verbesserte
Wirtschaftlichkeit ein neues Konsumentenverhalten gefördert, das in wechselseitiger,
positiver Beziehung zu spezialisierten Geschäftsmodellen für dezentrale Energiesysteme
steht.
This volume is a paperback edition of a 2007 publication to which new elements have been added. Its subject is the experiences of a Jewish family from Kraków following German occupation in 1939, with well over half of the text devoted to letters sent by various members to Joseph (Józia) Hollander, the one person to escape the Nazis and find a new home in the United States. As a primary source, these letters are clearly a valuable research tool for anyone working in the area of Holocaust Studies, whilst having a much wider relevance, not least in an era marked by persecution and flight caused by war. The remainder of the book puts the family's experiences into wider contexts.
This is the first book to address the history of psychiatry under Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. In ten chapters the authors compare in a rich diversity of options of psychiatric treatment, cultural and ethnical distinctions, and competition within the East-European psychiatric field. They illustrate a new understanding of research and its interplay between ideology, politics and psychiatry. The contributors debate forms of psychiatric treatment like occupational therapy, shock therapy and antipsychotic treatment. As the articles show, global culture wars and political systems in the 20th century had strong influence on the historical view of psychiatry. The chapters demonstrate that there was substantial political pressure on medical research and professionals. A major advantage of this publication is that each chapter deals with a different geographical area. So instead of counter-narratives, the stereotype of a monolithic Soviet history is divided into several focuses: communist Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, the Soviet Union or Yugoslavia. The interested reader will find precious remarks to aspects concerning the USSR, even though one notices minor gaps such as the lack of a particular contribution on Albania or Poland.
Russian revisionist geopolitics, backed by a coarse power's action, that brings aggression as a foreign policy means back to the repertoire of state actors, has revived the topicality of European security debates, not least in the national contexts. Once enthusiastically supported on the whole, the European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) experiences a comprehensive audit of all the composites once again. Thus, the "Europeanness", "commonness" just as the effectiveness of "security" and "defence" of the EU's most wanted and least warranted policy are undergoing a crucial moment of reevaluation, redefinition, and reorientation. The differences in national pull or push factors vis-à-vis Union's security and defence efforts yet again question the long-suffering "convergence" of their perspectives on highly delicate matters of defence and security. Addressing the matter in question and written nearly five years ago, Laura Chappell's "Germany, Poland and the Common Security and Defence Policy: Converging Security and Defence Perspectives in an Enlarged EU" (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) might well become a frequent read today, particularly for those interested not only in the fate of the EU's security and defence policy, but also those looking for answers to recent German and Polish reactions to the Russian regional security challenge.
The Book's main aim is to study the influence of three selected EU member states on the shape and development of the European Neighbourhood Policy. The underlying research question of the study reads as follows: "How do EU member states within their respective regional concepts and modes of interaction influence European Neighbourhood Policy?" (p.30). In the book, it is supported by a number of empirical sub-questions addressing both policy (content) and politics (process) aspects, "whereas polity – the form aspect – is only taken into consideration as a framework in which national and European policy-making takes place" (p.31).
In times of 'big choices' to be made (again) in European politics, framed by the manifold challenges– from financial and migration to 'Brexit' and security crises, the policymaker and expert community's attention is drawn 'back to Europe and the EU's neighbourhood'. Tulmets' (2014) richly sourced and thoroughly researched comparative account of East Central European foreign policy identity may well facilitate understanding of CEE countries' past and future choices, particularly with regard to the EU's turbulent neighbourhoods.
This book is a charming and compassionate compendium of mostly anthropological research on motorways, motoring and localities. In a series of short but engaging chapters the various authors explore the fascinating mundane, and in so doing elevate mobility from the merely functional to the realm of cultural idiosyncrasy.
The book Building Fortress Europe: The Polish-Ukrainian Frontier by political anthropologist and current fellow at the University of Lancaster dr Karolina Szmagalska-Follis seeks to shed light on various ambiguities and blind spots pertaining to the process of primarily Polish-Ukrainian re-bordering, defined as "the talk and the practice of defining and enforcing the boundaries of the European Union" (p.12). In bringing scholarly attention to the Eastern dimension of the EU border regime, Szmagalska-Follis takes an illustrative case to study the process of re-bordering that took place at the Polish-Ukrainian frontier between 2003 and 2008. This borderland was subject to a steady ideational, territorial, and civilizational re-bordering, following the century-old dynamic of oscillating empires, nation-states and peoples.