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ENGLISH ABSTRACT
This PhD dissertation examines the relationship between resource mobilization and new venture performance by presenting a thematic analysis and literature review of resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures and an empirical study in the context of Nigerian entrepreneurial ventures.
The thematic analysis and literature review provide an inventory of the domain, and the integrative literature review identifies four main themes in the conceptual and empirical literature on resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures. The four themes reveal a) the embeddedness of resource mobilization in the organizing process of entrepreneurial ventures, b) the role of founders/managers in the resource mobilization process, c) the role of social networks in enhancing resource mobilization processes, and d) the focus on firm-level analysis with special emphasis on firm behavior regarding the processes, conditions, strategies, and activities associated with resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures. The thematic analysis and literature review contribute to advancing strategic entrepreneurship theories on resource mobilization by identifying the gaps in the literature and suggesting how they can be addressed in future research. They also contribute to the practice of strategic entrepreneurship research by showing that an increased understanding of resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures can be achieved by developing new theoretical foundations for research in entrepreneurship.
The empirical study addresses the following research questions: What is the relationship between resource mobilization (approaches) and new venture performance? Under what conditions do resource mobilization approaches provide performance benefits to new ventures? To determine the relationship between resource mobilization and new venture performance, two resource mobilization approaches were examined—namely, optimization and bricolage. These are defined as the use of new and high-quality resources for a specific purpose and the use of existing resources for a new purpose, respectively. The effect of resource mobilization approaches on new venture performance is argued to be contingent upon network complementarity and network diversity. Using data from Nigerian ventures, the findings show that resource mobilization approaches have significant positive and negative impacts on new venture performance, while network complementarity and network diversity, as context variables, positively moderate these relationships.
Overall, this dissertation offers several contributions to the strategic entrepreneurship literature and entrepreneurial network research by providing new directions for researchers to study optimization and bricolage from different viewpoints and offer suggestions for how optimization and bricolage can contribute to new venture performance. The dissertation also takes a step toward addressing the critique that conceptualizes entrepreneurs as nonstrategic actors and lends empirical support to the call to explore the moderating role of social networks in the organizing process of new ventures.
Keywords: Resource mobilization, Bricolage, Optimization, Entrepreneurial ventures, Social networks, Nigeria, Quantitative data.
Abstract
Project leadership is known as one of the key factors in project success. There are solid
bodies of work on leadership, project management, and cultural studies. Yet, in spite of the
great amount of literature, there exist only a few works about leading creative personalities
that are known by their complex behavioural traits in the cross-cultural context.
This research aims to illuminate leadership in behaviourally complex cross-cultural projects
and propose a better understanding of dealing with complex situations. With this aim in mind,
it argues the impact of authentic leadership on project success and dealing with behavioural
complexities in cross-cultural complex projects.
A multi-disciplinary study was conducted in order to fulfil the research goals. Two
contemporary dance creation projects were selected as case studies from the creative industry
field. These cases were chosen to show cross-cultural preferences for having a cultural
reference on the topic. Participated observation was applied as the core method of data
collection and semi-structured interviews were conducted as the supportive method. The
epistemological design of the research focused on two aspects: Polyscopic view and common
patterns. To create a polyscopic view on the cases and issues observed in these cases, the data
provided views from three different perspectives: observer, dancer, and choreographer. The
collected data was analysed through the authentic leadership perspective, and the impacts of
presence and absence of authentic leadership were studied in correlation to each other.
Additionally, the choreographers’ common behavioural patterns were noted and analysed
through the authentic leadership perspective.
According to the research findings, there is a strong correlation between the authentic
leadership style and dealing with complex issues generated by behavioural complexity of
creative personalities. Also, there is considerable evidence of the project success and the
applied authentic leadership. The research reveals supporting evidence of the impact of the
authentic leadership style on preventing future complexities
Despite a vast body of work published on the business model—a concept used to generally refer to how a firm conducts business and how it creates and captures value —remarkably, the literature to date has not yet explored the business model from a national culture perspective. Therefore, this PhD dissertation seeks to explore the business model concept through the lens of national culture, posing the following research questions: Do actors in different cultural settings experience their concepts of business (“their business models") differently? If they do, what are the differences, and how and why do these differences occur? To address these research questions, I adopt a qualitative multiple case study of three restaurants: a German restaurant in Germany, an Arab Yemeni restaurant in Jordan, and an Arab Syrian restaurant in Germany. My analysis is based on data collected from a range of sources, including 34 semi-structured interviews, informal follow-up interviews, direct observations, restaurants’ documents, and archival materials, such as press coverage, restaurants’ websites, restaurants’ social media postings, and video excerpts. The emergent findings reveal eight dimensions and their constitutive themes, which shed light on how German and Arab actors experience the business models. While German and Arab actors show a common understanding of some themes relevant to the business model concept, they differ significantly in many themes, suggesting considerable differences in pursuing value creation and capture. Overall, this PhD dissertation makes several contributions to the business model and national culture literatures. More specifically, I contribute to the business model literature by delineating the nature of activities and classifying them into structured and semi-structured activities performed by German and Arab actors, respectively, refining the revenue concept, introducing the concepts of Al-Niyyah (good intention) and fated revenues, and providing insights into the different relationships between the business model participants. In addition, this PhD dissertation adds to the limited antecedent literature of business model innovation by indicating that a firm operating in a new national culture is more likely to innovate its business model. Further, this
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PhD dissertation provides insights into the national culture literature by suggesting that Arab culture seems to be a culture of intention, fatalism, and particularism. Finally, this PhD dissertation offers insights for practitioners and concludes with limitations and suggestions for future research.
In recent decades, workspace design, as an enabling factor for creativity and innovation, has become the focus of organizational efforts in many firms and among practitioners who are showing a growing interest in the design of creative work environments. This research developed from the observation that firms can design creative workspaces to foster everyday creativity in work-related settings (action – substantive role) and/or to strengthen the company´s corporate image in order to appear as creative to the eyes of a targeted audience (talk- symbolic role).
This study explored and assessed the relations existing between creative workspaces and everyday creativity and corporate image respectively. The substantive and symbolic roles and effects of creative workspaces were addressed through qualitative interviews with nineteen informants working for sixteen selected organizations. Data collected was triangulated with additional material gathered through field notes, on-site observations in 32 German companies, written as well as photographic documentation.
The results led to a comprehensive, scientific definition of the creative workspace. Empirical findings informed the process of creation and the spatial characteristics of creative workspaces fostering or hindering everyday creativity in work-related settings. Not only, companies were categorized according to the roles, aimed effects and spatial configurations of their creative workspaces and four aspects were identified as been conducive to everyday creativity together with workspace design. As for the symbolic side, six different plausible roles of creative workspaces were proven to have an impact on corporate image. This study confirmed that creative workspaces designed for symbolic purposes can affect and provoke the reactions of external, targeted groups of stakeholders. A three-layer model of engagement informing and guiding companies´ communication strategy in relation to creative workspaces was also suggested.
Understanding the substantive and symbolic roles and effects of creative workspaces in relation to creative performances (action) and perceptions (talk) is meant to provide academic knowledge and clearance on the strategic intents and objectives guiding organizations in relation to the design of their physical environments. The increased knowledge and awareness gained in relation to creative workspaces will also allow practitioners and organizations to make more conscious and informed decisions by taking into account a broader spectrum of stakeholders, spanning from the internal focus on individuals at work to external stakeholders such as investors and young talents.
Il TELEGIORNALE IN ITALIA:
(2004)
Il lavoro si propone di legittimare la possibilità della adozione di uno strumento di analisi testuale non ancora sperimentato in ambito di testo multimediale dinamico, e cioè la disciplina della Testologia Semiotica così come elaborata dallo studioso ungherese János Sandor Petőfi. La motivazione alla base della scritta metodologica fa da sfondo alla stessa idea su cui si regge l’intera impostazione del lavoro: quella secondo cui solo una disciplina che si avvalga di strumenti e si basi su principi epistemologici che prevedano e inglobino la categoria della complessità al proprio interno abbia le giuste potenzialità per una spiegazione della complessità della manifestazione stessa del reale. In particolare, l’oggetto della ricerca e dunque il suo campo di sperimentazione è rappresentato dal telegiornale italiano. Dopo aver elaborato una nuova definizione dello stesso in vista di una prospettiva interdisciplinare e dopo aver esposto l’impianto teorico generale del lavoro, si passa ad un’analisi del corpus di riferimento rappresentato dai servizi di cronaca trasmessi da tre tg nazionali (Tg1, Tg5, TgLa7) nell’edizione serale nel periodo compreso fra il marzo del 2003 e il giungo dello stesso anno.
The first chapter investigates the factors that explain the level of technical efficiency of a firm. In an empirical analysis, a unique sample of about 35,000 firms in 256 industries from the German Cost Structure Census over the years 1992-2004 is used. The technical efficiency of the firms is estimated using distribution free assumption and then it is relates to firm- and industry-specific characteristics. One third of the explanatory power is due to industry effects. Size accounts for another 25 percent and the headquarter's location explains ten percent of the variation in efficiency. Most other firm characteristics such as ownership structure, legal form, age of the firm and outsourcing activities have an extremely small explanatory power. R&D activity does not exert any positive influence on technical efficiency. In the second chapter a special attention is given to allocative efficiency. The traditional approach to measuring allocative efficiency exploits input prices, which are rarely known at the firm level. In this paper we propose a new approach to measure allocative efficiency as a profit-oriented distance to the frontier in a profit--technical efficiency space, which does not require information on input prices. To validate the new approach, we perform a Monte-Carlo experiment providing evidence that the estimates of allocative efficiency employing the new and the traditional approach are highly correlated. Finally, as an illustration, we apply the new approach to a sample of about 900 enterprises from the chemical manufacturing industry in Germany. The third chapter notices that the German chemical manufacturing industry experienced a major downsizing during 1992--2004. On the average, size of the firm almost halved. Using modern frontier efficiency analysis, this paper investigates technical and scale efficiency of firms. Based on reliable census data, analysis suggests that firms were not primarily concerned with improving technical efficiency, but rather establishing of an optimal scale of production. The share of scale efficiency firms has been persistently increasing, and downsizing was found to be a rational behavior because all scale inefficient firms have continually operated on decreasing returns to scale portion of technology.
Die Arbeit untersucht das Phänomen einer bemerkenswerten "Schreibinitiative" ostdeutscher Rezipienten im Systemumbruch zwischen Oktober 1989 und Dezember 1991. Hunderttausende Briefe wurden in dieser Zeit an bisher staatstragende Medien, wie z.B. die Tageszeitungen "Neues Deutschland" (Organ des Zentralkomitees der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands - SED), oder auch die "junge Welt" (Zentralorgan der Freien Deutschen Jugend - FDJ) sowie an den Deutschen Fernseh- und Rundfunk der DDR und an lokale (Bezirks-)Zeitungen, wie z. B. die "Berliner Zeitung" geschickt. Dazu zählten Petitionen, Aufrufe, Appelle, Eingaben, Meinungsbekundungen und Anfragen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, dieses Phänomen anhand einer in den Archiven getroffenen Zufallsauswahl von 6667 und davon 4727 verwerteten, ungekürzten und originalen Briefen zu ergründen und den Prozess des Schreibens in seiner Vielfalt, Gestalt und Bedeutung für den Einzelnen und die gesellschaftlichen Veränderungsprozesse abzubilden. Dazu wurde mittels systematisch quantitativer Inhaltsanalyse an Vorwendestudien angeknüpft. Die Untersuchung der Verarbeitungsprozesse hingegen erfolgte mit dem qualitativen Ansatz der "Grounded Theory". Im Ergebnis wurde deutlich, dass die Bevölkerung der DDR, mit ihrer Schreibinitiative an der Entwicklung einer demokratischen Öffentlichkeit "von unten" beteiligt gewesen ist. Im Mittelpunkt ihres Interesses standen bis 1990 die politischen Ereignisse im Land. Ab Mitte 1990 (Währungs-Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion) rückten Alltagsthemen und die Bewältigung der Neuorientierung in den Vordergrund des Interesses. Gleichzeitig haben sich verschiedene Verarbeitungstypen in der Verarbeitung der Umbruchsituation gezeigt. Zwei Grundtypen bildeten dabei der Systemöffnung gegenüber "offene" und der "konservative" Typ. Letzter war eher bemüht, die DDR oder Teile der DDR erhalten zu wollen. Die Anpassungsbemühungen vollzogen sich assimilierend und akkomodierend. Konkrete Typen der Verarbeitung der Umbruchsituation konnten in: "Mitreisende", "Verweigerer", "Nutznießer", "Aktive Alltagsgestalter" "Widerständler / Kritiker" und "Regredierende" differenziert werden. Die Verarbeitungsprozesse sind in einem dynamischen Prozessmodell verallgemeinernd zusammengefasst und detailliert beschrieben worden.
The dissertation "The Adequate Level of Public Broadcasting Regulation and the Polish Television Market" analyzes and evaluates the overall significance of public market involvement in general and specifically in the Polish TV signal transmission segment. Public broadcasting as the sector's most distinct form of governmental involvement receives special consideration in this context. The dissertation's theoretical fundament consists on the one hand of the major technological parameters accompanying the market, and on the other hand of the two main theoretical approaches influencing this industry: the theories of competition policy and media policy. Based on the technological preconditions of the television sector, its natural markets and products are identified, thereby connecting the technological sphere with a market model terminology. The theoretical approaches examine the TV market's economic and socio-political specifics with the focus on the question of public market regulation, its justification, configuration, and extend. Based on the technological and theoretical foundations, Poland's television market is presented in its broader context. Country-specific characteristics as to the market's integration into its wider socio-political framework implies considering the Polish television sector's historical development, beginning at the country's major political transition in 1989. Poland's audiovisual broadcasting market is subsequently analyzed empirically from three interrelated angles: from the legislative, the political, and the economic perspective. The detailed analysis of the market's broad framework allows for a definition of its factual public market involvement level and for the elaboration of its shortcomings according to the previously derived theoretical postulates. Based on the multi-perspective analysis, refinement suggestions as to the adequate extent and configuration of Poland's public involvement in the broadcasting market are formulated.
Die Homöopathie ist eine Therapiemethode, die seit mehr als 200 Jahren praktiziert wird und eine beträchtliche Zahl an Heilungserfolgen vorzuweisen hat. Die Evidenzlage hinsichtlich der klinischen Forschung zur Homöopathie ist nach strengen Kriterien mindestens als ambivalent zu beurteilen und weist eine stark positive Tendenz auf, wenn im Rahmen von Meta-Analysen nicht nur einige wenige Studien berücksichtigt werden, sondern ein sinnvolles Gleichgewicht zwischen Selektionskriterien und Aussagekraft geschaffen wird. Die Gründe für die Verzerrungen bei der Beurteilung des Phänomens Homöopathie sind auf der wissenschaftlichen Paradigmenebene zu suchen und wurzeln letztlich in spezifischen erkenntnistheoretischen Vorannahmen, die in ihrer unreflektierten Form als Weltanschauung angesprochen werden können.
Diese Weltanschauung kann in als eine Form des reduktionistischen Materialismus identifiziert wer-den, welcher in Verbindung mit einem unkritischen Szientismus dafür genutzt wird, Erkenntnissi-cherheit und eine wissenschaftlich methodische Fundierung zu prätendieren. Dieser Komplex erweist sich im Rahmen einer epistemologischen Analyse als transzendentalphilosophisch haltloses metaphysisches Konstrukt, welches keinesfalls dazu geeignet ist, als Kriterium für Wissenschaftlichkeit zu fungieren, oder gar a priori über die Möglichkeit respektive Unmöglichkeit bestimmter Phänomene zu befinden. Der unkritische Umgang eines Teils der Homöopathiekritik mit den eigenen epistemologischen Voraussetzungen führt somit zu der paradoxen Situation, dass unter Berufung auf wissenschaftliche Grundsätze zentralen Postulaten der wissenschaftlichen Methode eine Absage erteilt wird.
Vor dem Hintergrund der Science Studies lässt sich konstatieren, dass die Homöopathie nicht nur mit epistemologischen Setzungen in Konflikt gerät, sondern dass naturwissenschaftliche Grundsätze und die Methodik der klinischen Forschung in ein soziales Gefüge eingebettet sind, in welchem neben statistisch auswertbaren Daten ebenso die Denkgewohnheiten und Erwartungshaltungen von Peer-Review-Gutachtern und die hiermit in Zusammenhang stehenden Publikationsmöglichkeiten eine Rolle spielen. Nicht zuletzt ist an dieser Stelle zu konstatieren, dass Wissenschaft als soziales System über mannigfaltige Überschneidungen und Verquickungen mit anderen Systemen verfügt, zu denen sicherlich auch die Ökonomie gehört. In dieser Hinsicht ist es durchaus denkbar, dass eine wissenschaftliche Ächtung der Homöopathie mit bestimmten wirtschaftlichen Interessen konform geht, wenn sie nicht sogar teilweise durch solche motiviert sein sollte.
Abschließend werden mit der Kategorienlehre, der Semiotik und den wissenschaftstheoretischen Überlegungen des amerikanischen Philosophen Charles Sanders Peirce Ansätze präsentiert, welche die aufgezeigten Aporien des reduktionistischen Materialismus vermeiden. Es wird ein begriffliches Instrumentarium eingeführt, mit dessen Hilfe sich die entsprechenden Verkürzungen bei der Interpretation des Phänomens Homöopathie klar benennen und auch umgehen lassen, ohne auf unzulässige metaphysisch aufgeladene Theoreme zu-rückgreifen zu müssen.
Die Homöopathie steht innerhalb der vorliegenden Analyse stellvertretend für sämtliche Gegen-standsbereiche, die sich einer einfachen Deutung durch materialistisch-reduktionistische Erklä-rungsmuster im dargestellten Sinne entziehen. Insgesamt lässt sich die Schlussfolgerung ziehen, dass die Grenzen gängiger Erklärungsmodelle und erkenntnistheoretischer Paradigmen häufig anhand von wissenschaftlichen Anomalien erkennbar werden und dann einer umfassenden Revision unterzogen werden sollten, um global neue Zugänge und Perspektiven für die Wissenschaft zu erschließen, die nicht den Beschränkungen einer dem Fortschritt hinderlichen Weltanschauung unterliegen.
stock markets linkages and analysis of the arbitrage between spot and futures markets. The first part is devoted to examination of long and short term dependencies between markets. As an example of long term relationship between stock markets, the influence of US market on the most important markets during twenty years period was subject of examination. In turn, to examine short term relationship the dependencies between Japanese and Hong Kong markets during Asian crisis 1997 were scrutinized. The examination of stock of linkages was carried out by application of Markov Switching models. This approach has an advantage to the previous methods because it does not assume a priori a form of relationship between financial markets. Moreover, the Markov Switching framework allows calculating the probability that one market is in crisis or calm regime conditional on different sets of information about other markets. According to the obtained results the contagion between financial markets was rejected, however, sufficient facts supporting the presence of feedback spillovers were found. The second part of thesis presents results of detailed analysis of arbitrage opportunity between spot and futures markets on Polish blue chips index WIG 20. The Polish stock market is one of the emerging futures markets in Europe, it is characterised by proprieties which were absent in case of previous studies of arbitrage. The analysis shows that the lack of efficiency in arbitrage sense is due to the fact that investors have limited access to short sale, there is uncertainty about the size of interest rates, and dividends are paid in an irregular way. Finally, the thesis provide detailed mathematical derivation of the price of future contract and the value of forward contract on zero coupon bond when the short term interest rate is modelled by Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model. In addition, the thesis contains some comments on the methods of deriving price of contigent claims.