FG Leistungselektronik und Antriebssysteme
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In the last years, energy prices for German households have been increasing constantly. Some reasons for that include: the dependency of Germany on external fossil fuels to supply its energy demand, the decision to invest in renewable energy generation and to shut down all its nuclear power plants. Nowadays households are already able to generate energy on-site, however the generation potential depends on climatic conditions as well as the specific location and the type of the building. The aim of this work is to evaluate whether a community of new efficient single-family houses can generate enough energy on-site to supply its electricity and heating demand over the year based on renewable energy sources and with the support of energy storage systems, including electric vehicles. The theoretical community is situated in the city of Cottbus, Germany. For this community, an electricity load profile was designed based on the use of common devices and separated in controllable and uncontrollable loads. Electricity is generated on-site through photovoltaic panels and small wind turbines, and the electricity generation potential is evaluated based on the community’s available space, which is rather limited, and the actual regulations in the State of Brandenburg. A comparison of the available technologies to supply the heating demand as well as to store energy in the household sector is presented and discussed. It is assumed that each household has an electric vehicle that can be charged and also discharged in the community as an extra energy storage system. A software simulation system was designed with which an energy balance analysis is carried out based on hourly values of supply and demand. Under the assumptions taken for this study, the results of the simulation show that the community is able to generate more energy than consumed throughout a year, however in a few occasions there is not enough energy available to supply the community’s energy demand. Water can be heated up to 70°C at least once a week preventing the bacterium Legionella to grow. The community is able to supply 99% of the uncontrollable load group demand and 97% of the controllable load group demand. There is enough energy available to heat space during the cold months, if heat pumps with a coefficient of performance greater than two are used. The electric vehicles can be charged using the energy generated in the community via grid or extra battery banks. If energy prices continue to increase, German households will try to find solutions to reduce their energy bills. The integration of several households forming a community network is a solution that optimizes the energy use and space (especially taking wind turbines in consideration), and reduces investments. However, the implementation of such a community still depends on the availability of space, improvement and price reduction of energy storage systems, regulations for energy exchange as well as willingness of the people living in such a community to adapt their daily routine according to the availability of energy.