FG Aerodynamik und Strömungslehre
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Mit dem Begriff „weiche Materie“ wird eine Stoffklasse bezeichnet, die uns im Alltag ständig und nahezu überall begegnet. Dennoch zählt die Erforschung solcher Materialsysteme zu einer noch recht jungen Disziplin moderner Materialforschung. Dem Ziel, ein besseres Verständnis und Vorhersehbarkeit mechanischer Eigenschaften zu gewinnen, gehen Kenntnisse über die innere Dynamik voraus. Die Dynamik in solchen Systemen wird dabei von vergleichsweise geringen Kräften getrieben, die bei Untersuchungen auf der Erde von dominant erscheinenden schwerkraftgetriebenen Phänomenen wie beispielsweise der Sedimentation überlagert werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung einer Anlage beschrieben, die eine modulare Experimentplattform auf einer Höhenforschungsrakete darstellt und Experimente zur Untersuchung weicher Materie unter nahezu gänzlicher Ausschaltung der Schwerkraft ermöglicht. Ein druckdichter und wiederverwendbarer Rumpf stellt den Experimenten auch während des Fluges atmosphärische Bedingungen zur Verfügung, wobei durch eine Luke nicht langzeitstabile Proben kurz vor Start der Rakete integriert werden können. Häufig genutzte Diagnostikelemente von Lichtstreuexperimenten und Servicesystemkomponenten zur Versorgung mit Energie und Informationen werden in eine Baugruppe gebündelt und über definierte Schnittstellen für Neuentwicklungen zugänglich gemacht, sodass deren Entwicklungszeiten verkürzt werden können. Exemplarisch werden zwei Lichtstreuexperimente entwickelt und in das Modul integriert: Ein kolloidaler Teil, der die Bewegung aktiver Mikroschwimmer untersucht, und einen granularen Teil, bei dem Licht an Teilchen und Gasblasen gestreut wird.
Die phototaktisch getriebenen Mikroschwimmer zeigen ohne die auf der Erde unvermeidlichen Randschichteffekte unter Mikrogravitation eine messbar verschiedene Dynamik. Mit einer kritischen Bewertung werden Verbesserungspotentiale aufgelistet, die teils im Zweitflug umgesetzt werden. Für zukünftige Anwendungen auf der Experimentplattform werden Ideen und Vorhaben im Kontext der Möglichkeiten aufgeführt, wobei der Nutzen und der Mehrwert eines wiederfliegenden Moduls an Hand von Ergebnissen aus den stattgefundenen Flügen manifestiert werden können.
Physics-informed neural networks (PINN) are machine-learning methods that have been proved to be very successful and effective for solving governing equations of fluid flow. In this work we develop a robust and efficient model within this framework and apply it to a series of two-dimensional three-component (2D3C) stereo particle-image velocimetry datasets, to reconstruct the mean velocity field and correct measurements errors in the data. Within this framework, the PINNsbased model solves the Reynolds-averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for zeropressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer (ZPGTBL) without a prior assumption and only taking the data at the PIV domain boundaries. The TBL data has different flow conditions upstream of the measurement location due to the effect of an applied flow control via uniform blowing. The developed PINN model is very robust, adaptable and independent of the upstream flow conditions due to different rates of wall-normal blowing while predicting the mean velocity quantities simultaneously. Hence, this approach enables improving the mean-flow quantities by reducing errors in the PIV data. For comparison, a similar analysis has been applied to numerical data obtained from a spatially-developing ZPGTBL and an adverse-pressure-gradient (APG) TBL over a NACA4412 airfoil geometry. The PINNs-predicted results have less than 1% error in the streamwise velocity and are in excellent agreement with the reference data. This shows that PINNs has potential applicability to shear-driven turbulent flows with different flow histories, which includes experiments and numerical simulations for predicting high-fidelity data.
The Taylor-Couette (TC) flow, the flow confined between two concentric independently rotating cylinders, is used as a perfect model to investigate shear flow over concave surfaces and one of the paradigmatic systems of the physics of fluids. In this thesis, an experimental investigation of the turbulent TC flow in a very wide gap geometry with a radius ratio 𝜂 = 0.1 is performed. The physical and dynamic behavior of the flow is studied in a geometry that has rarely been investigated before the current study, which makes this study unique. The study aims to understand the effect of curvature on the TC flow, particularly in cases where the circumferential length of the inner cylinder is smaller than the gap width. The flow is studied in the different rotation regimes: counter-rotating, co-rotating, and purely inner cylinder rotating regimes up to shear Reynolds numbers Re_s≤ 150000. The flow field has been qualitatively studied using visualization techniques. By probing the different flow parameters, familiar coherent TC flow patterns appear, in addition to newly observed patterns we assume only exist for very wide gap TC flows. For a more detailed quantitative study, a time-resolved velocity field measurement has been conducted using the High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry technique through the system end plate. The radial and azimuthal velocity components in the 2D horizontal plane are measured at different axial positions, in order to scan the axial variance of the flow. The recorded flow field is used to compute the angular momentum transport in terms of the quasi-Nusselt number (Nu_ω). The results show a maximum of Nu_ω for low counter-rotating rates of −0.011 ≤ μ_max ≤ −0.0077, which is associated with large-scale structures that span the entire gap. Moreover, the Nu_ω decreases for counter-rotation rates higher than μ_max until it reaches a minimum value and then tends to increase again for higher counter-rotation cases. The space-time behavior of the turbulent flow field for the high counter-rotating cases shows the existence of newly observed patterns next to the outer cylinder wall that propagates inward, enhancing the angular momentum transport and resulting in a second maximum in transport for higher counter-rotating rates. For the pure rotating inner cylinder, the momentum transport scaling with the shear rate Nu_ω ∼ Re_s^α has been studied, and it shows a transition in scaling to 𝛼 = −0.76 for all flows with Re_(s )≥ 25000. This new scaling reveals the transition of the flow from the classical turbulent regime to the ultimate one, where this transition is accompanied by a clear change in the flow behavior. Moreover, the flow in the co-rotating regime and particularly in the centrifugal stable regime (𝜇 > +0.01) is investigated. The Velocity measurements show the presence of disturbed flow near the inner cylinder, where the measured velocity profiles showed a clear deviation from those predicted by laminar flow for flows up to 𝜇 = +0.04.
Precession driven flows are believed to play a relevant role in planetary dynamics, such as in atmospheric phenomena, and as a complementary energy source for homogeneous dynamo action, i.e. the self-generation of planetary magnetic fields. Precessional motion occurs when a body rotates around an axis, which itself is rotating around another axis. The main influence of this forcing mechanism is a gyroscopic effect on the fluid flow which gives rise to a wavy dynamics even in the laminar regime. If the forcing magnitude is strong enough the flow goes through a series of phenomena such as instabilities, resonant interactions between waves, and transition to turbulence whose occurrence depends on the container shape and the angle between the two axis. Although many phenomena have a satisfactory explanation, others still remain elusive and merit further investigations.
The interest in moderate to large forcing is particularly motivated by the need of theoretical supports for the upcoming DRESDYN (DREsden Sodium facility for DYNnamo and thermohydraulic studies) precession experiment, whose main purpose is to test the capability of a precessing fluid system to achieve a dynamo effect. Here, the possibility to generate a magnetic field is connected to the emergence of three large scale structures in the bulk flow: a directly forced standing wave, poloidal vortices, and a geostrophic axisymmetric flow.
In this thesis we use numerical simulations to study and understand the flow behavior in a fluid-filled precessing cylinder. We use two types of approaches: a global study to investigate large scale phenomena and the resulting magnetohydrodynamics behavior, and a local model to analyze and unveil the properties of turbulence forced by precession. The bulk flow behavior present different responses with respect to the sense of motion: while prograde precession shows a steep transition to turbulence when increasing the forcing magnitude with a marked breakdown of the directly forced mode, retrograde precession presents a much smoother change. A related distinction has been found also for the dynamo action, which is more likely to occur for perpendicular and retrograde precession. The precession driven turbulence is a complex scenario determined by the coexistence of geostrophic vortices (called also condensates), a typical feature of rotating turbulence prone to an inverse cascade of energy, and small scale 3D waves characterized by a direct energy cascade. We observe the interaction of these two structures as being governed by a clear hierarchy.
Wind energy is a growing concern over the present awareness of lethal impact of green house gas emission. This energy source has been proven a promising alternative to fossil fuel based energy. Increased onshore wind capacity and decreased amount of low roughness wind sites has inspired the wind energy researchers to explore the possibilities of wind energy from high roughness sites such as urban area. Moreover, exhausted grid capacity between the wind energy producer from remote area and the consumer at city is also a major constrain for wind energy expansion. Driven by such motivation, this thesis has explored possibilities of wind energy conversion from buildings where energy is needed the most. Urban topography is known to be highly turbulent region considering its roughness characteristics.
Wind energy yield from urban aerodynamics is a vast arena of experimental research. Within the time frame of the thesis period and available opportunities, a brief description about the wind energy assessment modelling approach from urban flow was outlined. There are several possibilities of wind energy yield from the built structure, but only building integrated duct was focused in this thesis.
Time-averaged and global wind speed on the building integrated ducts, flow around the buildings was measured from wind tunnel and numerical analysis. Available wind energy yield and turbulence present in the locations measured from the flow was calculated based on the wind tunnel data and summarized with the pros and cons of the particular geometry. Elliptical duct configuration was found to achieve maximum energy yield from the omnidirectional free stream flow. However, simple rectangular duct configuration was determined as most efficient and optimized considering its simplicity, financial feasibility and relative energy yield with other duct configuration. The thesis also showed that on roof configuration is also very promising for wind energy exploration from the omnidirectional free stream flow.
Necessary recommendations were made based on available result for future development of the research approach. Scope and opportunities was mentioned. This investigation has proved that it is possible to extract limited amount of wind energy from building augmented ducts using concentrator effect of the building exterior. Thus, the thesis concluded that the wind energy yield from building augmented ducts using the concentrator effect of the building exterior is a promising renewable energy source.
Experimental investigation in turbulent boundary layer flows represents one of the canonical geometries of wall bounded shear flows. Utmost relevance of such experiments, however, is applied in the engineering applications in aerospace and marine industries. In particular, continuous effort is being imparted to explore the underlying physics of the flow in order to develop models for numerical tools and to achieve flow control. Within the scope of this Ph. D. topic, application of active control method such as micro-blowing effect in the incompressible, zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer was investigated.
Turbulent boundary layer flow is particularly interesting as well as challenging due to the presence of different interacting scales which are increasingly becoming significant as the flow inertial conditions keeps growing. Therefore, energy content of the coherent structures in outer layer becomes stronger and necessitates measurements in relatively large Reynolds number.
Present control experiments in turbulent boundary layer can be split into two different work segments, where one is objected towards the data measurements in turbulent boundary layer over smooth surface with and without any external perturbation. Here, perturbation is applied in the form of wall normal blowing while keeping the magnitude of blowing very low compared to the free stream velocity. For the subsequent results reported here, magnitude of blowing ratio was varied between 0%~6%.
In the first part of the present thesis e.g. 0.415×10e+3≤Reτ≤1.160×10e+3, measurements were performed at the Brandenburg University of Technology wind tunnel. Non-intrusive Laser Doppler Anemometry was applied to carry out a series of measurements on a zero pressure gradient flat plate turbulent boundary layer. Blowing ratio through the perforated surface was varied between 0.17%~1.52% of the free stream velocity. To a maximum of 50% reduction in friction drag was achieved.
For the measurements on the upper range of the stated Reynolds number, were conducted at the boundary layer wind tunnel. This boundary layer wind tunnel offers a spatially developed turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate within 2.2×10e+3≤Reτ≤5.5×10e+3 with an excellent spatial resolution. With the help of Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry technique, measurement of the velocity components were obtained covering entire boundary layer in streamwise wall normal plane. In addition, time resolved measurements were also obtained in spanwise and wall-normal plane in order to look into the morphology of turbulent structures immediately above the blowing area.
The GeoFlow (Geophysical Flow) experiment on the International Space Station (ISS) and the AtmoFlow (Atmospherical Flow) experiment are designed to study convective processes under microgravity conditions in the spherical gap geometry. By applying a high voltage field between two concentric spherical shells and utilizing a dielectric working fluid it is possible to maintain an artificial radial force field that is comparable to a planetary gravitational field. This makes it possible to study convection such as known from the Earth's outer core, the Earth's mantle, or planetary atmospheres. The radial force field is based on the dielectrophoretic effect and is described by thermo-electro hydrodynamics (TEHD). This habilitation thesis presents a comprehensive view on modeling TEHD and the numerical simulation of the governing equations with a focus on GeoFlow and AtmoFlow. The GeoFlow experiment investigated thermal convection with and without dielectric (internal) heating under long-time micro-gravity conditions on the ISS. This unique experimental setup consisted of a bottom heated and top cooled spherical gap, filled with the silicon oil M5 or 1-Nonanol. Rotation, varying voltage, and temperature differences across the gap could be applied, to spread the experimental parameter space. The main focus of GeoFlow was the investigation of flow properties such as the convective onset, the transition from laminar to turbulent flows, and the influence of rotation on convection. Experimental outcomes were compared with theoretical and numerical results via advanced post-processing techniques. This includes pattern recognition algorithms and statistical evaluation of the numerical simulations. The TEHD model was validated on the onset of convection through linear stability analysis, on properties of columnar cells and global convective structures such as regular laminar flows. It is shown that TEHD based convection is comparable with Rayleigh-Benard convection and that is can be described by the quasi-normal approximation. For rotating cases and low super-criticalities the Proudman-Taylor theorem dominated the fluid flow which resulted in global columnar cells. In summary, the presented TEHD model is able to explain certain aspects of convective flows observed in GeoFlow. It is the first validation for such a model at all stages. The AtmoFlow experiment is based on GeoFlow but is designed to investigate global cells and planetary waves which are known from planetary atmospheres. Its unique feature are the atmospheric-like boundary conditions. Understanding the interaction between atmospheric circulation and a planet's climate, be it Earth, Mars, Jupiter, or a distant exoplanet, contributes to various fields of research such as astrophysics, geophysics, fluid physics, and climatology. AtmoFlow is currently under construction and is planned for operation on the ISS in 2024.
Stratified vortices can be found from small to large scales in geophysical and astrophysical flows. On the one hand, tornadoes and hurricanes can lead to devastation and even a large
number of casualties. On the other hand, vortices can distribute heat and momentum in the atmosphere which is important for a habitable environment on Earth. In the astrophysical context, accretion disks (from which solar systems are formed) can be seen as stratified vortices. In such systems, understanding the mechanisms that can result in an outward transport of angular momentum is a central problem. For a planet or star to be formed in a disk, angular momentum has to be carried away from its center to allow matter aggregation by gravity; otherwise, its rotation speed would be far too large, avoiding this matter aggregation (and the consequent star formation) to happen. In such gas systems, turbulence is the most likely mechanism to achieve such a large angular momentum transport. However, it was shown that the flow profile of accretion disks is stable with respect to purely shear instabilities, and the question arises about how the turbulence can be generated. Among other candidates, the strato-rotational instability (SRI) has attracted attention in recent years. The SRI is a purely hydrodynamic instability that can be modeled by a classical Taylor-Couette (TC) system with stable density stratification due to axial salinity or temperature gradients.
In this thesis, a combined experimental and high-performance computing study of new specific behaviors of the strato-Rotational Instability (SRI) is performed. The density stratification causes a change in the marginal instability transition when compared to classical non-stratified TC systems, making the flow unstable in regions where – without stratification – it would be stable. This characteristic makes the SRI a relevant phenomenon in planetary and astrophysical applications, particularly in accretion disk theory.
Despite many advances in the understanding of strato-rotational flows, the confrontation of experimental data with non-linear numerical simulations remains relevant, since it involves
linear aspects and non-linear interactions of SRI modes which still need to be better understood. These comparisons also reveal new non-linear phenomena and patterns not yet observed in the SRI, that can contribute to our understanding of geophysical flows.
The linear-theory assumption is a fundamental approach for the study of waves in fluids. The governing equations are linearized by assuming the perturbations are small so that the consequences of nonlinear terms are negligible. Nevertheless, if a wave approaches a critical level, in which the wave amplitude grows so as to create an instability of the background flow, the assumption of linearity may not hold any longer. In this case, the nonlinear terms are required to be taken into consideration.
In this thesis, two experimental setups have been proposed for the study of two scenarios, in which the nonlinear effects become significant and a traditional linear solution is no longer valid.
The first experiment focuses on an inertially oscillating rotating fluid. In the thesis, we present experimental results from a system that is simpler than classical precession experiments but still shows very similar wave interactions and a collapse to turbulence. This system consists of a partly filled rotating annulus that rotates about its symmetry axis slightly tilted with respect to the gravity vector.
In the experiments, we find a resonant collapse when the forcing frequency corresponds with a resonant frequency of the rotating tank. Two types of instability can be triggered: a parametric triadic instability, in which two free Kelvin modes arise and form a triad with the forced Kelvin mode, and a shear-type instability related to the nonlinearly excited geostrophic flow. The latter instability gives rise to a barotropic mode that interacts with the forced mode and generates secondary modes. We also observed dependency of the mode frequencies on the Ekman number, which can, at least partly, be explained by a Doppler shift due to the mean flow. Finally, we try to connect our data to a low-order dynamical system based on the weakly nonlinear theory that describes the main features of single triad interaction in precession experiments.
The second experiment concerns the study of undular bores (or tidal bores), in which the nonlinearity plays an important role. An experiment has been performed in which undular bores are produced in an open circular channel. More specifically, two different cases have been investigated: a single bore case with a rigid boundary setup and a bore colliding case with a periodic lateral boundary setup. Bores are generated by abruptly releasing a barrier that separates fluids with different surface levels. Up to our knowledge, this is the first experimental study of undular bores in a circular channel. For a setup without barriers, this geometry accomplishes in a natural way the periodic lateral boundary conditions, which is very often used in numerical simulations. The experimental results have been compared with the nonlinear numeric simulations and achieved an excellent agreement.
The conceptual designing of rotating machines such as fans, wind turbines, contra-rotating open rotors and helicopter blades require low-cost, easy-to-run tools which allow quick noise assessments and optimization analyses underlying this phenomenon. The state-of-the-art numerical and experimental methods are far more expensive to conduct an optimisation study, whereas inexpensive methods like the analytical ones can have significant errors in realistic geometries at high-frequency ranges, higher angles of attack. The response to large coherent disturbances and the statistical modeling of turbulence is required because turbulence, by far its nature, is stochastic. Determining the accurate unsteady response of airfoil is crucial for noise prediction.
The primary goal of the project is to develop a new low-cost and easy-to-use numerical technique for aero-acoustic designs, focused primarily on airfoil-turbulence interaction. The development of the statistical method is divided into three sections; namely - 1) calculating the background flow, 2) modeling of statistically optimized inflow disturbance, 3) constructing a vortex database to predict the noise in multiple flow fields characterized by different values of turbulent intensities and length scales.
In the framework of this work a new approach to model inflow turbulence, a significant noise-generating element, is suggested, which does not depend on heavy computations requiring supercomputers. Through this approach, the influence of turbulence parameters on the noise generated in turbomachinery can be quantified. The approach also considers the geometrical parameters of the airfoil in the noise prediction.
The background flow is numerically simulated via solving the vorticity transport equations in the Lagrangian form (vortex methods).
The acoustic influence of a finite number of vortices, characterized by all the possible combinations of size, circulation and injection position/time defined using the ranges of probability distribution functions, released from injection points upstream of the airfoil are precomputed and stored in a matrix. The method is computationally inexpensive compared to classical vortex methods since the effect due to particles are precomputed, stored in a/an matrix/array. The matrix can be called as a library while predicting the noise from a specific airfoil.
Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit betrachtet den erosiven Verschleiß von Laval-Düsen für den pneumatischen Stofftransport. Dazu wurden 3D-CFD-Simulationen der Gas-Partikel-Strömung auf Basis des Softwarepaketes OpenFOAM durchgeführt und ein kompressibler 2-Wege-gekoppelter sowie 4-Wege-gekoppelter Strömungslöser entwickelt. Zusätzlich wurden die Partikelmethoden von OpenFOAM erheblich erweitert. So sind z.B. zusätzliche stochastische Methoden für die Partikel-Partikel und Partikel-Wand-Kollisionen (Sommerfeld & Huber, 1999) mit einer erweiterten translatorischen und rotatorischen Impulserhaltung implementiert worden. Die auf die disperse Phase wirkenden fluidmechanischen Kräfte sind die Widerstandskraft nach Henderson (1976), die Kraft durch Druck- und Spannungstensor sowie die Auftriebskraft. Der erosive Verschleiß wird wahlweise mit dem Tabakoff-Modell (Grant & Tabakoff, 1973) und dem Oka-Modell (Oka et al., 2005; Oka & Yoshida, 2005) berechnet.
Diese Arbeit entstand in Zusammenarbeit mit dem HKW Cottbus, welches im Rauchgasreinigungssystem Laval-Düsen für den pneumatischen Abtransport von Asche verwendet. Aufgrund der hohen Gas- und Partikel-Geschwindigkeiten und der Kontur der Düsen sind diese massiv durch Erosion geschädigt worden. Dadurch haben diese ihre Funktion als Blende verloren, was eine Schädigung weiterer Komponenten des Rauchgasreinigungssystems zur Folge hatte.
Zur Validierung des numerischen Strömungslösers wurde das Experiment von Kumar et al. (1983) ausgewählt und ein qualitativ vergleichbares Ergebnis generiert (60% des experimentellen Werts). Das charakteristische Verschleißbild des Experiments stellt sich nur unter Verwendung eines stochastischen Partikel-Wand-Kollisionsmodells mit hoher Wandrauigkeit ein. Im Fall glatter Wände ist der erosive Verschleiß insgesamt geringer und es verschiebt sich das Maximum der lokalen Erosionsrate.
Aufbauend auf diesen Erkenntnissen ist sowohl die Kontur der Laval-Düse des HKW Cottbus modifiziert worden als auch das Material der Düsenwandung von 13CrMo44-Stahl zu Siliziumcarbid-Keramik geändert worden. Die numerischen Simulationen des 4-Wege-gekoppelten Strömungslösers zeigen, dass sich das lokale Maximum der Verschleißrate im kritischen Bereich der Düsenkehle auf 1.5 % des Ausgangswerts reduziert und zugleich von der Düsenkehle weg verschiebt.
In dieser Doktorarbeit ist im Gegensatz zu vergleichbaren numerischen Studien eine Validierung des Strömungslösers an experimentellen Daten durchgeführt worden. Zudem ist die Bedeutung der Partikel-Partikel-Kollisionen und der Wandrauigkeiten für die Berechnung des erosiven Verschleißes bei Laval-Düsen aufgezeigt worden.
Investigations of high Reynolds number pipe flow is up to now a great challenge due to the complex mechanisms which appear in pipe flow turbulence. Hence, suitable experimental facilities are necessary to resolve turbulent dynamics and therewith to provide the knowledge for the understanding of such a simple shear flow. For this reason the recent thesis deals with conceptual design and setup of a new high Reynolds number pipe test facility further on named CoLaPipe - Cottbus Large Pipe. It also comprises first investigations on pipe flow obtained from the new CoLaPipe, which can be classified into 1.)calibration measurements to put the facility into service and 2.)continuative measurements to provide experimental results helping to understand pipe flow.
The first results within the CoLaPipe show that this new experimental facility is suitable to investigate turbulence at high Reynolds numbers, where this conclusion can be drawn from intensive investigations on the development length of the flow either for natural and artificial transition. From further experiments on the evaluation of the wall friction velocity using different estimation methods great difficulties and variations in the calculated values are obtained. These deviations are directly related to the scaling behavior of the mean and fluctuating velocity, which is also shown within this thesis and intensively discussed.
Among the discussion of the setup of the new CoLaPipe and the first experimental results this thesis contains a broad literature review with the focus on high and very high Reynolds numbers. Nevertheless, pipe flow at low and moderate Reynolds numbers is described as well.
Das gleichmäßige Ausblasen ist eine effektive Methode zur Beeinflussung einer turbulenten Grenzschicht, nämlich zur Reduzierung des Reibungswiderstands einer umströmten Wandoberfläche. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde turbulente Grenzschicht an einer ebenen Platte hinsichtlich ihrer Beeinflussbarkeit mittels gleichmäßigem kontinuierlichen Mikro-Ausblasen in einer Strömung ohne Druckgradient untersucht. Die durchgeführte Untersuchung umfasst das Strömungsverhalten in einer viskosen Unterschicht über einer durchlässigen Wand ohne und mit Ausblasen, der Einfluss der Ausblasrate und der Temperatur der ausgeblasenen Luft auf die Grenzschichtparameter sowie eine Visualisierung und qualitative Analyse des Temperaturfeldes der Oberfläche der durchlässigen Wand ohne und mit Ausblasen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen.
Die Untersuchung wurde in einem geschlossenen Unterschall Windkanal für einen Reynoldszahlen-Bereich von 1x10³ < Reₓ < 1x10⁶ und für eine Ausblasrate von 0 < F < 0.0173 durchgeführt. Die Ermittlung der Profile der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit im wandnahen Bereich sowie des Einflusses der Ausblasrate und der Temperatur der ausblasenden Luft auf die Parameter der Grenzschicht wurde mit Hilfe des noninvasiven Laser Doppler- und bei einzelnen Experimenten mit Hilfe des hochauflösenden Konstant Temperatur Anemometrie-Verfahrens durchgeführt. Zur Untersuchung des Temperaturfeldes sowie dessen Änderung wurde ein Thermografiesystem auf Basis einer Infrarot-Kamera eingesetzt.
Die ermittelten Profile der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit u(x,z) und besonders v(x,z) haben gezeigt, dass das Ausblasen durch eine durchlässige Wand, die gleichmäßig verteilte Mikro-Öffnungen enthält, als ein „Ensemble“ einzelner Freistrahlen zu betrachten ist. Im Fall einer Unterschallströmung darf diese Art des Ausblasens nur grob als ein gleichmäßiges Ausblasen angenommen werden.
Mit Hilfe des gleichmäßigen Ausblasen wurde der Reibungsbeiwert im Bereich Reynoldszahlen Reₓ < 1x10⁶ im Vergleich zur festen Wand um bis zu 59 % reduziert. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass der Reibungsbeiwert bzw. die Wandschubspannung einer durchlässigen Wand mit Ausblasen von der Ausblasrate abhängt und deren Reduzierung nur bis zu einem bestimmten Wert der Ausblasrate stattfindet.
Durch das Ausblasen der Luft verschiedener Temperatur wurde es gezeigt, dass auf die Eigenschaften der turbulenten Grenzschicht über einer durchlässigen Wand neben dem Ausblasen selbst, die Temperatur des ausblasenden Mediums auch eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Je nach dem, welche Temperatur das ausblasende Fluid besitzt, wird der Reibungsbeiwert reduziert oder erhöht.
Mittels einer Visualisierung des Temperaturfeldes der Oberfläche der durchlässigen Wand mit Ausblasen wurde eine indirekte Visualisierung der Wirkung der äußeren Strömung auf die umströmte Wand realisiert. Da sich eine äußere Strömung in Wandnähe eine Grenzschicht bildet, kann diese Visualisierung als eine Visualisierung der Wirkung des Ausblasens auf die Grenzschicht betrachtet werden.
Der Vergleich des Temperaturfelds der Oberfläche der durchlässigen Wand ohne Ausblasen in einer äußeren Strömung mit derjenigen mit Ausblasen hat gezeigt, dass die Wirkung der äußeren Strömung auf die umströmte Wand durch das Ausblasen nicht direkt am Anfang des Ausblasbereichs, sondern in einem Abstand davon voll verhindert wird. Infolge Wechselwirkung zwischen äußerer Strömung und dem Ausblasen, bildet sich über dem Ausblasbereich eine Zwischenschicht bzw. eine Dämpferschicht, die einen Energieaustausch zwischen der äußeren Strömung und der Oberfläche durchlässiger Wand blockiert. Diese Zwischenschicht bildet sich nicht sofort am Anfang des Ausblasbereichs, sondern über einer Strecke, deren Länge von der Ausblasrate abhängt.
The flow over macroscopic patterned/structured surfaces was investigated in a subsonic wind tunnel over Reynolds numbers ranging from 3.14 x 104 to 2.77 x 105 for cylinders and from 5.34 x 105 to 11.27 x 106 for plates. The investigations were accomplished by measuring local and global drag, velocity profiles and by visualization of the flow above the surface. The investigations on structured cylinders revealed that a cylinder with outwardly curved structures has a drag coefficient of about 0.65 times of a smooth one. Flow visualization was carried out by using oil-film technique and velocity profile measurements to elucidate the observed effect, and hence present the mechanism responsible for the observed drag reduction. The near-wall velocity profiles above the surface revealed that a hexagonal bump induces local separation generating large turbulence intensity along the separating shear layer. Due to this increased turbulence, the flow reattaches to the surface with a higher momentum and become able to withstand the pressure gradient delaying the main separation significantly. Besides that, the separation does not appear to occur in a straight line along the length of the cylinder, but follow the curved path forming a wave with its crest at 115° and trough at 110°, in contrast to the laminar separation line at 85° on a smooth cylinder. Investigations on structured plates were performed with the help of hot wire anemometry and oil film interferometry. The main concern of the experiments on structured plates was to examine the effect of hexagonal structures on local and global drag of a structured plate. It was accomplished by determining and analyzing the boundary layer quantities like shear stress velocities, shear stress coefficients and momentum thicknesses over a selected Reynolds number range and various locations in streamwise direction. The results indicate that the values of shear stress coefficients measured by the conventional Clauser chart method are up to 13% higher than the ones deduced by the Oil film Interferometry. Additionally, a maximum of 19% reduction in shear stress coefficient behind the inwardly curved structured plate was observed. On the other hand, a dramatic increase of about 120% in global drag coefficient supersedes the observed reduction in shear stresses at rear of the test plates. Investigations on individual hexagonal structures by measuring the shear stresses and the pressure distribution above the surface revealed that an uneven pressure distribution contributing in total drag force is responsible for a huge increase in global skin drag coefficient. Finally, a number of configurations of a wind turbine made of smooth and structured blades were investigated to compare their efficiencies at various flow velocities. No significant deviation in the efficiencies was observed.