FG Geopedologie und Landschaftsentwicklung
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Institute
The central topic of this dissertation is the 3D spatial description of geomorphic and sediment mass balance development in initial phases of ecosystem development. The introductory chapters give an overview on the consideration of characteristics and relevance of the initial development phase in geomorphological landform development concepts and summarize the state of the art of research for experimental studies on landform development and for 3D soil-landscape modeling approaches. The central aim of the work is a 3D-spatially and temporally resolved description of the development of mass balances of the sediment solid phase during the initial years of ecosystem development and of its dependence on initial and boundary conditions in the 6 ha, artificially-created catchment ‘Hühnerwasser’. This aim is approached using remotely-sensed data, methods of quantitative soil landscape modeling and geomorphic change detection, and the application of a numerical landscape evolution model. The construction of a 3D volume model of the catchment’s sediment body based on digital elevation data is described. Possibilities for the quantification of sediment mass balances and for the 3D spatial description of sediment properties within this model are discussed. Digital elevation models based on airborne and terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetry are evaluated for their suitability for sediment mass balance quantification and reconstruction of initial morphologic development; and methods for the modification and combination of elevation data for improved sediment mass balance quantification are described. The development of the catchment’s surface morphometry and of the geometry of the evolving erosion rill network is reconstructed and analysed based on aerial photographs and digital elevation models. Relations between structures of the initial surface and the developing hydro-geomorphic structures are discussed. Effects of initial surface morphology and precipitation characteristics during the initial development phase are further assessed by simulations with a numeric landscape evolution model. Results allow for a quantification of geometry and volume of the catchment’s initial sediment body and for a visualization of sediment layers deposited in time intervals. It is shown that a combination of different elevation data, based on their suitability for depicting the sediment surface in areas of different morphologic and vegetation characteristics, allows for an improved quantification of sediment mass balances. Results allow for a characterization of phases of rill network growth, contraction and stabilization and suggest influences of initial morphology, precipitation characteristics, and developing structure-process-interactions on rill network geometry in the catchment. The phases of hydro-geomorphic surface structure evolution can be related to the spatial organization of surface flow patterns during initial phases of landform development.
Die Geoarchäologie ist ein noch sehr junges, interdisziplinäres Feld in der Wissenschaftslandschaft. Umso erfreulicher ist das steigende Interesse an diesem Bereich. Diese Beliebtheit zeigt sich auch durch die stetig zunehmenden Beitragsmeldungen bei den Jahrestagungen des AK Geoarchäologie. Zudem finden Sessions zur Geoarchäologie bei nationalen und internationalen archäologischen und geowissenschaftlichen Konferenzen großen Zuspruch.
Viele Mitglieder des AK Geoarchäologie gestalten diese Konferenz aktiv mit ihren Beiträgen. Vorträge und Posterpräsentationen, Exkursionen und nicht zuletzt persönliche Gespräche sind essentielle Grundlage für den wissenschaftlichen Austausch.
Vom 2. bis 4.Mai 2013 richten die Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus (BTU), das Brandenburgische Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologische Landesmuseum (BLDAM) und das Landesamt für Bergbau, Geologie und Rohstoffe (LBGR) des Landes Brandenburg die neunte Jahrestagung des AK Geoarchäologie aus. Wir freuen uns sehr, dass unserer Einladung nach Cottbus mehr als 90 Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sowie Vertreter von Behörden, Kommunen und Wirtschaftsunternehmen gefolgt sind.
26 Vortrags- und 31 Postermeldungen konnten berücksichtigt werden, und die Exkursion in den Tagebau Jänschwalde ist mit 60 Teilnehmern ausgebucht. Wir hoffen, dass unser Treffen in Cottbus einen Beitrag zur Stärkung und Weiterentwicklung der Geoarchäologie in Deutschland leisten kann. In diesem Sinne möchten wir mit dem vorliegenden Tagungsband auch eine Handreichung für die wissenschaftliche Nachbereitung geben.
Unser Dank gilt allen Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern sowie den zahlreichen Helferinnen und Helfern aus den ausrichtenden Institutionen, die bei der Vorbereitung der Tagung aktiv waren. Wir wünschen der Tagung ein gutes Gelingen und zahlreiche anregende Diskussionen.
Detection and behavior of iron-cyanide complexes in soils of a former Manufactured Gas Plant site
(2014)
Soils and groundwater on sites of the former Manufactured Gas Plants (MGPs) are contaminated with various complex iron-cyanides (Fe-CN). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate a new method for the CN detection and to investigate the stability and retardation of Fe-CN complexes in soils. This study seeks for enhancing the efficiency of phytoremediation as a proper approach to decontaminate Fe-CN complexes and thus tries to make a contribution to environmental protection.
Feasibility of Field Portable Near Infrared (FP NIR) Spectrometry to determine CN concentrations in soil was evaluated in order to develop a rapid and non-destructive in-situ method. The study revealed that FP NIR could be a reliable device for detecting CN concentrations >2400 mg kg−1 in the field and >1750 mg kg−1 after sample preparation in the laboratory, however the limits of detection are too high to replace the traditional methods.
The applicability of neutral solution extraction to determine the water soluble CN fraction and the stability of Prussian Blue under saturated and unsaturated water conditions was studied in a column and batch experiments. Study revealed continuous solubility of Prussian Blue, in acidic and slightly alkaline MGP soils. Dissolution of ferric ferrocyanide under circum-neutral pH and oxic water conditions was proposed to be a function of time, where the released amount is dependent on the soil pH and total CN content.
Modeling the long-term release of Fe-CN complexes from the MGP soils revealed two-phase-process. The fast released phase was attributed to the transport process of readily dissolved hexacyanoferrats that is taking place in the liquid phase combined with desorption of CN bound to heterogeneous surfaces that are in direct contact with aqueous phase (outer-sphere complexation). The CN release rates increased with increasing pH, decreased with low initial CN concentration and were retarded by the increase in OM content.
The retardation of Fe-CN in soil was investigated in batch and column experiments. Experiments revealed that the excess of the available iron, which induced the formation of the Prussian Blue colloids despite the circum-neutral pH, was a very important factor in decreasing the CN concentration. Additionally, despite the chemical factors influencing the potential reaction with manganese oxides, the physical factors like pore size distribution, variation in the grain size etc. can reduce the CN concentration due to mechanical retention of the vertical colloidal ferric ferrocyanide movement. This study proposes colloidal vertical transport of the solid Fr-CN complexes as a potential alternative process influencing the CN mobility in the circum-neutral pH and under the excess of available iron conditions.
The results presented in this thesis revealed limitations of the FP, but advancing the sample pretreatment procedures can improve the feasibility of the spectrometer in detecting CN signal. Long-term extraction with the distilled water provides reliable assessment of the potential environmental hazard due to continuous dissolution of the solid Fe-CN complexes. Inconsistency of the Prussian Blue stability reported in the literature to the one obtained in this study imply usage of the CN contaminated MGP soils, instead of synthetic solutions, to advance the knowledge concerning the solid Fe-CN dissolution behavior. Furthermore, in the non-acidic soils the CN solubility might be influenced by the equilibrium with manganese Fe-CN mineral.
Unter dem Motto „Landschaftswandel – Landscape Change“ haben der LSGL, das FZLB, das BLDAM, und die VEM im Juni 2009 ein gemeinsames Symposium an der BTU Cottbus organisiert und ausgerichtet. Um dem wachsenden wissenschaftlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Interesse an dieser Thematik Rechnung zu tragen, sind in diesem Band ausgewählte Beiträge von Referenten des Symposiums veröffentlicht. Die Beiträge zeigen die Breite der am Thema „Landschaftswandel – Landscape Change“ beteiligten Disziplinen, Akteure und Regionen: vom Bergbaubetreiber über die Botanik zur Archäologie und der physischen Geographie, von der Lausitz über Bayern bis nach Griechenland.
This thesis deals with geomorphic processes associated with Small-Scale Opencast Mining (SSOM) in the Gatumba sector of the Western Highlands of Rwanda. In this area tin and tantalum mining was carried out for decades, and it has brought about increase in the wealth and standard of living of the people. Though a lot has been done and achieved in soil erosion research, and despite the enormous wealth coming from mining in Rwanda and Gatumba sector in particular, the negative environmental impacts resulting from mining activities were overlooked by miners and stakeholders and are scarcely addressed in the research yet. This trend was bound to last since there were no valid guidelines for assessing impacts and reclamation of mine sites for the operators in the sector. It was recently, in 2007, that restoration of mining areas has received great attention from the Rwanda Geology and Mine Authority.
The objective of the research was to assess and to increase the understanding of geomorphic impact produced by SSOM. In this regards, the following aspects which indicate the types and spatial distribution of geomorphic processes were measured: (i) investigate the landforms typical of SSOM, (ii) map the watershed morphometry of the study area, (iii) analyse the most relevant properties of soils in term of geomorphology, and (iv) to assess the soil loss potential in the study area.
Primary and secondary data were collected from Government agencies and personal observations. Desk study to review papers and relevant literatures, field observation and experiments, laboratory analyses, mapping and modelling using RUSLE were combined together to develop a practical and integrated methodological approach to effect and realize the objectives. The argument guiding this analytical approach is that physical processes produced by mining cannot be assessed through a single method. The first step mainly concentrated on defining mining sites suitable for assessing geomorphic processes. Within the two studied mines, namely Ruhanga and Gatare, different plots were identified based on the post-mining land uses, to investigate the level of soil and landscape degradation by comparing them with that of control sites located outside of mining influence. Modelling using RUSLE in GIS interface enabled to quantify soil loss potential within the mines and the watershed.
Results indicate that the direct processes associated with opencast mining commonly involve pitting and trenching. Indirect and less conspicuous processes emerge as a long-term consequence of mining. They include depletion of organic matter, compaction or loosening of soil particles in mine sites mostly reflected by low content in organic matter, low rating in soil stable aggregates, and often high soil bulk densities which are variably distributed within the mine sites. This could explain the restriction or lowering, or the rapid infiltration of water into the soil during field experiments, as a consequence probably of the sealing of soil pores or the formation of fissures around mine shafts, from which slides or slumps occur. In average, soil organic matter comprises between 1 and 2.5 % on control sites and ex-mine cultivated sites. organic matter content of soils on reclamation sites was in the same ranges with that of control and ex-mine cultivated sites, but could reach 4,8 % in topsoil of some sample locations. The ex-mine self-recovering sites present much lower organic matter content which doesn’t exceed 2 % in general. The soil aggregation rating of the area is from very low (8%) to low (≤13.5 %). In general, the bulk density ranges between 1.29 to 1.56 g cm-3, and locally can attain 1.76 g cm-3. As a consequence, the total porosity changes locally. Application of correlation and multiple regression models showed a strong influence of soil organic matter on the bulk density. Infiltration tests performed on different experimental sites showed differences of rates in water intake rates as in infiltration curves as well. Infiltration rates are variably distributed over the mines. They range from very slow (3.8 mmhr-1) to rapid (111.18 mm hr-1). Atterberg Limits analyses showed that soils of Gatumba Mining District do not possess extreme properties and they are suitable for engineering purposes. The liquid limit ranges between 51 % and 26 %, whereas the plastic limit is comprised between 22 % and 18 %. The highest plastic index (PI) determined was 29 % and the later soil had a plastic index of 6 %.
The average soil loss in the Gatumba watershed is 27.45 t ha-1 yr-1 with a standard deviation of 0.891. More than 65% of land are prone to high rates of soil loss (exceeding 10 t ha-1 yr-1), and an increasing soil erosion follows increasing slope and land use patterns. The maxima of soil erosion rates are found in Upper Kibilira, Kirombozi and Gisuma catchments respectively. Based on different scenarios applied to quantify soil erosion rates, we found that more the organic matter content from 0. 5%, 2% and >2%) is increased with better support practice (from contour, strip and terrace), more the soil erosion potentials are decreased linearly, in the order of 18.8 to 17.8 t ha-1 yr-1 from 2% to >2 % of organic matter content respectively.
To make SSOM more environmentally sustainable, there is a need of developing integrated practices and cross-cutting approaches that reduce the environmental impact of mining operations, and leave mine sites in an acceptable state for reuse by people or systems. Practices such as isolation of soil and earth material, stabilization of slopes and amendments of sites to be restored should be highly considered in the process of rehabilitation of affected sites.