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Objective of the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre (CRC/TR) 38 was the study of structures and processes of the initial ecosystem development. It was assumed that the initial phase is characterized by less structured and therefore less heterogeneous ecosystems. Thus, analysis of young ecosystems in their initial stages should provide better insights into ecosystem functioning. Following this basic concept, the idea of the CRC/TR 38 was to analyze the establishment of new structures and processes which lead to a growing structuring and in consequence to a growing complexity and heterogeneity in an artificially created watershed. Further, with the help of this step-by-step development of the ecosystem it was aimed to learn from occurring feedbacks, which appear between old and newly emerging structures and patterns in order to better understand also the behavior of more mature systems. Special emphasis was placed on the spatial and temporal dynamics of both evolving structures and related processes and their interactions. In summary, the CRC/TR 38 was able to identify a number of structures and processes that are considered to be relevant and specific for young systems.
This thesis analyses the extent of host specialisation in ectomycorrhizas, a mutualistic symbiosis between hyphae of certain fungal species and roots of forest trees. In the mycological literature it has been debated for long time, whether ectomycorrhizal communities in mixed stands are dominated by generalist or host specific fungi. In this thesis the concept of specificity guilds is introduced and applied to the evaluation of host specificity among the ectomycorrhizal fungal at the study site Kahlenberg near Eberswalde-Finow, 100 km northeast of Berlin. The study site comprised two mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) that were supplemented by one pure stand of Scots pine and one pure stand of beech. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were distinguished by morphotyping, anatomotyping and the molecular method of ITS rDNA sequencing directly at the mycorrhized root tips. Out of 40 fungal sequence types, 31 could be determined to species level by online data base comparisons and phylogenetic analysis. Among the 18 most frequent fungal species three specificity guilds were assigned: generalist guild, pine specific gild and beech specific gild. These assignments were based on the relative association with the roots of the two hosts in the mixed stands. In summarizing the occurrences in all four stands, the majority of fungal species, i.e. 67%, belonged to host specific guilds (five pine specific species, seven beech specific species), 33% were generalists (six species). Most fungi of the host specific guilds expressed preferences, i.e. in the mixed stands they also colonized non-target roots while these host preferring fungi were absent from the pure stand of the non-target host. This interesting behaviour may indicate improved competitiveness of host specific fungi when associated with their preferential hosts. Only four out of the 18 species associated exclusively with either pine or beech roots, i.e. they are specialists. The most notable beech specialist is Laccaria cf. laccata, although L. laccata s.l. is traditionally considered a generalist. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the L. laccata complex consists of cryptic species that could belong to different host specific guilds. This demonstrates the importance of in depth delineation of fungal species by phylograms for assigning specificity guilds. The high percentage of host specific fungal species at the Kahlenberg site suggests that host specificity may play a role in role explaining ectomycorrhizal biodiversity in mixed stands. Different host species could provide niches for coexistence of ectomycorrhizal fungi. In pure stands high numbers of ectomycorrhizal fungi are more difficult to explain, because the number of possible niches decreases. Therefore, the pure beech stand was analyzed in depth, to test the hypothesis that roots of different individual beech genotypes may provide niches that explain the ectomycorrhizal biodiversity at the small spatial scale of a soil core. Fourteen ectomycorrhizal species, as determined by ITS sequencing and phylograms were patchily distributed along an 81 m long transect with ten transect points. All root segments in the three species richest soil cores (four, five and six fungal species) and the surrounding beech trees were genotyped by microsatellite PCR. In each of the three soil cores, roots of two host genotypes were present that corresponded to the two closest mature trees. However, different root genotypes did not carry different sets of ectomycorrhizal fungal species. Therefore, the hypothesis of tree genotypes contributing to ectomycorrhizal biodiversity has to be rejected for the analyzed beech stand. In the absence of other niche based explanations (soil parameters were homogenously distributed among transect points, no vertical compartmentalization), it is proposed that stochastic processes, such as spore dispersal might have contributed to the biodiversity in the analyzed soil cores of the pure beech stand.
This volume summarizes the monitoring activities and results at the ‘Chicken Creek’ catchment for the period 2005 to 2010. The development in all ecosystem compartments is assessed, classified, and compared to more mature systems with regard to functional relevance and succession stage. In a final synopsis, the whole catchment is evaluated with regard to ecosystem development and an outlook is given on the expected trends both in the short and the medium term.
Soils deposited can undergo a sudden change in the structure when they are inundated with water resulting decrease in the volume. This process is known as water induced compaction. The decrease in volume occurs without any change in external loads and is only caused by the water, which results in the settlement of soil surface having a resultant potential to damage the structures. The water induced compaction process is characterized by sudden change in the voids or pores of the soil that are loaded at their natural water content and flooded. The objective of this thesis work was to understand the water induced consolidation process at agriculturally used reclaimed soils. The approach was to reproduce the situation occurring when the soil was subjected to water induced compaction at defined loads typical in the top soil (0 kPa to 20 kPa). The glacial till used for the experiments was sampled in the Lusatian lignite-mining district located about 100 km southeast of Berlin, Germany. Sediment samples for different investigations were taken from the pre-cut section at 1500 m west of the eastern end from 3 m depth till 10 m depth. The glacial till used for the experiments derived from the sediment layer of Warthe sub-stage of the saalian glaciation. To characterize the soil properties at the pre-cut section, parameters like grain size distribution, soil bulk density, calcium carbonate content (CaCo3) and water retention characteristics were measured. The stability of the glacial till was evaluated using parameter pre-consolidation load. This was done in three sub-steps. The first step was determination of the stress-strain behaviour under natural conditions. In the second step the stress-strain behaviour of disturbed dry samples was simulated, which would be the situation in summer when the glacial till dries during transport. In the third step we saturated the disturbed dry samples which were subjected to different preloads to simulate the effect of saturation and re-compaction by precipitation. This work was exemplarily done for undisturbed samples and also for disturbed dry samples from 4 depths (4 m, 6 m, 8 m, and 10 m). Disturbed dry and saturated conditions were tested for samples from depths 4 m and 8 m. i) It was found from the grain size distribution that the soil profile is uniformly distributed with different particle sizes. High soil bulk density was recorded, which were in the range of 1.9 g cm-3 to 2.0 g cm-3. We observed that the carbonate content increased with the depths, in our observation it increased up to 5.4 %. From the water retention characteristics we observe that the samples from 4 m and 10 m depth do not have coarse pores where as 6 m and 8 m depth samples have coarse pores. ii) We observed that the undisturbed samples showed a flat curve having the initial void ratio and final void ratio values within a small range (between 0.2 and 0.4), where as the disturbed dry and the disturbed saturated curves showed a huge difference in the initial and final void ratio values. The difference was decreasing with the increase in pre-loads. We found that pre-consolidation stress values obtained were not increasing with the increase in depth. The disturbed saturated samples from the 4 m depth showed over-estimation of the results, where as the disturbed saturated samples from 8 m appeared to be realistic. We found that the magnitude of water induced compaction increased with the increase in preloads and a decrease with respect to the depths
Influence of Ectomycorrhiza on exudation of Low Molecular Weight carboxylates in Pinus sylvestris L.
(2008)
Ectomycorrhiza has a strong influence on exudation of both Low Molecular Weight (LMW) carboxylates and on the release of inorganic compounds into the rhizosphere. This process of exudation influences the chemical composition of the rhizosphere soil than the bulk soil. This specific chemical environment which is created in the rhizosphere significantly influences mineralization processes in the soil. Exudation is normally related to activities such as growth and physiological development of plant roots. Root secretions are also comprised of large range of organic and inorganic substances. To a large extent nutrient uptake by plants depends on the release of exudates in the form of LMW carboxylates, which in turn mobilize the required elements suitable for metabolic purposes by forming organometallic complexes. Root exudates influence the rhizosphere soil making it conducive for root proliferation. Exudates are well known for stimulating the metabolic activity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. Correspondingly, microbes may enhance rhizodeposition by roots. The main objective of this research focuses on characterization of Low Molecular Weight (LMW) carboxylates in rhizosphere soil solution and their role in plant nutrition. For a better understanding of the characteristics of the root exudates, Pinus sylvestris L. tree seedlings, distinguished into non-mycorrhized as well as mycorrhized variants and were grown in petridish rhizotron. To reduce the influences of the unknown processes occurring in the natural environment, working under sterile conditions to much extent was preferred. To achieve maximum recovery of LMW carboxylates, density of the roots per volume in our petridish experiments was increased. Rhizosphere soil solutions were collected with the help of sterile plastic mini suction tubes (Rhizon). The types of exudates analyzed in the rhizosphere soil samples were oxalate/oxalic acid, L-malate/L-malic acid, citrate/citric acid, succinate/succinic acid and lactic acid. For identifying possible organometallic complexes, detection of labile ion concentration of the above LMW carboxylates was done using capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography instruments. Growth of individual plants, within the treatment and across the variants was supposed to offer more information with regard to the influence of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on LMW carboxylate release. For inducing mycorrhization of the tree seedlings, a single strain of ectomycorrhiza (AM747290) was used to avoid influence of allelopathic interactions when more strains are used (Wöllecke 2001). In order to characterize the impacts of mycorrhization on characterization of LMW carboxylates, the plant morphological parameters, such as, root tissue density (RTD) and specific root length (SRL), along with the above and below ground biomass were measured for mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhized seedlings. The task of accurate measurements included the consideration of excess weight contributed by the quartz sand particles adhered to roots. Weight corrections were applied during chemical and morphological measurements to increase the accuracy. Further, the organometallic complexes in the rhizosphere solution were calculated using a geochemical modelling software tool - PHREEQC. Depending on the complex forming abilities of LMW carboxylates present in the rhizosphere, organometallic complexes are formed with the cations. The outcome of this task was a development of a conceptual model to predict and compare the nutrients present in the plant to their availability in the rhizosphere which was supplemented by artificial nutrient supply.