LS Allgemeine Ökologie
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30 sampling sites at 5 mining areas and reference sites in Lower Lusatia were studied for succession of Collembola. The study took place from 2001 to 2004. Two chronosequences were chosen, one for afforestation sites and one for sites with free succession. Additional data about some soil parameters (pH, organic matter content, water content, water capacity, conductivity, phosphate, ammonium and nitrate) are also given. Most soil parameters increase with age and/or vegetation development. Only pH decreases after melioration whereas no correlations were found for phosphate. At all study sites, 13.733 specimens, distributed across 84 species were identified with Mesaphorura macrochaeta and Parisotoma notabilis as most abundant species. Succession was studied on different levels. On the level of species and ecological groups, succession is from meadow species to forest species, but on the level of specimens and ecological groups, succession is from meadow species over eurotopic species to forest species. A model for species succession is offered on the level of specimens, presented separately for the epigaeic and the endogaeic community. Both successional developments could be divided into five parts: For the epigaeic community, the 1st stage is defined as sites without vegetation. Species found here are Pseudoanurophorus alticolus, Schoetella ununguiculata, Bourletiella pruinosa and Brachystomella parvula. At the 2nd stage, already some sparse vegetation can be found. Some sites are also covered densely by moss. Here, Cryptopygus thermophilus, Isotoma anglicana and Lepidocyrtus cyaneus are found fort he first time. The 3rd stage is defined as sites with dense vegetation, generally Calamagrostis epigejos dominated sites. Oldest sites have already some shrubs made of young pines or are clearings in young woodland. Several species are found here for the first time in notable dominances: Entomobrya lanuginosa, Entomobrya multifasciata, Lepidocyrtus lignorum, Isotoma viridis, Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus, Sminthurinus aureus, Sphaeridia pumilis and Tomocerus flavescens. The fourth stage is made up by afforestations up to 43 years on reclamation sites. 5 more species are found here: Entomobrya nivalis, Neanura muscorum, Orchesella flavescens, Paratullbergia macdougalli and Tomocerus vulgaris. The 5th stage would be the climax stage, an old oak forest. It is probably not comparable to a true primeval forest, but the type of forest typical for today’s mining sites. Only 2 species were found here: Micraphorura absoloni and Entomobrya corticalis. For the endogaeic community, data is even more based on statistical evidence. Succession of the endogaeic community is more dependent on soil parameters and succession of microflora. Generally, succession is from Mesaphorura atlantica on acidic sites and Proisotoma minuta on sites with higher pH to a Mesaphorura macrochaeta community, followed by a Parisotoma notabilis dominated community. Older afforested sites are dominated by Isotomiella minor and old oak forest on undisturbed sites by Folsomia penicula. Duration of the single successional stages depends on parameters like pH, moisture, vegetational structure and availability of certain fungi as basic food resource.
Primary and secondary data were collected during the period of January – May 2005 and questionnaires were issued between August – December 2004 to know the Status of Wildlife and its Utilisation in Faro and Benoué National Parks North Cameroon: Case study of the Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus gigas Gray, 1947) and the African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus Temminck, 1840). The line transect method was used to assess wildlife population. Geographical Information System (GIS) maps of Faro and Benoué National Parks were drawn to show their distribution. Eleven different wildlife species were studied in Faro and Benoué National park. The density of Kobus kob in Faro was 0.39 animals/km² and 0.28 animals/km² in Benoué and that for Acelaphus buselaphus was 0.4 animals/km² in Benoué National park. The encounter rate was calculated for all other species and it was weak in Faro ranging from 0.009 – 0.01 while in Benoué it was higher ranging from 0.03 – 0.87. The highest encounter rate was from Benoué National Park for Loxodonta africanna. The total biomass for wildlife was 13,224.4 kg/km² with the higest percentage contribution of which 60.49% coming from Taurotragus derbianus gigas in Faro National Park.The total biomass in Benoué National Park was 37, 1839 kg/km² with the biomass for Taurotragus derbianus gigas as 20 kg/km² and percentage contribution of 9.68%. The higest percentage contribution to the total biomass in Benoué National Park was 85.52% coming from Loxodonta Africana. No observations or trace of the Lycaon pictus was seen in the two parks (Faro and Benoué) within the study period. Removal and replacement rates of Taurotragus derbianus gigas showed a polynomial shaped curve with periods of population increase and decrease with regards to yearly behaviour while the previewed Lycaon pictus for hunting showed a polynomial shaped curve while its actual removal dwindled on a straight line. Removal and replacement is not influenced by sport hunting activities alone but prey availability, absence and presence of predators, disease, car accidents and other human influences. However, the critical value for the exploitation (sport hunting) of wildlife over a period of 20 years in Faro and Benoué National Parks was necessary to be determined though it was a difficult attempt. Income generated from park activities had doubled from 42.8 million F CFA to 92.5 million F CFA in 2001. Categories of hunters coming to the parks for hunting activities were 90% non-residents, 6% residents and 4% nationals hunting by permit. The estimated annual revenue from wildlife was 91,185.00 Euros and 773,685.00 Euros in Faro and Benoué National Parks respectively. Taurotragus derbianus gigas had the highest value of 19,400 Euros in Faro National Park and 87,000 Euros in Benoué National Park. Both parks contribute 0.58% of the total revenue generated by wildlife in Faro and Benoué. There was a high level of awareness about conservation of the Taurotragus derbianus gigas and the Lycaon pictus. Also was a general willingness to pay for the conservation of resources though it was an issue of a social dilemma of choosing between self interest and collective gains. However, the population was willing to pay 500 F CFA to generate a conservation fund to sustain identified conservation projects. Assessing the management policy of the government, 40% of the population wish to be compensated for giving away their resource while 28% opt for exchange, 9% expropriation, 16% continuation and 1% had indicated no option (neutral).