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The contribution of community involvement in heritage management : a cultural mapping project
(2023)
Heritage has been lately the matter of debate regarding its definition, conservation and management approaches. In the last few years, there has been an increasing demand for the involvement of the local community in heritage management. Too often, the involvement perspectives of key stakeholders in general and the community members, in particular, are entirely different. While the theoretical ground of community involvement is somehow well set, heritage management has been slow in applying the involvement approach. Practically, it is not easy to find the balance to achieve all the goals of key stakeholders in any involvement project. Subsequently, there are a few numbers of empirical works on the practical implications of understanding heritage management effective tools and limited indication to convince recent ‘power-holders’ such as governmental organizations to distribute their power with local community members.
This doctoral research project explores community involvement in heritage management as an effective solution to building a strong management system. The study aims to examine the level and the quality of involvement in the management of heritage sites in general through a cultural mapping-based approach. This is applied to a case study which is the Religious Complex in Historic Cairo World Heritage Site. The research outcomes indicate the importance of involving the local community in heritage management and planning processes. Ultimately, the study provides critical empirical evidence and draws valuable theoretical and practical assumptions that spread knowledge of cultural mapping in critical issues, such as the drivers of involvement and cooperative decision-making.
Weit mehr als der waffentechnische Fortschritt oder bedeutende Ereignisse wie die Gründung des Deutschen Schützenbundes, waren es die von außen an die Schützengesellschaften herangetragenen gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche, von denen entscheidende Impulse auf die Entwicklung der Bauaufgabe „Schützenhaus“ ausgegangen sind.
Schützenhäuser stellen aufgrund ihrer seit Jahrhunderten nachweisbaren Geschichte und gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung einen maßgeblichen Bestandteil unseres baukulturellen Erbes dar. Der bisher kaum über das Einzelobjekt hinausgehend betrachteten Bauaufgabe kommt dabei eine zentrale baugeschichtliche, gesellschaftliche, kulturhistorische und soziologische Bedeutung zu. Hierfür durchliefen die Schützenhäuser seit ihrem Aufkommen im 14./15. Jh. eine Entwicklung, die in ihrer Radikalität für kaum eine andere Bauaufgabe nachweisbar ist.
Blieb zunächst eine tiefgreifende Weiterentwicklung der Schützenhäuser über Jahrhunderte sowohl konzeptionell als auch architektonisch aus, waren es vor allem die Veränderungen innerhalb des Bürgertums ab dem 18. Jh., die über die Schützengesellschaften maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Bauaufgabe ausübten.
Dabei brachte die Bauaufgabe seit ihrer Entstehung bis in das 20. Jh. vier voneinander abzugrenzende Generationen hervor. Jede reflektiert dabei unmittelbar auf die allgemein gesellschaftlichen sowie die schützengesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen der jeweiligen Zeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund definieren die charakteristischen Schützenhäuser der dritten Generation im 19. Jh. den architektonischen und sinnbildprägenden Höhepunkt der Bauaufgabe. Sie waren gebauter Ausdruck einer neuen Geselligkeitsform und bürgerlichen Entfaltung. Das zunehmend verbreitete Phänomen der „passiven Schützen“, also Mitgliedern einer Schützengesellschaft, die ausschließlich am gesellschaftlichen Leben derselben teilnahmen, den Festsaal nutzen durften und den Schießübungen fernblieben, war wesentlicher Ausdruck dessen.
Das Promotionsvorhaben verfolgt das Ziel, die historische Entwicklung der Bauaufgabe „Schützenhaus“ auf der Grundlage von Einzelfallbetrachtungen herzuleiten und interpretierend darzustellen. Dies soll als Voraussetzung dienen, die Bauaufgabe zu charakterisieren und in einem sowohl gesellschaftlichen als auch architektonischen Kontext zu verorten.
The rebuilding of war-damaged historic cities has a significant impact on the way the affected societies can heal and recover in the post-conflict situation. If carried out without taking into consideration the inseparable relationship between the built structures and the formation of people’s identity, the reconstruction processes could cause more damage than the one endured due to the conflict. In this context, the rebuilding of cities and their historic centres in particular play a significant role in restoring the collective memory of the shared setting.
This dissertation researches the disturbing effects and trauma resulting from the deliberate destruction of heritage assets during armed conflicts, concerning both inhabitants and ancient urban structures. It discusses the discourse on the issue of post-conflict reconstruction that includes the arguments and recommendations made by several international experts and organizations which stipulates with both theoretical and practical outcome. The work of many theorists, authors, architects, philosophers, and professionals working in the field of heritage management, is examined thoroughly to provide a deep understanding of the issues discussed throughout this research.
The most recent illustration within this context is the war in Syria, which has caused excessive damage to the country’s cultural heritage. Noting that the military clashes have come to an end in several areas within the country and the physical damage has stopped, reconstruction projects have begun to materialize, and the urgent need for an overall consistent framework for rebuilding Syria is more crucial than ever.
Syria’s cultural heritage is facing a high threat of a second destruction, which will most likely follow if the involved governmental representatives, stakeholders, society or ‘societies’ did not realize the fundamental necessity for a value-based reconstruction approach which guarantees that the assessment of values is carried out and achieved in a balanced manner. Otherwise, mistakes will occur, and consequently, the collective memory and identity of the Syrians might never be recovered.
The rebuilding of post-war Syria is complex and challenging; it embraces more than a physical transformation of urban structures, and poses new threats to achieve psychological healing and recovering. The urban integrity of the Syrian cities is threatened, especially in the old city of Aleppo where the damage goes beyond the physical fabric and extends to endanger the city’s historical identity. Therefore, the main focus of the work is to develop a strategic framework which goes hand in hand with the traditional rebuilding approaches, and merges several practical and theoretical contexts deduced from previous case studies. The essence of the research revolves around understanding the significance of the city’s heritage and historic fabric, which must be considered a priority when deciding for the reconstruction procedures.
Die Dissertation „Hinter der Fassade – Das institutionelle System der Denkmalpflege in der DDR“ untersucht am Beispiel der thüringischen Städte Erfurt, Weimar und Eisenach das institutionelle System, in das die Denkmalpflege der DDR eingebettet war. Anhand der drei kulturgeschichtlich herausragenden Städte werden die institutionellen und denkmalpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen, sowie der Stellenwert denkmalpflegerischer Bemühungen für die Kulturpolitik untersucht. Den Schwerpunkt der Betrachtungen bildet die Zeit vom Beginn der 1960er Jahre bis zum Ende der DDR. In diesen Zeitraum fallen zum einen die Gründung einer eigenen Arbeitsstelle Erfurt des Zentralen Instituts für Denkmalpflege und zum anderen die beginnende Aufwertung der Denkmalpflege in den 1970er Jahren, deren formalen Höhepunkt das im Juli 1975 verabschiedete Denkmalpflegegesetz darstellt. Über die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen der Denkmalpflege in Erfurt, Weimar und Eisenach hinaus fragt die Dissertation nach den Handlungsspielräumen, Grenzen sowie den Spannungsfeldern, die sich aus den verschiedenen Akteurskonstellationen auf lokaler, regionaler und überregionaler Ebene ergeben. Im Fokus der Untersuchung steht dabei nicht nur die professionalisierte Denkmalpflege, sondern auch zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement für Denkmale.
The World Heritage List, created in 1972 by the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage, exhibits few cultural sites younger than
the signing of the convention, as well as everyday structures which comprise the contemporary urban life.
This idea of heritage as something related to the ancient not only is manifested in the international sphere but has also permeated national views, weakening awareness for discreet heritage, which compete with designs from famous architects or monumental structures, giving the impression that grandeur and looks are highly coveted. This does not only discard relevant events of the mid-late 20th century attached to smaller constructions that had impacts on different cultures, but also integral components of urban fabric. Furthermore, these approaches towards heritage relevance resonate within the local populations, who, taking as examples how heritage is treated and approached in an international context, tend to overlook structures that are considered aesthetically displeasing because they do not adhere to this traditional scheme seen in the heritage field.
From here extends the idea of analyzing case studies that fall within overlooked heritage from a new angle: one of valuating aesthetic displeasure. The thesis will focus
on individual and serial constructions of the 20th century commonly seen as displeasing due to their typologies and styles but also due to their formal characteristics,
redirecting the attention from those considered aesthetically pleasing and grandiose towards otherwise ignored built heritage. Additionally, it will address the perceptions of such structures in the context of the international heritage and conservation spheres, to present how these structures are currently not fully appreciated within the traditional idea of heritage due to their looks and commonality. This approach does in fact overlook, and even relegate, those buildings that do not fit into the preconceived idea of aesthetics, denying the opportunity to explore and find their potential for heritage value.
In der europäischen Baukultur stehen Schlösser, Burgen und Country Houses für politische und soziale Macht. Die Gestaltung sowie Funktion dieser Bauten und deren Umgestaltung lassen Schlüsse über die jeweiligen Bauherren und Architekten zu, so dass spezifische und allgemeine Ansprüche der Gesellschaft für die jeweiligen Zeitschichten verdeutlicht werden. Heute ist das Sichern des Fortbestehens dieser meist denkmalgeschützten Bauten in Zeiten von staatlichen Mittelkürzungen und des Klimawandels schwierig. Für diese Ausgangssituation ist ein autarkes Denkmal, das sein Bestehen aus sich selbst heraus sichert, ohne seiner Substanz zu schaden, der wertvollste Lösungsansatz. Ein solches Beispiel wird in der Dissertation in seiner Gesamtheit analysiert. Anhand der Auswertung verschiedener Quellen wird betrachtet, in welchen Schritten die Eigenständigkeit von Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire, entstand. Die Basis für die Analyse beschreibt der Denkmalwert des Country House, der sich aus einer baugeschichtlichen Untersuchung und architekturhistorischen Einordnung ergibt. Den historischen Wert erhält das von Historic England als Grade I eingestufte Baudenkmal aus den mannigfaltigen Zeugnissen der Familien Cocks, Somers und Somers-Cocks, die diesen Bau über mehrere Jahrhunderte prägen. Darüber hinaus stellt Eastnor Castle ein frühes Werk des Architekten Robert Smirke dar, der im Verlauf seiner Karriere viele architektonisch einflussreiche Bauten entwirft. Ferner besitzt Eastnor Castle einen künstlerischen Wert, da es als kompletter Neubau der Regency Ära durchgängig im Norman Style entworfen und aus Bauten wie Lowther Castle, Cumbria, und Warwick Castle, Warwickshire, entwickelt wird. Ähnliche Country Houses als reine Ausprägung dieser Baustilrichtung existieren nur wenige wie beispielsweise Penrhyn Castle, Gwynedd. Eastnor Castle besitzt ferner Raum- und Mobiliargestaltungen im Norman Style sowie das sehr gut erhaltene Interieur des Gothic Drawing Room, welches A.W.N. Pugin am Ende seiner Architekturkarriere entwirft. Diese Raumgestaltung ist eines seiner am besten erhaltenen Interieurs, das gestalterisch für die internationale Architekturbewegung des Puginism steht. Darüber hinaus besitzt Eastnor Castle eine technikgeschichtliche Bedeutung, da Robert Smirke einerseits neue Baumaterialen wie Eisenträger verwendet und es andererseits in einem neuen Bauablauf errichtet. Außerdem prägen Eastnor Castle und sein Vorgängerbau Castle Ditch die Region der Malvern Hills nachhaltig. In einem zweiten Schritt untersucht die Arbeit die heutige Nutzung des Denkmals und wertet sie aus. Eine wichtige Rolle hierbei spielt das bestehende Funktionsdreieck aus Wohnhaus, Denkmal und Event-Stätte. Das Ausbalancieren dieses Dreiecks hat oberste Priorität und bildet die Grundlage für das autarke Fortbestehen des Denkmals. Einzelne Erkenntnisse dieser Untersuchung können schließlich als Resultate der Arbeit verallgemeinert und übertragen werden.
Conservation of heritage sites is an integral part of history and culture through which new generations can learn about their forefathers education, professionalism, cultural characteristics as well as their civilization. Almost all countries of the world tend to conserve their historical sites for their own generations and travellers from abroad. Despite Bangladeshs economy is becoming stronger, it is not paying enough attention to the development of archaeology to conserve its heritage sites. Unlike many other developing countries, Bangladesh tends to considers it a luxury to preserve it’s heritage sites. It is mainly because of the scarcity of land. The tiny country has a huge population (about 180 million), the density of which is perhaps the highest in the world.
Apart from some very significant heritage sites, most others are awfully neglected. Lack of education and awareness among the respective local people and other stakeholders are also responsible for most of the heritage sites facing threats of demolition, vandalism, losing authenticity and integrity.
Panamnagar, the case study for this thesis paper, is not apart from the above scenario. It is the last surviving intake city of lost Bengal. The place witnessed Mughal emperor, British rule, the partition of Bengal, Liberation war of Bangladesh, Hindu-Muslim riot, illegal habitation of people, forced eviction and abundance. The historic city went through lots of historical events and is still standing as a testimony to the golden era of Bengal. Currently, this heritage site is facing multiple threats to its existence and authenticity. The city is vacated by the authority - the Department of Archaeology. But as the local people are not aware of the historic value of the site, they are not at all cooperating with the authority. Meanwhile, the authority is trying to incorporate adaptive reuse of the site to give life to it again and collect revenue for the maintenance. But they are doing it without assessing the cultural significance of the site properly, which could be a potential threat for the authenticity of the heritage site. Thus, this paper has focused on assessing the cultural significance of the heritage site, with a hope that it will help the authority to make policy decisions for the conservation of the site more cautiously. To assess the cultural significance properly, history and architectural significance are described briefly. A site analysis has been conducted to understand the current site condition properly. The paper concludes with statements in support of the cultural significance of Panamnagar site and recommends appropriate conservation tools to sustain its significance.
Assessing authenticity in heritage conservation : case study : architectural conservation in Bahrain
(2023)
The thesis complements the authenticity discourse in heritage conservation with the perspective of laypeople and evaluates the pertinent methodology for the application of the normative concept in architectural heritage conservation. Based on the Nara Document on Authenticity, the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention anchor the concept in the credibility and truthfulness of internal and external factors – referred to as information sources – that communicate a heritage site’s cultural values. Conversely, the author explored the truthfulness of messages conveyed to site users in a qualitative research based on interviews focused on two urban reference sites in Bahrain. These stand for different eras and conservation approaches: the ensemble of colonial-style governmental buildings at Bab al-Bahrain in Manama and the vernacular Siyadi Shops in the market area Suq al-Qaisariya in Muharraq, which were restored in the course of a World Heritage nomination. The interpretive content analysis compares how architects and non-architects, who represent laypeople in architectural conservation, perceived their authenticity and also traces cultural contingencies. The empirical data confirms pronounced differences in the way architects and non-architects perceive authenticity but only a few between representatives of so-called Western and Eastern cultures. Assessed against international heritage conservation standards, the site in Muharraq proved more authentic than the one in Manama. However, the meanings produced in the interaction between the sites and the interviewees proved be of limited truthfulness in both cases. A key finding is hence that a constructivist authenticity concept can serve no normative function when heritage conservation is considered a discipline at the service of historiography. While all potential factors of authenticity as per the Nara Document proved to be relevant, perceived material authenticity was found to be an outstanding reason why the site in Muharraq was appreciated more. Its rehabilitation was found to successfully reconcile essentialist and constructivist authenticity understandings by paying tribute both to the documentary value of the historic site and to the experiential needs of its users. The findings support the ICOMOS Venice Charter’s material-focused approach while confirming the relevance of a broadened authenticity understanding and highlighting the importance of integrated, participatory approaches to heritage conservation. By illustrating the importance of expertise when assessing the authenticity of architectural heritage, the findings at the same time flag limits to democratizing architectural conservation practice. The author recommends developing practice-oriented guidance for the assessment of authenticity of heritage sites based on further research and to add interpretation facilities to the list of factors of authenticity.