Refine
Document Type
- Doctoral thesis (2)
Has Fulltext
- yes (2)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (2)
Keywords
- CMS (2) (remove)
Institute
Um eine höhere Sensitivität für seltene Physikereignisse zu erzielen, wird die Luminosität am LHC in der dritten Upgrade-Phase um den Faktor fünf gesteigert. Die damit verbundene Steigerung der Wechselwirkungsrate bedingt für den CMS-Spurdetektor strahlungshärtere Sensoren. Um das geeignetste Material zu finden, wurde die HPK-Kampagne gestartet. Ziel der Kampagne ist es, die auf dem Markt verfügbaren Siliziumsubstrate und Prozesstechnologien auf ihre Eignung zu überprüfen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden aus der HPK-Kampagne die sogenannten MPix-Sensoren untersucht. Dafür wurde zunächst eine Probestation in Betrieb genommen und die Steuerungssoftware programmiert. Zusätzlich wurden neuartige Auswertungsmethoden entwickelt und eine Datenbank eingerichtet. Zur Untersuchung der Änderung der Sensoreigenschaften durch Bestrahlung wurden die MPix-Sensoren zunächst vor der Bestrahlung charakterisiert und die Ergebnisse anschließend mit den Ergebnissen nach Bestrahlung verglichen. Der Untersuchungsfokus lag auf dem Einfluss des Sensorsubstrats, der Produktionstechnologie und der Bias-Strukturen und der Strahlenhärte. Durch Bestrahlung degenerierten die Sensortypen unterschiedlich stark. Der Anstieg des Stromes durch Bestrahlung ist kleiner für Sensoren aus Magnetic-Czochralski-Silizium verglichen mit Sensoren aus Float-Zone-Silizium. Für Sensoren aus Float-Zone-Silizium ist der Stromanstieg schwächer für 200 µm dicke Sensoren verglichen mit 320 µm dicken Sensoren. Bias-Strukturen aus Polysilizium und Punch-Through-Struktur werden durch die Bestrahlung geschädigt. Bei Strukturen aus Polysilizium steigt der Widerstand durch Bestrahlung um etwa 50% und bei der Punch-Through-Struktur steigt die Punch-Through-Spannung um den Faktor zwei.
The LHC is the largest particle accelerator and storage ring in the world, used to investigate fundamentals of particle physics and to develop at the same time the technology of accelerators and detectors. Four main experiments (ATLAS, ALICE, CMS and LHCb) , located around the LHC ring, provide insight into the nature of particles and search for answers to as yet unexplained phenomena in the universe. Two proton or heavy ion beams circulate in the LHC and are brought into collision in the four experiments.
The physics potential of each experiment is determined by the luminosity, which is a ratio of the number of the events during a certain time period to the cross section of a physics process. A measurement of the luminosity is therefore essential to determine the cross section of interesting physics processes.
In addition, safe and high-quality data-taking requires stable beam conditions with almost no beam losses. Each experiment has its own detectors to measure beam losses, hereafter called machine induced background. One such detector is installed in CMS, BCM1F. Based on diamond sensors it was designed and built to measure both, the luminosity and the machine induced background. BCM1F ran smoothly during the first LHC running period from 2009-2012 and delivered valuable beam loss and luminosity information to the control rooms of CMS and LHC. At the end of 2012 the LHC was shut down to improve the performance by increasing the proton energy to 7TeV and decreasing the proton bunch spacing to 25ns. Due to the success of BCM1F an upgrade of its sensors and readout components was planned in order to fulfil the new requirements.
The upgrade of the sensors comprises a two pad instead of one pad metallization. 24 instead of the previous 8 single crystal diamond sensors were foreseen for the new BCM1F to enhance the robustness and redundancy. To instrument BCM1F, 59 sensors were electrically characterized by measuring the leakage current, signal stability and charge collection efficiency. Quality criteria were defined to select sensors for the final installation. An overview of these measurements including a summary of the results is given in this thesis. In addition, an upgraded amplifier was developed within the collaboration in 130nm CMOS technology. It has a peaking time of 7ns instead of the 22ns of the one previously installed. A BCM1F prototype comprising a two pad sensor and the upgraded amplifier was tested at the DESY-II accelerator in a 5GeV electron beam. Results of these test-beam measurements are presented in this thesis as well as simulations to interpret the measurements.
The installation of the upgraded BCM1F was completed in 2014. In 2015 BCM1F was commissioned and started to measure luminosity and machine induced background. At the end, the thesis will describe both types of measurements with the focus on machine induced background demonstrating the functionality of BCM1F.