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Virtuelle Forschungsumgebungen (VRE), sind Plattformen auf Basis von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (engl. ICT) mit ganzheitlichem Ansatz, die das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten im Team und insbesondere dessen Kommunikation und Organisation unterstützen sollen. Sie haben zum Ziel, schneller und besser zu nachvollziehbaren Ergebnissen zu gelangen, als bisher. Projekte in der ökologischen Langzeitforschung (engl. long-term ecological research, im Folgenden als L-TER bezeichnet) sind durch den Langzeitaspekt und Raumbezug in der Regel umfangreiche Projekte mit mittleren und großen Datenmengen (Medium Data und Big Data) sowie interdisziplinären, örtlich verteilten Forschungsgruppen. Sie sind daher prädestiniert für den Einsatz von VREs. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die spezifischen Aspekte und Anforderungen an virtuelle Forschungsumgebungen von L-TER Projekten im Kontext der Umweltinformatik. Dazu wird der Begriff „L-TER VRE“ eingeführt. Grundlage hierfür ist der Stand des Wissens zu allgemeinen VREs, Datenmanagement und ICT, die interdisziplinär in Verbindung gebracht werden mit den Zielen, Methoden und Daten der L-TER (z.B. Analyse von Zeitreihen). Es zeigt sich, dass sich die Anforderungen an L-TER VREs – aufgrund ihres Einsatzbereiches für langfristige L-TER Projekte – in der Nachhaltigkeit durch ihre Persistenz (Daten, Infrastruktur), Flexibilität (projektspezifische Rahmenbedingungen), der eingesetzten ICT und vom Faktor „Mensch“ mit seinem gesellschaftlichen Umfeld von VREs für andere Aufgaben unterscheiden. Aus den Erkenntnissen wird ein innovatives Baukastenkonzept mit dem Namen „Rapid L-TER VRE“ zur Planung, dem Aufbau und Betrieb von L-TER VREs vorgestellt. Es basiert auf Open-Source-Software und kann durch die gemeinsame Basis der Bausteine auch für allgemeine VREs Verwendung finden. Da VREs oder ähnliche ICT-Infrastrukturen im Rahmen von „e-Science“ als Rückgrat für die Organisation der Projekte prädestiniert sind, ist der Aufbau solcher Infrastrukturen oft schon zur Voraussetzung bei der Antragstellung von Projekten geworden. Ein Prototyp sollte daher bereits vor oder bei der Antragstellung existieren. Spätestens zum Projektbeginn muss eine Produktivumgebung zur Verfügung stehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Konzept „Rapid L-TER VRE“ speziell für eine schnelle (engl. rapid) Entwicklung von VRE Prototypen mit einer kurzen Übergangsphase in den Produktivbetrieb ausgelegt. Das Baukastenkonzept wird auf verschiedene existierende Projekte im Umfeld des Fachgebietes „Environmental Informatics“ und der Fakultät „Umwelt und Naturwissenschaften“ der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg konzeptionell, sowie in der Form von Prototypen angewendet und dessen Anwendbarkeit allgemein bewertet. Aus den Erkenntnissen werden allgemeine Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf den Einsatz von Technologien und die Nachhaltigkeit für den erfolgreichen Betrieb von L-TER VREs gezogen – dabei steht der Mensch als „maßgeblicher“ Faktor im Mittelpunkt.
Large mammals constitute an integral part of biological resources, and hence fundamental elements in many ecosystems. In view of the roles played by habitats and humans in structuring large mammal populations, research was conducted in the Deng Deng National Park, with the aim to identify and characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of habitats, determine the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and mammal abundance and also to investigate the types and extent of human pressure on various large mammal species in the park.
Distance sampling technique and kilometric index analyses approaches were applied to determine species presence, frequency and abundance, with dung, nests, and tracks used as proxy for species presence. Using a spatio-temporal analysis approach in Geographic Information System, species distribution was analyzed. Small and medium sized duikers, red river hog and gorilla were most frequently encountered. Important is the record of elephant for the first time in the park, emphasizing the importance of the park for large mammal conservation.
Diverse land cover types that constitute habitats for flora and fauna were distinguished and characterized as dense forest, mature secondary forest, young secondary forest, tree and grassland savanna, settlement and degraded areas, and water bodies. Area, mean patch size, shape, density and richness metrics of these land cover types varied, emphasizing the heterogeneity of the park landscape. No significant differences (0.2 ≤ p ≥ 0.8) were observed in species abundance due to diverse habitat characteristics in the park. Species exhibited generalist habits with preference mostly for the dense and mature secondary forest habitat types. Temporal pattern over a 23 years’ time lag projected a 6.19 % increase in dense forest cover, suggesting future shelter opportunities for large mammals in the park.
The park is experiencing threats that are changing the physical environment in simple and reversible manner but also threats that have changed the parks environment in permanent ways; all from impacts of adjacent human settlements and development activities. Generally, species abundance was significantly high (p = 0.03) in habitats where threats encounter rates were low, and low in habitats affected by high human activity; a clear indication that these activities have eventually created depressing effects on the habitats of large mammal species in the park.
Actions aimed to limit human activities around the park, and aiming to sustain the large mammals and their habitats, especially within the hotspots identified in this study, are therefore proposed to ensure a more sustainable future for large mammals in the Deng Deng National Park.
Carcasses of large vertebrate animals are integral elements in the natural environment. The aim of the present study is to clarify the relation between large carcasses and local ecosystems. It has been investigated which and how many animals are directly or indirectly involved into the carcass decomposition process, and whether there is a succession of community pattern during different carcass decomposition stages. A special focus was on the question how the temporal and the spatial distribution of arthropods are influenced by the carcass and its properties. A new classification of decomposition stages is proposed based on a new openness index for a carcass. Three carcass food web models for the research area were composed dependent on different seasons in the course of the year: Carcass exposed in spring, summer, and winter, respectively. Subsequently, the feasibility of using carcasses as a tool for food web restoration on a regional scale has been discussed.
From 2009 to 2011, in total, nine different carcasses from Meles meles, Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus, and Sus scrofa were exposed in the research area, a former military training area situated in Eastern Germany. Pitfall traps were used to collect arthropods visiting the carcasses. Bird’s and Mammal’s attendance have been detected by automatic cameras and direct observation. In total, more than 112,000 arthropods from 25 taxa were identified. For Coleoptera Silphidae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Staphylinidae (partly) and Heteroptera the investigation could be carried out on species level. The existence of carcasses in the research area significantly increased arthropod diversity and abundance. Long term exposed carcasses significantly influenced vertebrates occurrence, vegetation and the surrounding soil as to diversity and various environmental conditions, respectively. The main consumers of carcasses in summer were various arthropods, Corvus corax and Haliaeetus albicilla. Besides the already well-known carrion arthropods, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Apocrita were observed using carcasses directly. In winter, the main consumers of carcasses were Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes, Canis lupus, Corvus corax, and Haliaeetus albicilla. By multivariate analysis it could be shown that the main factors influencing the occurrences of arthropods are the weight and the degree of openness of the carcass, and the main factor for the carcasses decomposition process is the openness index of the carcass. Carcass exposition is a cheap and efficient method to use large wild games which did not die from disease for the food web restoration in the research area.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Entwicklung der Vegetation in Sandlebensräumen nach kleinräumiger Störung. Sie leistet damit einen Beitrag zur Erforschung von Prozessen, die im Rahmen von Sekundärsukzessionen ablaufen. Die Auswertung folgt dem „multi-patch“-Ansatz. Durch die Auswahl einer Braunkohlen-Bergbaufolgelandschaft als Untersuchungsgebiet kommen einige Besonderheiten hinzu, wie Großräumigkeit und Unzerschnittenheit der Landschaft, z. T. extreme abiotische Verhältnisse, bekanntes Flächenalter und gleichzeitig ablaufende Primärsukzession. Regelmäßige häufige kleinräumige Störungen durch Wildschwein-Wühltätigkeit prägen das natürliche Störungsregime.
In einem experimentellen Ansatz wurde 1-malig im Frühjahr eine Störung durchgeführt, die natürliche Wildschwein-Wühltätigkeit imitieren sollte. Anschließend wurde die pflanzliche Wiederbesiedlung parallel zur Entwicklung der Vegetation auf ungestörten Referenzflächen analysiert. Dabei wurden in drei ehemaligen Tagebauen die repräsentativen Vegetationseinheiten Sandtrockenrasen, Calamagrostis epigejos-Hochgrasbestand und Roteichenforst einbezogen. Ergänzend fanden Kartierungen der Umgebungsvegetation sowie Diasporenbank- und Diasporenfall-Untersuchungen statt.
Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Hypothese, dass in den untersuchten Sandlebensräumen auf der „patch“-Ebene der Artenreichtum nach kleinräumiger Störung im Allgemeinen zunimmt. Auf der „multi-patch“-Ebene findet keine Artenzunahme statt, da alle hinzutretenden Arten Teil des lokalen Arteninventars sind. Artenausfälle gab es kaum, die Arten haben an derartige Störungen angepasste Eigenschaften: sie regenerieren sich vegetativ bzw. generativ.
Vor allem kurzlebige Arten, d. h. Therophyten und zweijährige bis kurzlebige Arten mit einmaliger Blühphase, traten nach der Störung hinzu. Die meisten sind in der Lage eine langlebige Diasporenbank aufzubauen. Die hinzutretenden Arten können sowohl aus der Diasporenbank als auch aus dem Diasporeneintrag stammen. In Einzelfällen wurde indirekt Fernausbreitung nachgewiesen, d. h. es traten Arten hinzu, die nicht in der Lage sind eine Diasporenbank aufzubauen und für die sich die nächste Diasporenquelle mehr als 100 m entfernt befand.
Die Geschwindigkeit der Wiederbesiedlung unterschied sich an den einzelnen Probestellen und von Jahr zu Jahr. Es bestand keine generelle Abhängigkeit vom Flächenalter oder Vegetationstyp, sondern die Geschwindigkeit war in erster Linie vom Verhalten der vor der Störung dominierenden Arten abhängig: Kryptogamen regenerierten sich in der Regel langsam, einzelne krautige Arten besiedelten die Flächen rasch durch vegetative Ausbreitung. Einige Arten wurden offensichtlich gefördert und konnten ihre ursprünglich geringe Deckung, zumeist vorübergehend, ausbauen.
Die untersuchten Vegetationseinheiten können in ihrer Gesamtreaktion auf die Störung weder nach dem Tagebau, dem Flächenalter noch nach dem Vegetationstyp zusammengefasst werden. Sie reagieren trotz ähnlicher abiotischer Bedingungen, wie Nährstoffarmut, Trockenheit, sandiges Substrat, überwiegend niedrige pH-Werte, vermutlich vor allem aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen biotischen Voraussetzungen verschieden.
Das Konzept der „preemptive initial floristics“, welches auf den Offenlandflächen der Niederlausitzer Bergbaufolgelandschaft eine große Bedeutung für die Primärsukzession hat, hat nach der vorliegenden Untersuchung für Sekundärsukzession nach kleinräumiger Störung auf Offenland- und Aufforstungsflächen ebenfalls eine große Bedeutung.
Es stellte sich heraus, dass kleinräumige Störung im Frühjahr in der Niederlausitzer Bergbaufolgelandschaft in der Regel zu kurzfristigen Veränderungen der Artenzahl und -kombination, jedoch nicht zu anderen Vegetationsstadien führt. Nachweise für die Einwanderung und anschließende nachhaltige Deckungszunahme neuer Arten konnten nicht erbracht werden. In Einzelfällen festgestellte Deckungszunahmen bisher nicht in der Vegetation dominierender Arten anderer Sukzessionsstadien sind allerdings ein Hinweis auf eine mögliche gerichtete Vegetationsveränderung hin zu einem „späteren“ Sukzessionsstadium.
Unter dem gegenwärtigen natürlichen Störungsregime können die unterschiedlichen Vegetationseinheiten auf Landschaftsebene vermutlich nicht als Mosaik in einem dynamischen Gleichgewicht erhalten bleiben, da Intensität und Häufigkeit der Störungen nicht ausreichen, um „die Sukzession wieder an den Anfang zurück zu setzen“. Stattdessen bleibt, zumindest nach 1-maliger Störung, die gegebene Vegetationseinheit in der Regel erhalten. Hingegen zeigen die Ergebnisse Tendenzen, dass Wühltätigkeiten durch Wildschweine die Entwicklung hin zu „späteren“ Sukzessionsstadien beschleunigen könnten. Außerdem kommt es zum Teil, mit oder ohne kleinräumige Störung, zu zunehmendem Pinus sylvestris-Aufwuchs. Ein Erhalt des Offenlandes in der Niederlausitzer Bergbaufolgelandschaft ist unter dem gegenwärtigen natürlichen Störungsregime ohne geeignete Maßnahmen nicht möglich.
Cultural landscapes have become categories of increasing use in the nominations to the World Heritage, because they provide frameworks for the integration of alternative understandings of heritage into the List. Nevertheless, the concept of cultural landscape takes its roots within a Western naturalist ontology. By assuming this ontology the interpretation of heritage sites is based on the division between nature and culture. The lack of a model of protection designed for the integration of all categories of heritage is evident, with the models used following the culture/nature and tangible/intangible divides.
In order to study this problem, a comparative approach has been used. Two sites from mountain areas have been selected as case studies. The Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park in Spain has been part of the transnational mixed cultural and natural heritage property in the World Heritage List Pyrenees/Mont Perdu since 1997, shared with France. The Archaeological Park of Ollantaytambo, neighbor to the Sanctuary of Machu Picchu in Peru, is included in the serial and transnational property Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System inscribed in the List in 2014. These sites are protected under two different models: the first focused on the conservation of nature and the second on the conservation of the past. Nevertheless, both sites have been nominated as cultural landscapes based on the presence of Intangible Cultural Heritage maintained by agropastoral communities inhabiting them. The focus is to put in question the relevance of the concepts of conservation and sustainability in these contexts and to propose landscape management as an alternative that implies maintenance and at the same time adaptation to change.
The methodological design is based on a qualitative approach. The focus is the analysis of the ‘emergent landscape management’, defined as a self-organized process resulting from the interactions between the most influential actors in landscapes – the state, local communities and visitors -, ultimately leading to synergies between these actors’ practices.
The results show that, first, the diversity of approaches to the notion of “landscape” entails the lack of precision of the object to be conserved. The definition set in the Operational Guidelines of the 1972 World Heritage Convention presents the concept from different epistemological perspectives. Contrasted with the criteria under which these sites have been justified as World Heritage Cultural Landscapes, an inherent contradiction is evident between the models of protection and the continuity of the way of life of local communities that represent their heritage value. Second, three landscapes have been identified based upon the model of the emergent landscape management: the landscape as a container; the landscape as habitat; and the landscape as picture. Three sets of maps, corresponding with each group of actors portray the results. Nevertheless, the groups and its understandings are not close. Key actors have been found playing roles in different groups. An overlay of the maps shows the potential for common ground connected by the key actors. Finally, even if these sites represent particular cases, they exemplify the need to reflect upon the inherent contradictions of the current conservation system. In order to develop comprehensive strategies for the viability of cultural landscapes alternatives for the continuity and autonomy of local communities need to be reflected upon.
Forest resources provide a means of livelihoods in rural communities in most developing countries. Growing threats of disappearance of these resources as a result of human and natural activities led Cameroon in 1994 to institute new forest policy reforms which amongst others aimed to formalize and strengthen the involvement of local communities in forest management. Although much has been written on the importance and methods of participation of the local people in sustainable forest management, little has been done to assess the involvement of especially women in forest management activities. This study aims to contribute to an understanding of the roles of indigenous men and women in forest management activities, how they are shaped by management regimes and the influence on their livelihoods.
Results are based on empirical findings from two case studies-the Korup National Park Area (KNPA) and Bechati Forest Area (BFA). The analysis focuses on the different roles of men and women in forest activities, exploring how policies have influenced their participation. It further uses the concepts provided by gender analysis and SLF to check the potentials for improved participation of men and women in forest management and sustainable rural livelihoods.
Results show that men and women in the research communities are solely dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods. They perform different roles with different interests and needs regarding the forest and its resources. Men and women have different responsibilities in protecting and maintaining homestead, common and forest lands. The results show that men are interested in cash crop production and usually own large plots and a greater proportion of women are involved in food crop production mostly for subsistence.
The analysis of the management practices in both research areas show that formal and traditional ways of managing the forest are practiced. The traditional method is supplementary to the formal as the inability of traditional council to solve some forest problems are forwarded to the court of law where sanctions are taken. Considering that they are few guards to patrol the forest or visit the communities regularly would mean increase illegal activities in the forest. With some recognition, cooperation and mutual understanding between the local people, government and conservation staff, the management of the forest would be improved. The analysis further reveals clashing traditional, governmental and participatory management strategies leading to tensions, conflicts and lack of trust among actors.
Results on gender analysis in research communities portray power relations in forest issues. Rights and access to natural resources like land, trees and animals is gendered. Land tenure rights BFA are hereditary and entitled to the male successor of the family. In KNPA, it is based on demarcation and occupation. However, though land acquisition is open to both men and women in the KNPA, women were found to acquire less land due to numerous responsibilities and lack of strength. The amount of land acquired determines the degree of authority a family or an individual possesses. The analysis also shows that there is some form of change in gender roles although women are not highly represented and even fewer women take part in decision-making processes.
Gender issues are integrated in most policy commitments in Cameroon but if steps are not taken to translate them into practice, the increase participation of women in forest management will remain limited. True change can be achieved if decision-makers ensure an inclusive implementation of gender issues at all levels of project planning. A change in traditional attitudes on the roles of men and women should be adopted and a rethinking on policies (e.g. land tenure and property rights) is necessary to pave the way for greater female participation.
The decrease in the maximum number of Purple Herons (Ardea purpurea) observed at Bung Khong Long Non-Hunting Area, northeastern Thailand since 2004 has been attributed to the changes in food supply in the lake. The aim of the present research was to investigate the actual food supply in the different periods of two migratory seasons of the bird (October 2009 – April 2010 and October 2010 – April 2011). Scarce food supply was hypothesized to be one of the most important reasons which provoke these birds to leave the lake to other wetlands during the migratory seasons. Six sampling stations were selected based on the foraging areas of Purple Heron around the lake where the water level did not exceed 1.5 m. The sampling was focused on fish, shrimps, amphibians, and insect larvae, which are the major food sources. Two kinds of equipment were used including fish net bags and fish traps. An investigation of amphibians was carried out during the night using light attack on their eyes. The wet biomass of these food sources was determined and compared with the daily food requirement of Purple Heron in each period of the migratory seasons. The local fishery was also taken into account as a habitat disturbance, and was subsequently analyzed using questionnaires. The actual food supply of Purple Herons at the foraging areas during the second migratory season decreased from the early to late period. This was in accordance with the reduction in the number of Purple Herons throughout the migratory season. It is shown that the biomass of medium size fish is the highest in every period. It is suggested that the major food source is from this group. Therefore, the reduction in fish biomass has influenced the total food supply of Purple Herons. Even though the bird forages on a wide range of prey types, other food sources showed a low biomass which could not support the maximum number of Purple Heron throughout the migratory season. Moreover, overfishing in the lake was reported and expected to be a major factor influencing the changes in the food supply of Purple Herons in this lake. Ultimately, the number of Purple Herons decreased from six in the early migratory period to two in the late migratory period.
Im Reiherbachtal im Solling (Niedersachsen) wird ein im Besitz der Niedersächsischen Landesforsten befindlicher lichter Bestand etwa 200-jähriger Alteichen seit dem Sommer 2000 zum Erhalt des „Hutewaldcharakters“ mit Heckrindern und Exmoorponys beweidet. Im Rahmen der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des als Erprobungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt (E+E) des Bundesamtes für Naturschutz ins Leben gerufenen, verkürzt meist „Hutewaldprojekt“ genannten Waldweidevorhabens zum Schutz von Arten und Lebensgemeinschaften wurde von Januar 1999 (Vorstudie) bis zum Dezember 2005 (Ende der wissenschaftlichen Begleituntersuchungen) unter anderem auch die Flechtenflora des knapp 200 ha großen Projektgebietes erfasst. Dabei wurden 189 Taxa festgestellt, eine im Vergleich mit Literaturangaben aus anderen deutschen Waldgebieten bundesweit herausragende Artenfülle. Hierin enthalten sind unter anderem 28 obligat oder fakultativ lichenicole bzw. saprophytische, flechtenähnliche Pilze, die traditionell von der Flechtenkunde mitbearbeitet werden. Da die Fachliteratur für das entsprechend zu berücksichtigende Inventar keine eindeutigen Vorgaben macht, wird eine fachlich begründete Empfehlung hierfür abgeleitet. Zusätzlich ist der Anteil landes- wie bundesweit gefährdeter Arten mit 54% bzw. 47% überdurchschnittlich hoch. Sieben Arten sind Erstnachweise für das Land Niedersachsen, eine davon auch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Der Anteil der Epiphyten liegt bei 75%, knapp zwei Drittel der Arten kann eine positive Prognose gestellt werden, sollte die Beweidung fortgeführt werden. Im speziellen Teil vorliegender Arbeit werden alle 189 nachgewiesenen Arten in Text und Bild dokumentiert. Die Auswertung der dort zusammengetragenen artspezifischen Parameter zeigt, dass im Gebiet die Eiche bedeutenstes Trägergehölz epiphytischer Arten ist, was den in der Fachliteratur dokumentierten Befunden aus anderen Waldgebieten entspricht. Zugleich ist auf diesem Gehölz der Anteil gefährdeter Arten besonders hoch. Die in Forstwirtschaftskreisen weit verbreiteten Methoden der forstlichen Standortcharaktersierung mittels Zeigerwerten und Hemerobiegraden von Artenlisten führen über auch aus anderen naturräumlichen Daten zu gewinnende Erkenntnisse hinaus kaum zu weiterführenden Einsichten. Erst eine räumlich kleinskaligere Auswertung (hier auf Basis von Rasterfeldern zu 100 m x 100 m) bzw. Verwendung der in aktueller Literatur als künftig nicht mehr zu nutzen empfohlener Toxitoleranzzahlen sowie des aus anderen Zeigerwerten zu berechnenden KO-Wertes erbringt für die naturschutzfachliche Planung wichtige Zusatzinformationen über Ballungsräume seltener Arten bzw. aus Artenschutzgründen umgehend anders als bisher zu behandelnder Teilgebiete. Erstmals für deutsche bzw. niedersächsische Verhältnisse anwendbar gemacht wird eine Bewertung von Waldgebieten unter Verwendung der in ihnen erhobenen Flechtenartenlisten mit Hilfe des in Großbritannien entwickelten Revised Index of Ecological Continuity (RIEC). Er erlaubt die Ansprache eines Untersuchungsgebietes als naturschutzfachlich besonders wertvoller historisch alter Wald. Dabei bietet er die Vorteile, mittels einer vergleichsweise einfach und ganzjährig zu erhebenden Artengruppe verlässliche Aussagen zu erhalten und gleichzeitig stellvertretend für andere, schwieriger zu untersuchende Artengruppen zu stehen. Auch der britische New Index of Ecological Continuity (NIEC) wird für hiesige Verhältnisse weiterentwickelt. Beide Verfahren sind für eine Übertragung auf andere Bundesländer geeignet, bedürfen dort wie auch in Niedersachsen aber noch der statistisch abgesicherten Optimierung mittels weiterer vergleichender Untersuchungen. Angesichts des Status des Reiherbachtales als Teil des Flora-Fauna-Habitat- und Vogelschutz-Gebietes „Wälder im südlichen Solling“, dem im Gebiet anzuwendenden Erlass des Landes zur langfristigen ökologischen Waldentwicklung (LÖWE) sowie weiterer naturschutzrechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen einerseits und der „Problematik“ der Naturverjüngung der Eiche in weiten Teilen Mitteleuropas sowie den positiven Erfahrungen und Literaturanregungen hierzu, insbesondere bei Anwesenheit großer Pflanzenfresser andererseits wird für die Fortführung der begonnenen Waldbeweidung dringend plädiert. Zumindest ist das so genannte „Habitatbaum-Konzept“ der Niedersächsischen Landesforsten ebenso als nicht ausreichend zu verwerfen wie die nicht zielführende, sondern im Gegenteil sogar schädliche Verjüngungspraxis der Forstbehörden. Ein weiterführendes, an den naturschutzfachlichen Konditionen orientiertes Zukunftsszenario für das Reiherbachtal könnte nach Ansicht des Verfassers ferner die Schaffung eines großflächigen modernen Hutewaldgebietes im Sinne des in Amerika und Sibirien diskutierten „Pleistocene Re-wilding“ sein.
Human influence on the biosphere has transformed natural land cover (LC) into modified LC. Shifting focus from individual species study to large-scale assessment is therefore needed to restore the damaged ecosystem. The hypotheses were: (a) the post-mining landscapes are getting more diverse over time (b) GIS, remote sensing and patch analyst can generate LC information and landscape characterization statistics for assessing habitat diversity and monitoring land cover change (LCC) in a disturbance-dominated area (c) relationship exist between habitat diversity and field based species richness/LCC and environmental conditions/LCC and biodiversity losses. The general aims of this research were (a) to assess the impact of disturbance on LCC and habitat diversity (b) to identify how accurately patterns of habitat diversity, complexity, fragmentation, primary production and LCC can be assessed or predicted with GIS and remotely sensed data. LC maps of 1988, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2000 and 2003 were produced from LANDSAT TM images of Schlabendorf Nord and Schlabendorf Süd. These images were used to survey the changing landscape. After classifying the images based on dominant land cover types, the area and perimeter of all patches were defined. Landscape characterization metrics were generated using patch analyst. LCC statistics were estimated for each LC map year. Change detection extension was used to identify changes among vegetation or land cover types into “negative change”, “no change” and “positive change”. DCA ordination technique (CANOCO) was used to study similarity among the distribution of land cover types. Other relevant analysis made include soil pH analysis and climate data evaluation. The outcome of the research shows that the process of LCC takes place at the interface between environmental and human systems. Land cover transformations in most cases in Schlabendorf were as a result of progressive and reversed plant succession. Overall changes in both landscapes showed increased area of pine afforestation, deciduous trees afforestation, lake and mixed grassland with trees. The LCC s were predominantly caused by harvesting of afforested pine, restoration related construction activities or other land cover management practices, reverse succession, low soil pH especially along the path of the mine strip, loss of soil fertility, human decisions and policies. There was increase in habitat richness, heterogeneity, fragmentation, and shape complexity due to decrease in habitat size, increased land use intensity etc. Lower habitat diversity in Schlabendorf Süd was due to the comparatively large landscape area, high patch number and higher habitat richness in most cases which confirms the claim that relationship between habitat diversity and habitat heterogeneity varies according to scale (Tews et al., 2004). Increase in biomass accumulation particularly in Schlabendorf Süd contributed to the exchanges for greenhouse gases between the forest cover, soil and the atmosphere, hence changing the climatic condition on terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity and LCC. Unlike Schlabendorf Nord, Schlabendorf Süd still undergoes more active reclamation activities resulting in less similarity between the two post-mining landscapes over time. Within a given ecosystem, any change in habitat diversity can change the number of species in the resulting habitats types, in other words habitat diversity can be used to predict the species richness in a given ecosystem. The approach to this work provides a beneficial trade off between expensive ground vegetation or LCC survey and low-priced image processing analysis. It requires less manpower and less time but greatly reliable for assessing LCC, habitat diversity/richness and heterogeneity in large inaccessible areas such as dunes in post-mining landscape.
The Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary is a multiple-use lowland tropical rainforest in South West of Cameroon. This area was designated by the government of Cameroon with a focus of protecting 11 species including the most endangered primates in Central and West Africa, the Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Local communities maintain user-rights of the forest and its natural resources as long as the conservation goals of the protected areas are not compromised. With many villages in and around the sanctuary and an ever-increasing population, most villagers rely on bushmeat to meet both dietary requirements and as a source of income. The purpose of the six-month study was to assess the current impact of hunting pressure on wildlife biodiversity loss with hope to recommend managed sustainable hunting system to the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Carcasses of animals brought in daily by the eighty-four hunters who participated in the study were weighed, sexed and aged and socio-economic data collected by recording weapon type, use, price of each animal killed and its destination by 14 research assistants in 14 study villages. Hunters were interviewed in an attempt to understand hunters' perception of hunted game and their capacity to implement a managed hunting system. Study results indicated that 44 animal species were harvested with a total of 3,176 individual animals killed, giving an estimated total biomass of 22,397 kg in both the Banyang and Mbo areas. The Banyang ethnic group registered more harvest in terms of both off-take 1,888 animals and biomass 13,476 kg (13.5 tons) while the Mbo ethnic group extracted 1,288 animals with a biomass of 8,921.02 kg (9.00 tons) over the six-month study period. When placed into taxonomic groups, duikers constituting (34%), rodents (22%), other protected species (15%) and monkeys (11%) of the total animals extracted were most affected by hunting within the whole of BMWS. Larger-bodied animals like primates and duikers were most vulnerable to gun hunting while smaller carnivores and rodents were more vulnerable to wire snaring and trapping. Poisoned baits were used in some villages to trap Cane rats and Monkeys. Hunting peaks were attained during the raining season especially during the months of July and August. However, some small peaks occurred during the dry season especially in the months of November and January. More males (47%) were killed than females (43%) for all species over the six-month study period. Unknown sex constituted (10%) of the total extracted animals registered. Adults comprised (69%) of the total catch for all species registered, juveniles and infants constituted (23%) and (8%) respectively. Generally the Banyang ethnic group either consumed or sold locally (83%) of their total harvested bushmeat and sold only (11%) to outside traders. The Mbo ethnic group consumed or sold locally (47%) of the total bushmeat killed and sold (39%) to outside bushmeat dealers. Economic gains in terms of financial income from sale of bushmeat at the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary do not seem to be profitable as one hunter earned on average 22.629F CFA (US $47) per month over the study period compared to 125.000F CFA (US $258) earned by an average civil servant in Cameroon. One kilogramme of the most expensive bushmeat such as Pangolin (Manis gigantea) and Brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) was on the average about 4.7 times less expensive than the price of one kg of domesticated animals such as fresh cow beef or goat meat. The Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) are at high risk of local extinction in this area. Meanwhile species like the Leopard (Panthera pardus), Buffalo (Syncerus nanus), the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Giant pangolin (Manis gigantea) were not recorded killed in any of the 14 study villages and are feared to be locally extinct. There was a steady decline in off-take and biomass of large-bodied species like duikers and primates in the total harvest of both ethnic groups over time during the study period. This suggests that hunting of larger-bodied animals may not be sustainable within the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. The future of Blue duikers seems bleak if hunting continues unchecked. Poverty, population increase, unemployment and the weak enforcement of existing wildlife laws are the driving forces behind the unsustainable harvest of wildlife resources at the Banyang-Mbo wildlife Sanctuary.