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This dissertation closely examines industrial pollution along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. In recent years, there has been the formulation of both governmental initiatives and corporate voluntary practices with the view of curbing industrial pollution along the coast of Cameroon. However, a majority of studies have failed to ascertain the extent to which these initiates and practices have been successful in addressing industrial pollution, which is undoubtedly fundamental to policy makers in the decision making process. Therefore, this thesis attempts to bridge this major gap by examining both governmental and voluntary corporate practices vis-à-vis industrial pollution along the polluted coast of Cameroon. The thesis analysis efforts formulated by the government of Cameroon to mitigate industrial pollution. It identifies constraints to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice in Cameroon. Environmental management system (EMS) initiatives adopted by industries along the coast of Cameroon that has been hitherto ignored is unveiled as well in this thesis. Furthermore, a more compelling case is made by addressing the drivers, benefits and barriers stemming from EMS implementation by these industries. A robust reflexive methodological research strategy is developed and utilized both qualitative and quantitative data collected from unstructured interviews, questionnaire based surveys, personal observations, relevant literature, consultancy reports and documentation form governmental departments. Analysis of these data facilitates detailed discussion of both governmental initiatives and corporate environmental management systems.The thesis contends that there is an urgent need to complement governmental policy and regulations with corporate voluntary environmental management systems. It purports that efforts made by the government of Cameroon to address industrial pollution have had minimal impacts on industrial pollution along the coast of Cameroon and submits that the EMS process in these industries is still at its infancy. Moreover, it is argued that a plethora of barriers still prevail that deter a rigorous implementation of EMS in these industries. On the basis of this, the thesis advances a comprehensive strategy for the effective and efficient management of industrial pollution along the coast of Cameroon and emphasizes that a holistic or concerted approach from all stakeholders is absolutely mandatory for the successful implementation of the recommended strategies.
By offering good ride safety and ride comfort to passenger cars, active suspensions have attracted more and more attentions of investigators. Numerous approaches of designing controller for active suspension systems have been introduced mostly restricted to linear time-invariant systems. In this dissertation, optimization methods are applied to a special three degree-of-freedom spatial car model with active suspensions to define an optimal controller. The optimal control law with state-feedback and disturbance-feed forward parts is derived by extending the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) control to linear systems with measurable disturbances and combining it with a multi-criterion optimization (MCO) procedure. This allows to reduce the number of design variables of the MCO problem significantly. The approach is applied also to gain-scheduling control of the linear-parameter varying spatial car model. The effectiveness of the designed controller with respect to ride safety and ride comfort of the car in yaw motion is demonstrated through the simulation of double-lane-change maneuvers, where the paths are found by an optimization procedure.
Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden nutzungs- und standortspezifische Hintergrundwerte für organische Schadstoffe (PAK, BaP und PCB) in Brandenburger Oberböden abgeleitet. Dabei wird der Medianwert im Sinne eines Hintergrundwertes, der den Normalzustand beschreibt, verwendet. Das 90er Perzentil charakterisiert eine den Normalzustand überschreitende Schadstoffkonzentration und fungiert als Referenzwert. Um den Transfer von PAK und PCB vom Boden in die Pflanze zu ermitteln, wurden Gefäßversuche mit für Brandenburg typischen Böden und Kulturen sowie Erhebungsuntersuchungen auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen ausgewertet. Geprüft wurde der Schadstofftransfer in die Fruchtarten Mais, Kartoffel, Möhre, Salat, Spinat, Gras und Weizen. Festzustellen war, dass sich der PAK- und PCBTransfer in die Pflanze unter den Bedingungen der relativ leichten und schlecht mit organischer Substanz versorgten Böden des Landes Brandenburg auf niedrigem Niveau bewegt.
Aim of the study In this thesis, the recovery of biogas from Unsorted Municipal Solid Waste with high methane content was investigated. Special attention was given to unsorted municipal solid waste since its management is posing a big challenge for solid waste management authorities especially in developing countries (e.g. Accra, Ghana). Common solid waste management practice in most of the communities involves having the entire components of the waste mixed together and deposited in bins or on a bare ground at locations within communities and subsequently hauled to the dumpsite by the waste authority. In a laboratory study, a simulated waste was developed representing the real waste situation in Accra, Ghana to leach out the biodegradable organic fraction and subsequent biogas recovery. Method of investigation In order to optimize the biodegradation of Unsorted Municipal Solid Waste, the double-stage anaerobic digester with optimum design capability and with both intra and inter liquid recirculation, and microaerophilic hydrolysis conditions was employed. In order to biomethanize the waste, the following hypotheses were tested: · Effect of water flow rate (dilutions) on the extent of hydrolysis/ liquefaction. · Solid retention time and biodegradation. · Temperature on the extent of hydrolysis. · Effect of preprocessed feeding material on hydrolysis and gas yield. Results and technical applicability The results indicate that the various conditions tested are effective in determining the biogas production from the Unsorted Municipal Solid Waste. Following several runs for the optimization process, volume and mass reduction of 30±19% and 42±13% was achieved respectively. Importantly, almost 42% of the organic total solids reduction with equivalent of methane yield of 232±66 l CH4/kg OTS was obtained. A concept is developed for the application of the double-stage digester for the biomethanization of Unsorted Municipal Solid Waste. This concept involves the appropriate optimum conditions required for the biodegradation process. Finally the potential of using Unsorted Municipal Solid Waste for commercial biogas production was emphasized.
Durch den Einsatz eines elektrischen Mehrmotorenantriebs können mechanische Komponenten, wie Getriebe und Differential, durch eine übergeordnete Steuerung ersetzt werden. In dieser Arbeit werden die Grundlagen zur Untersuchung eines solchen Fahrzeugantriebs an einem Laborversuchsstand geschaffen. Durch eine speziell ausgelegte übergeordnete Steuerung wird die experimentelle Untersuchung verschiedener Algorithmen für Fahrsicherheitssysteme und deren Funktion ermöglicht. Zum Einsatz kommen Axialflussmaschinen deren Bauform einen Einsatz als Radnabenmotor erlauben. Durch eine Anordnung von Belastungsmaschinen an der Antriebsachse erfolgt die Vorgabe realitätsnaher Belastungszustände und –profile. Vorteil gegenüber einem direkten Einbau und Funktionstest in einem Kraftfahrzeug ist die Möglichkeit das Fahrverhalten auch in kritischen Fahrsituationen untersuchen zu können. Das ganze ist ohne Gefährdung der Umgebung kostengünstig möglich.
Database caching techniques promise to improve the performance and scalability of client-server database applications. The task of a cache is to accept requests of clients and to compute them locally on behalf of the server. The content of a cache is filled dynamically based on the application and users' data domain of interest. If data is missing or concurrent access has to be controlled, the computation of the request is completed at the central server. As a result, applications benefit from quick responses of a cache and load is taken from the server. The dynamic nature of a cache, the need of transactional consistency, and the complex nature of a request make database caching a challenging field of research. This thesis presents a novel approach to the shared and parallel execution of stored procedure code between a cache and the server. Every commercial database product provides such stored procedures that are coded in a complete programming language. Given a request in form of such a procedure, we introduce the concept of split twin transactions that logically split the procedure code into two parts, say A and B, such that A is executed at the cache and B at the server in a simultaneous and parallel manner. Furthermore, we analyse the procedure code to detect suitable parts. To the best of our knowledge, this has not yet been addressed by any existing approaches. Within a detailed case study, we show that our novel scheme improves the performance of existing caching approaches. Furthermore, we demonstrate that different load conditions of the system require different sizes of the parts A and B to gain maximal performance. As a result, we extend database caching by a new dimension of optimization, namely by splitting of the procedure code into A and B. To solve this problem of dynamically balancing the code execution between cache and server, we define the maximum performance of a database cache over time and propose a stochastic model to capture the average execution time of a procedure. Based on the execution frequencies of primitive database operations, the model allows us to partially predict the response times for different sizes of A and B, hence providing a partial solution to the optimization problem.
Key management is a fundamental security service to enable secure wireless ad hoc networks (WAHN). To date existing key management solutions based on either public key infrastructures (PKI) or key pre‑distribution scheme (KPS) exhibit limitations for WAHNs. We firstly develop the Hybrid Key Management Infrastructure (HKMI) for WAHNs composed of moderate‑resource devices. The HKMI complements PKI with trust and cooperation protocols to construct an performance efficient security solution. We secondly develop the Deterministic Pairwise Key Pre-Distribution Scheme (DPKPS) for large‑scale dynamic WAHNs composed of low‑resource devices. The DPKPS applies a combinatorial design for the pre-distribution of multiple bivariate polynomial shares to WAHN nodes. Future work comprises further improving the resiliency of the DPKPS, completing a key management infrastructure on the basis of the DPKPS, the design of DPKPS‑based access control mechanisms, and the integration of the HKMI with the DPKPS in a unified key management architecture.
Hohe Nährstoffkonzentrationen können aquatische Ökosysteme stark belasten. Bei der integrierten Gewässerbewirtschaftung kommt der Quantifizierung der natürlichen Nährstoffsenken eine große Bedeutung zu. Für den anorganischen Stickstoff sind dies die biogene Assimilation und die benthische Denitrifikation. Denitrifikation wurde bisher vor allem auf der Prozessskala untersucht, eine räumlich differenzierte Erfassung auf mesoskaliger Ebene ist noch nicht erfolgt. Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die räumlich aufgelöste Quantifizierung des Nährstoffumsatzes - mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stickstoffretention – am Beispiel eines 70 km langen Flussabschnitts der Weißen Elster. Dies wird anhand von Längsschnitt- und Tag/Nacht-Beprobungen, bei denen auch der benthische Biofilm und die Sedimente berücksichtigt wurden, analysiert. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der Durchführung von Modellanalysen. Es wurde eine modifizierte Version des Gewässergütemodells WASP verwendet. Damit wurden die Sensitivitäten morphologischer Faktoren untersucht sowie die Einfluss von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen auf den Nährstoffhaushalt analysiert. Unter sommerlichen Verhältnissen wurde eine erhebliche Stickstoffretention nachgewiesen. Auf der 70 km langen Fließstrecke werden bis zu 32% der in das Gewässer eingetragenen N-Fracht durch Denitrifikation eliminiert. Die Denitrifikation schwankt räumlich sehr stark: Der Stickstoffrückhalt liegt zwischen 0,2 und 1,25 mgN/(l·d), die mittlere Denitrifikationsrate schwankt zwischen 240 mgN/(m2d) in einem kanalisierten Abschnitt und 639 mgN/(m2d) in einem naturnahen Bereich. Von den untersuchten morphologischen Faktoren hat die Länge der Fließstrecke den größten Einfluss auf den Stickstoffrückhalt. Eine Verlängerung der Fließstrecke um 10% bewirkt eine Verringerung der Nitrat-Konzentration um 2,7%. Die Auswirkungen der im Rahmen einer Szenarienanalyse betrachteten Renaturierungsmaßnahmen auf die Stickstoffbelastung sind gering.
This thesis presents the design and implementation of the RF power amplifiers in modern silicon based technologies. The main challenge is to include power amplifier on a single chip with output power level in watts, operating at high frequencies where the transit frequency (fT) is just a few times higher than the operating frequency. This work describes the design procedure for bipolar and CMOS transformer-based Class-A, Class-AB and Class-B power amplifiers. The design procedure is based on the HICUM for bipolar and BSIM4 for CMOS transistor models and is divided in four parts: •Building a one transistor prototype power amplifier which is based on the analytical analysis of the output characteristics and transistor model. •Load-pull simulation to define the final input and output impedances. •Derivation of the analytical equations for the transformer-based matching network. •Design of the final transformer-based push-pull power amplifier. A good agreement between the proposed analytical analysis and large-signal (harmonic balance) simulation results proofs usefulness of the proposed power amplifier design approach. Additionally, it shows the contribution of the separated devices at the final design that helps to find a technology limits in the current circuit design. The main achievements include: •A 2.4 GHz power amplifier in 0.13 um CMOS technology. An output power of 28 dBm is achieved with a power added efficiency of 48 % at a supply voltage of 1.2 V [Vasylyev 04]. •Two 17 GHz power amplifiers in 0.13 um CMOS technology (one fully integrated while the other with external matching network) with output power exceeding 50 mW. The former exhibits a power added efficiency of 9.3 % while the latter a 15.6 % power added efficiency [Vasylyev 06]. •A fully integrated K and Ka bands power amplifier in 0.13 um CMOS technology. A 13 dBm output power along with power added efficiency of 13 % is achieved at an operating frequency of 25.7 GHz with 1.2 V supply [Vasylyev 05,a]. •A fully integrated power amplifier based on a novel power combining transformer structure in 28 GHz-fT SiGe-bipolar technology. A 32 dBm output power along with power added efficiency of 30 % is achieved at an operating frequency of 2.12 GHz with 3.5 V supply [Vasylyev 05,b].
In dieser Arbeit werden Untersuchungen von Agglomeratstrukturen in verschiedenen Geschwindigkeitsbereichen hinsichtlich ihres Widerstandsverhaltens in Strömungen präsentiert. Daraus ableitend wird ein Porenmodell für offene Agglomeratstrukturen vorgeschlagen, das auf dem Hinzufügen von durchgehenden geraden Öffnungen entsprechender Größenordnung in Vollkugeln basiert. Die Wahl des Porensystems ist dabei an bekannte geometrische und strukturelle Eigenschaften der Agglomerate angelehnt. Die physikalisch begründete Vorstellung der Wirkung von Druck- und Reibungskräften unter verschiedenen Relativgeschwindigkeiten wird qualitativ bestätigt und ein quantitativer Bezug zur Oberfläche und anderen geometrischen Größen hergestellt. Des Weiteren werden Weiterentwicklungen der Messmethoden sowohl bei der Sedimentation als auch bei der mechanischen Fixierung beschrieben. Abschließend werden die elektrotechnischen Grundlagen für eine berührungslose Magnetfeldmessmethode angegeben.