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With the large-scale expansion of decentralized power generation from renewable energy resources (RES) and reduction of fossil fuel-based power generation, this leads to fundamental structural changes in the power supply system. The transition is characterized by a shift from central to decentral, from directional to bi-directional. As the share of renewable power systems in the electricity grid increases, the inherent uncertainty of renewable energies poses challenges to the grid system’s stability.
To achieve increased efficiency, decarbonisation, decentralization, and digitisation in energy sector, a flexible and resilient energy system is required. Electrical energy data and non-electrical energy data are generated from various sources, including the supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), geographic information system (GIS), and weather information system. Based on these data, different spatial and temporal models of energy systems and their databases are created and connected. This thesis contributes to the analysis of regional power performance. To this end, an efficient simplified grid-oriented network cluster is presented to account for the regional allocation of RES power systems. The model clustering includes the grid topology, temporal and spatial resolution, and the structure of electrical and non-electrical data. This approach contributes to methodological aspects of energy system modelling and analysis.
In addition, based on the proposed cluster model, this thesis presents the physical profile-based and data-driven methods to estimate the regional large-scale photovoltaic (PV) and wind power generations. In order to adapt to the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of the regional renewable power generations and to improve the local power utilization rate, this thesis conducts empirical analyses of the regional energy storage and combined PV and wind power systems using cable pooling with shared grid connection.
In summary, this thesis presents a flexible modelling approach that takes into account the regional allocation of renewable power systems and enables a more accurate estimation of regional power generation. The proposed model and analytical methods can help the efficiency and resiliency of the energy system and support the transition towards renewable energies.
Bored children begin to draw, do crafts, to fidget - or they do something bad. Others fall silent, withdraw, or become lethargic. Research on school-related boredom has focused primarily on the negative consequences of boredom, such as decreased cognitive performance, motivation or attentativeness, or disruptiveness. These negative aspects of boredom can be contrasted by the notion that boredom can promote creative performance. This paper reflects on boredom's creative and suppressive consequences as an interplay of personality traits and behavioral possibilities in school situations, on the one hand, and as an interplay of situational experiences with constituent developmental processes on the other. It is proposed that boredom is a gauge of the learner's resonance with school content, learning and/or developmental relationships. Boredom indicates a psychological need and its desideratum. Thus, both creative and suppressive potentials are inherent in boredom.
Result-based payments (RBPs) reward land users for conservation outcomes and are a promising alternative to standard payments, which are targeted at specific land use measures. A major barrier to the implementation of RBPs, particularly for the conservation of mobile species, is the substantial monitoring cost. Passive acoustic monitoring may offer promising opportunities for low-cost monitoring as an alternative to human observation. We develop a costing framework for comparing human observation and passive acoustic monitoring and apply it to a hypothetical RBP scheme for farmland bird conservation. We consider three different monitoring scenarios: daytime monitoring for the whinchat and the ortolan bunting, nighttime monitoring for the gray partridge and the common quail, and day-and-night monitoring for all four species. We also examine the effect of changes in relevant parameters (such as participating area, travel distance and required monitoring time) on the cost comparison. Our results show that passive acoustic monitoring is still more expensive than human observation for daytime monitoring. In contrast, passive acoustic monitoring has a cost advantage for nighttime as well as day-and-nighttime monitoring in all considered scenarios.
As the issue of pollutant emissions from aviation propulsion escalates, research into alternative powertrains is gaining momentum. Two promising technologies are the Hybrid Electric Propulsion System (HEPS) and Pressure Gain Combustion (PGC). HEPS is expected to reduce pollutant emissions by decreasing fuel consumption, whereas PGC uses detonation in the combustor to increase the thermal efficiency of engines by elevating the total pressure during combustion. This study extensively explores the integration of these two emerging technologies, thoroughly assessing the advantages that arise from their combination. First, the renowned turboprop engine PW127 is benchmarked and modeled using Gasturb software. The model is integrated into Simulink using the T-MATS tool, with HEPS and pressure gain components added to analyze the thermodynamics of various configurations under different pressure gain values and HEPS parameters. The analysis, conducted up to the cruise phase of the baseline aircraft, reveals that applying pressure gain combustion through Rotating Detonation Combustion (RDC) results in a more significant increase in efficiency and decrease in fuel consumption compared to HEPS with conventional gas turbines. However, HEPS helps maintain a more uniform combustor inlet condition and reduces the Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) at the takeoff phase, where the highest TIT otherwise occurs. The results suggest that integrating HEPS with PGC can be beneficial in maintaining optimal combustor conditions and mitigating turbine efficiency degradation.
The role of AJB35136 and fdtA genes in biofilm formation by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli
(2023)
Background Infections caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) result in significant economic losses in poultry industry. APEC strains are known to form biofilms in various conditions allowing them to thrive even under harsh and nutrient-deficient conditions on different surfaces, and this ability enables them to evade chemical and biological eradication methods. Despite knowing the whole genome sequences of various APEC isolates, little has been reported regarding their biofilm-associated genes. A random transposon mutant library of the wild-type APEC IMT 5155 comprising 1,300 mutants was analyzed for biofilm formation under nutrient deprived conditions using Videoscan technology coupled with fluorescence microscopy. Seven transposon mutants were found to have reproducibly and significantly altered biofilm formation and their mutated genes were identified by arbitrary PCR and DNA sequencing. The intact genes were acquired from the wild-type strain, cloned in pACYC177 plasmid and transformed into the respective altered biofilm forming transposon mutants, and the biofilm formation was checked in comparison to the wild type and mutant strains under the same conditions.
Results In this study, we report seven genes i.e., nhaA, fdeC, yjhB, lysU, ecpR, AJB35136 and fdtA of APEC with significant contribution to biofilm formation. Reintroduction of AJB35136 and fdtA, reversed the altered phenotype proving that a significant role being played by these two O-antigen related genes in APEC biofilm formation. Presence of these seven genes across nonpathogenic E. coli and APEC genomes was also analyzed showing that they are more prevalent in the latter.
1. Erste Änderungssatzung zur Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Master-Studiengang Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen (M. Eng.) mit fachhochschulischem Studienprofil vom 24. August 2023
2. Lesefassung: Fachspezifische Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Master-Studiengang Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen (M. Eng.) mit fachhochschulischem Studienprofil vom 22. Oktober 2018 i. d .F. der Ersten Änderungssatzung zur Fachspezifischen Prüfungs- und Studienordnung für den Master-Studiengang Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen (M. Eng.) mit fachhochschulischem Studienprofil vom 24. August 2023
Anwendbare Materialgesetze im Rahmen der phänomenologischen Kontinuumsmechanik sind durch die berücksichtigten Deformationsmechanismen geprägt und sind in der Regel für einen anzugebenden Gültigkeitsbereich einsatzfähig. Die verwendeten mathematischen Werkzeuge geben einen ausreichenden Anpassungsspielraum experimenteller Daten, beziehen jedoch die Physikalität des Materialgesetzes bedingt ein, da der thermodynamische Prozess der Deformation als näherungsweise isotherm behandelt wird. In dieser Arbeit wird der Deformationsvorgang unter mechanischer Last als vollständiger thermodynamischer Prozess verstanden, der eine Temperaturentwicklung im Werkstoff einbezieht und die kalorischen Zustandsgrößen auswertet. Die Konzepte der Kontinuumsthermomechanik werden in der Beschreibung für thermodynamisch konsistente Materialgesetze genutzt. Die zugehörigen, mikrostrukturell motivierten Entwicklungsgrößen beschreiben das nichtlineare Verhalten für eine große Bandbreite von Materialklassen und in komplexen Belastungspfaden. Um dies für die Ermittlung geeigneter Materialgesetze nutzbar zu machen wird die Infrarotthermografie für die Ermittlung der Oberflächentemperatur in den Messablauf integriert. Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf dem technisch relevanten Anwendungsbereich der kleinen Deformationsgradienten bei Raumtemperatur. Anhand charakteristischer Belastungspfade für metallische Konstruktionswerkstoffe wird gezeigt, dass die Dynamik der Deformationsmechanismen sich in der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Charakteristik, in der Temperaturentwicklung und bei den kalorischen Zustandsgrößen signifikant widerspiegeln. Dies trifft insbesondere auch dann zu, wenn die Versuchsanforderungen minimiert werden und die gemessenen Temperaturänderungen klein sind. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit weisen mit der Erweiterung des veränderlichen Temperaturfeldes einen Zugewinn in der Physikalität der thermodynamisch konsistenten Materialgesetze nach.
Das Internet der Dinge (IoT) und drahtlose Sensor-Netzwerke (WSNs) sind grundlegende Konzepte für die Vernetzung der heutigen globalen Informationsgesellschaft, die auf kleinen drahtlosen Geräten basiert. Wenn die Funktionalitäten oder Daten dieser Geräte manipuliert werden, kann der potenzielle Schaden erheblich sein. Daher ist die Sicherung der Datenübertragung zwischen diesen Geräten mithilfe von Kryptografie entscheidend. Die Sicherheit kryptografischer Algorithmen hängt jedoch von der Geheimhaltung der kryptografischen Schlüssel ab, die aufgrund der physischen Zugänglichkeit anfällig sein können. Side-Channel-Angriffe können diese Anfälligkeit ausnutzen, indem sie physikalische Parameter nutzen, die mit dem Betrieb kryptografischer Chips verbunden sind, wie z. B. die elektromagnetische Strahlung während kryptografischer Operationen.Als Antwort auf diese Herausforderung wurde in dieser Arbeit das "Leakage Source Cartography Tool" (LSC-Tool) entwickelt, um die Analyse der elektromagnetischen Strahlung in den elliptischen Kurvenkryptografie-Designs des IHP zu beschleunigen. Das LSC-Tool ermöglicht die automatisierte Auswertung von Sätzen von elektromagnetischen Traces, die aus verschiedenen Messpositionen über einen kryptografischen Chip gewonnen wurden. Die Analyse führt zu einer "Leakage Source Map" (LS-Map), die den Erfolg von elektromagnetischen Analyseangriffen an jeder Messposition darstellt. Dieses Tool bietet eine kostengünstige und schnelle Möglichkeit, die Widerstandsfähigkeit kryptografischer Designs gegen Angriffe zu bewerten, und bietet Designern Einblicke in die anfälligsten Bereiche des Chips sowie Informationen über den Leakage pro Taktzyklus.Durch den Einsatz des LSC-Tools wurde der Widerstand von zwei IHP ECC-Designs gegen horizontale differentielle elektromagnetische Analyseangriffe an 25 Messpositionen getestet. Die statistische Analyse von Traces kann mit drei Methoden durchgeführt werden: der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate, dem Difference-of-means-Test oder der Difference-of-the-mean-Methode. Die generierten LS-Maps zeigen, dass die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Methoden unterschiedliche Anzeichen für Leakagestellen liefert. Die Kombination dieser Karten erhöht die Erfolgsrate des Angriffs. Beachtenswert ist, dass im Laufe dieser Forschung klar wurde, dass das LSC-Tool angepasst werden kann, um LS-Maps für die funktionellen Blöcke von ECC-Designs zu erstellen und so die Analyse simulierter Power-Traces für das IHP ECC-Designs zu ermöglichen.
Die vorliegende Publikation präsentiert Ergebnisse von 55 Studierenden des Bachelorstudiengangs Städtebau und Stadtplanung aus dem Modul „Stadtmanagement 1, Vermittlung von Planung, Wohnungswirtschaft (SPB3)“, das im Wintersemester 2022/2023 am Fachgebiet Stadtmanagement der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg stattgefunden hat.
Physiotherapy for patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis in Germany: a survey of current practice
(2023)
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and the knee is common and leads to pain, stiffness and disability. Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) provide recommendations to assist healthcare professionals in clinical decision-making. Although evidence-based physiotherapy has been shown to be effective in the management OA, a gap between clinical practice and guideline recommendations exists. Little is known about OA management provided by physiotherapists in Germany and whether treatment aligns with CPGs. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the current physiotherapy practice in patients with hip and/or knee OA in Germany, (2) to evaluate physiotherapists’ adherence to guideline recommendations and (3) to explore barriers and facilitators to guideline use.
Titanium nitride (TiN) is a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible material with large potential for the fabrication of plasmonic structures suited for device integration. However, the comparatively large optical losses can be detrimental for application. This work reports a CMOS compatible TiN nanohole array (NHA) on top of a multilayer stack for potential use in integrated refractive index sensing with high sensitivities at wavelengths between 800 and 1500 nm. The stack, consisting of the TiN NHA on a silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer with Si as substrate (TiN NHA/SiO2/Si), is prepared using an industrial CMOS compatible process. The TiN NHA/SiO2/Si shows Fano resonances in reflectance spectra under oblique excitation, which are well reproduced by simulation using both finite difference time domain (FDTD) and rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) methods. The sensitivities derived from spectroscopic characterizations increase with the increasing incident angle and match well with the simulated sensitivities. Our systematic simulation-based investigation of the sensitivity of the TiN NHA/SiO2/Si stack under varied conditions reveals that very large sensitivities up to 2305 nm per refractive index unit (nm RIU−1) are predicted when the refractive index of superstrate is similar to that of the SiO2 layer. We analyze in detail how the interplay between plasmonic and photonic resonances such as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), Rayleigh Anomalies (RAs), and photonic microcavity modes (Fabry-Pérot resonances) contributes to this result. This work not only reveals the tunability of TiN nanostructures for plasmonic applications but also paves the way to explore efficient devices for sensing in broad conditions.
Aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen wurden 15 Thesen herausgearbeitet, die potenzielle Impulse darstellen, um den sozialen Zusammenhalt anzuregen beziehungsweise zu stärken. Der soziale Zusammenhalt kann beispielsweise gestärkt werden, indem Cittaslow das Bewusstsein dafür schafft, das Thema immer wieder im politischen Alltag thematisiert wird und eine Grundhaltung bei allen beteiligten Akteur:innen dafür erzeugt wird. Zudem vermittelt Cittaslow gemeinsame Werte wie Integration, Identifikation und Entschleunigung, die den sozialen Zusammenhalt anregen können. Darüber hinaus kann Cittaslow mithilfe der grundlegenden Struktur den sozialen Zusammenhalt anregen: durch den Austausch im Netzwerk und der Präsenz von sozialem Zusammenhalt im Kriterienkatalog sowie in der Positionierung von Cittaslow und durch Aktionen in der Stadt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass Cittaslow als Impulsgeber:in agieren und sozialen Zusammenhalt anregen kann. Notwendig dafür ist jedoch ein starkes Engagement der Stadt sowie der jeweiligen Akteur:innen, insbesondere der Bürgermeister:innen.
Eisenhüttenstadt war als Planstadt ein Teil des politischen Projektes der DDR und unterlief mit den Wechseln in der Systemführung verschiedene Phasen der Begünstigung in der Stadtentwicklung. Im Zuge der Wiedervereinigung erfuhr die Stadtbevölkerung einen Verlust des zuvor gültigen Normen- und Wertesystems durch den Wegbruch des Eisenhüttenkombinats Ost (EKO) als Hauptarbeitgeber sowie als sozialer und kultureller Bezugspunkt. Seitdem ist die Stadtentwicklung von Abwanderungsprozessen geprägt, die in Teilen der Stadtbevölkerung maßgeblich zu der Entwicklung von ausgeprägten Ressentiments gegenüber den Werten und Normen der wiedervereinigten Bundesrepublik beigetragen haben. Ein in diesem Kontext angestoßener Leitbildentwicklungsprozess versucht Konflikt- und Innovationspotenziale der Stadtentwicklung zu erkennen und in Richtung einer langfristigen Zukunftsperspektive neu zu gestalten. Die Diskurse und Methoden dieser Leitbildentwicklung werden in dieser Arbeit anhand einer Narrationsanalyse untersucht. Ein besonderer Fokus wird dabei auf die Rolle der Jugendlichen als abwandernde Bevölkerungsschicht gelegt. Die Erstellung eines Leitbildes für die Stadt wird als Prozess verstanden, der darauf abzielt, neue Narrationen über die Stadtentwicklung in der Bevölkerung zu etablieren. Narrativisierungen verschiedener Deutungen über die Stadt werden dazu in die Prozessgestaltung der Leitbildfindung integriert. Anhand der ablehnenden Haltung der Stadtbevölkerung gegenüber dem Leitbild werden Prozessgestalt und Innovationskraft der Leitbildentwicklung kritisch hinterfragt sowie die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten von Leitbildentwicklungsprozessen aufgezeigt.
Christoph Dientzenhofer (1655–1722) is considered one of the most important Baroque master builders of Central Europe. From his extensive architectural oeuvre, a group of six church buildings with geometrically complex forms stands out, recognised by architectural historians as particularly innovative and influential. These churches, located in Bohemia (Czech Republic), and often collectively referred to as the ‘radical’, ‘dynamic’, ‘Guarinesque’, or simply ‘Bohemian’ group, are: St. Joseph in Obořiště (1702–11), the Castle Church in Smiřice (1702–11), St. Nicholas in the Lesser Town of Prague (1703–11), St. Clare in Cheb (1707–11), St. Margaret in Břevnov (1708–16), and the Church of the Holy Assumption in Nová Paka (1709–24). The brick vaults of these six buildings, sequences of oval domes and double-curved vault areas, are of particular interest for building research. In this study, the geometric design of the vaults of Dientzenhofer’s ‘radical’ churches is documented, analysed, and compared using 3D laser scans of the buildings as primary source. The 3D models generated from the scans enable a geometric analysis through the method of reverse geometric engineering, breaking down the vaults’ complex three-dimensional forms into their basic two-dimensional components: segments of circles with different radii and orientations, curved in one or two directions. These forms can be found in the architectural and stereotomic treatises that were widespread at the time. By comparing the vault geometry of the six churches with each other and with the geometric concepts discussed in the treatises, general statements can be made about the architect’s design choices. On the basis of this investigation, hypotheses are made about the design and underlying geometric ideas of the vaults of Dientzenhofer’s ‘radical group’, and the results are placed in context.
Der vorliegende Review Artikel thematisiert die Rückführung von abgelagerten Ressourcen aus Deponien und es werden verschiedene Deponieklassen in Anlehnung an die deutsche Deponieverordnung erläutert. Deutschland dient als positives Beispiel für die Errichtung sicherer Deponien, welche je nach Ablagerungsmaterial in unterschiedliche Deponieklassen unterteilt werden. Trotz der fortschrittlichen Ablagerung im internationalen Vergleich ist der Unterhalt einer solchen Deponie als nicht nachhaltig einzustufen. Die Rückgewinnung von Ressourcen ist eine Möglichkeit, die Nachhaltigkeit zu erhöhen. Allerdings ist es umständlich, Deponien zurückzubauen und den Abfall zu sortieren sowie aufzubereiten. Durch verschiedene Aufbereitungsverfahren kann zwischen unterschiedlichen Abfallarten differenziert und so der Output an die gegebene Situation angepasst werden. Unter den verschiedenen Wertstofffraktionen versprechen insbesondere Metalle einen großen Erlös beim Weiterverkauf. Bei Nichtmetallen steht die energetische Nutzung im Vordergrund. Neben den betraglichen Erlösen sind Opportunitätskosten von großer Bedeutung. Neben vermiedenen Kosten für die Instandhaltung werden auch sozialen und ökologischen Folgen reduziert. So können Landflächen zurückgewonnen werden, die als Baugrund genutzt werden können. Die effektive Verwertung von Abfall führt zu einer Reduktion, wodurch die ökologischen Folgen von zu viel Abfall eingegrenzt werden. Deponiebergbau findet schon in vielen Regionen der Welt seine Anwendung. In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass die Ressourcenknappheit und der steigende Bedarf eine Einschränkung im Konsum hervorrufen können, wird die weitere Erforschung und die technische Umsetzung des Deponiebergbaus zunehmend wichtig.
1. Memristor-Symposium 2023
(2023)
The 1.Memristor-Symposium was held from 27-28.02.2023 in Bamberg. Young scientists and PhD students presented their research and covered several topics regarding ongoing memristive research in Germany. Several talks on the topic of memristive devices, their testing, modeling and usage were presented and discussed, covering the whole vertical integration from material and divice up to application level.
To increase our understanding of bacterial intestinal colonization in animal populations lacking anthropogenic influence we devised the first objective and studied the diversity of E. coli in pristine wild animal population. Overall, E. coli in cormorants maintained a high diversity under minimal anthropogenic influences. E. coli were isolated from individual birds of two cormorant colonies located on small islands in lakes at least 100 km away from human settlements. Diversity of the isolates was studied using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). 137 isolates of cormorant colony-1 and 75 isolates of cormorant colony-2 resulted in 60 and 33 PFGE types, respectively. Representative strains of each PFGE type were analysed in terms of phylogroups, extraintestinal virulence associated genes (exVAGs), adhesion to the chicken intestinal cell line and antimicrobials. Most isolates belonged to phylogroup B1 (68.3%) followed by B2 and E with B2 harbouring the highest total number of exVAGs per isolate. Surprisingly, a PFGE type with relatively few exVAGs displayed the highest isolation frequency, also showing a high adhesion rate. Comparative analysis of exVAGs to other E. coli populations of wildlife origin revealed that the secreted autotransporter toxin encoding sat gene was only present in cormorants.
The second objective was to characterize and identify factors contributing to the novel adhesion phenotype, known as Clumpy adhesion by the strain 4972 E. coli when incubated on human urinary bladder 5637 cell line. Transcriptome and proteome of adhered bacteria clustered together and diverged from bacteria in the supernatant. The clumpy structure was further explored in terms antibiotic stress where sessile structures could tolerate high antibiotic pressure of ampicillin up to 16 mg/ml and gentamicin up to 2 µg/ml. Data analysis unveiled differential expression of 623 genes between bacteria forming clumps and in supernatant. 148 genes were hypothetical and five hypothetical genes i.e., ffp, espX1, pilV, spnT and yggT along with four known genes i.e., dnaK, spy, flgH and fimH were targeted for deletion. Seven genes deletion mutants, three known (i.e., spy, flgH and fimH) and four hypothetical (ffp, pilV, spnT and yggT) genes were successfully generated and analysed for various parameters. ΔflgH showed loss of clumpy phenotype and adhesion ability up to 80% was regenerated by complementation. When antibiotic stress by ampicillin was applied after clump formation, Δffp depicted no effect of high concentration of ampicillin. In case of ΔpilV, adhesion significantly increased to 151% and upon complementation, adhesion was reduced to 53%. ΔspnT during ampicillin stressed adhesion fared almost 8.5 times better than the wild type strain. ΔyggT exhibited high adhesion of 145.5 % and upon reintroduction, adhesion decreased to 13%. Overall, we were able characterize a new phenotype and determined the role of genes contributing to clumpy adhesion phenotype.
In der Arbeit wird die Neue Direkte Spannungsregelung von dezentralen Erzeugungsanlagen in der PowerFactory Simulationsumgebung von der DIgSILENT GmbH implementiert und das Stabilitätsverhalten dieser Anlagen in Verteilernetzen untersucht. Die Herleitung der mathematischen Modelle erfolgt im Laplace-Bereich und gibt die Möglichkeit her, neben ihrem Einsatz in Netzberechnungssoftware, die Auslegung und Optimierung der Regelung des gesamten Netzmodells zu berechnen. Die Ableitung der Regelungsmodelle der Wind-, Solar und statischen Generator-Anlagen erfolgt dabei in der Raumzeigerdarstellung im dq-Koordinatensystem. Mit Hilfe der Raumzeigerrechnung können elektrische Größen in Drehstromverbrauchern schnell berechnet und anschaulich im stationären Zustand als Gleichgrößen dargestellt werden.
Der erste Teil der Arbeit behandelt die Auswahl der Netztopologie und Netzmodelle in der Power Factory Simulationsumgebung. Die ausgewählten Benchmark-Modelle sind synthetische 110-kV-Verteilernetze, die vorgelagerte Höchst- und nachgelagerte Mittelspannungsnetzmodelle beinhalten.
Im zweiten Teil wird die Neue Direkte Spannungsregelung der dezentralen Erzeugungsanlagen implementiert. Die Regler werden unter Verwendung geeigneter Auslegungsverfahren, wie dem Betragsoptimum, hinsichtlich des dynamischen Führungsverhaltens eingestellt.
Im dritten Teil wird ein worstcase betrachtet. Hier geht es um ein simuliertes Splitting-System Szenario. Ein großer Teil des Verteilernetzes trennt sich und bildet ein Inselnetzwerk. Das dabei entstehende Leistungsungleichgewicht, ein Sprung von ungefähr 5 bis 10 GW, soll durch die Spannungsregelung ausgeglichen werden.
Das Schweißen führt zu einer lokalen, ungleichmäßigen Erwärmung der Fügestelle. Die dadurch hervorgerufenen lokalen plastischen Verformungen und metallurgischen Werkstoffveränderungen bewirken nach der Abkühlung bleibenden Verzug und Eigenspannungen. Diese beeinflussen die reibungslose Durchführung des Fertigungsprozesses und die Qualität der geschweißten Konstruktion und schließlich stellen letztlich deren Einsatz in Frage. Somit steht für die meisten Industrieanwendungen die gesicherte Minimierung bzw. Beherrschung des Schweißverzuges und der Schweißeigenspannungen, insbesondere bei großen Konstruktionen im Vordergrund.
Mittels der Vorkenntnis über den zu erwartenden Verzug und die Entwicklung der Eigenspannungen während und nach dem Schweißen können zum einen geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen, wie beispielsweise Einspannszenarien, Vorverformungen oder Schweißreihenfolgen sowie eine gezielte Vor-, Zwischen- oder Nachwärmebehandlung zweckmäßig gewählt werden. Zum anderen ist es möglich, die darauffolgenden notwendigen Nachbehandlungen, wie z.B. das thermische Richten, schon in einem sehr frühen Stadium des Produktentwicklungsprozesses vorauszuplanen. Demzufolge besteht seitens der Forschung ein sehr großes Interesse an der Entwicklung verlässlicher Modelle und Methoden zur Schweißverzugs- und Eigenspannungsberechnung.
Die vorliegende Habilitationsschrift befasst sich mit den theoretischen Grundlagen und den simulationstechnischen Aspekten der Schweißverzug- und Eigenspannungsberechnung von großen komplexen Schweißkonstruktionen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die analytisch-numerische Hybridmodelle. Diese bestehen aus einem analytischen Teil für die lokale thermomechanische Berechnung und einen numerischen Teil für die globale strukturmechanische Berechnung. Die beiden Teilaufgaben sind stark gekoppelt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt in der Weiteentwicklung und in den Umsatzmöglichkeiten des analytischen Ansatzes. Darüber hinaus wird die Anwendung der Hybriden Modellierung zur Berechnung von Verzug und Eigenspannungen in praxisrelevanten Schweißkonstruktionen an zahlreichen Beispielen demonstriert. Die Aspekte der Einbringung der Simulation in die Fertigungs- oder Produktkette werden ebenso thematisiert.
This doctoral research examines community participation in decision-making for Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) in Nizamuddin Basti and Shahjahanabad, historical sites in New Delhi, India. It includes three papers addressing community participation barriers, resident motivation, and collective action dilemmas using the Institutional Analysis and Development-Network of Adjacent Action Situations (IAD-NAAS) framework.
The study identifies four main barriers: institutional constraints, limited awareness, capacity issues, and cultural norms inhibiting residents' involvement in CHT decision-making. Despite these obstacles, the community's deep attachment to the area's heritage, appreciation of tangible and intangible heritage, and recognition of communal benefits motivate participation.
Using the IAD-NAAS framework, the research unravels collective action dilemmas, emphasizing how individual actions in one context can impact actions in adjacent contexts. Key action situations are monument conservation, local community livelihood development, tourism development, and community decision-making participation.
Through in-depth interviews, the study garners a rich understanding of barriers and motivations for community participation. It highlights the role of community involvement in creating inclusive, diverse heritage narratives, challenging the conventional discourses dominating heritage narratives. Thus, fostering a democratic and inclusive approach to heritage.
Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) experience drying events, and they are becoming increasingly common due to climate change and anthropogenic water withdrawal. Despite their prevalence, IRES have been less studied than non-drying rivers, and more research is needed to understand their dynamics. This dissertation examines drying events' effects on the sediment microbial community structure and biogeochemistry in temperate IRES. First, a research study was carried out using an outdoor mesocosm setup to track changes in bacterial and fungal communities, microbial functions and properties of sediment-dissolved organic carbon during three different drying events. Results showed that drying duration and intensity and sediment organic matter content regulated river Spree sediment microbial community composition and biogeochemical processes during drying. The associated sediment respiration, assessed as CO2 flux, rapidly declined during all drying treatments, and Bacilli class became the most dominant bacteria after 90 days of drying, except in non-enriched sediment under the most intense drying. Second, a microcosm experiment was conducted to understand how sediment drying history and properties influence biogeochemical dynamics during an IRES expansion phase. Sediment respiration and nutrient release/retention rates were measured through flow resumption, and results showed that drying duration and intensity and sediment organic matter content regulated the dynamics of nutrients and respiration upon flow resumption. Under the most intense and prolonged drying, non-enriched sediment showed a lag response in respiration during the first day after flow resumption, while all other treatments had either a linear increase or a fast pulse in respiration. Finally, the long-term microbial succession in IRES sediment and soil in the experimental catchment of Chicken Creek was investigated. In 2008 and 2018, the sediment of three ephemeral streams and their adjacent soil was analyzed for the structure of the bacterial and fungal communities and microbial functions across different seasons. Results showed that environmental factors, such as vegetation type and organic matter content, mediated sediment and soil microbial succession in Chicken Creek. Ephemeral streams under spare and sporadic flow events remained unique ecosystems with distinctive microbial communities and biogeochemical dynamics, different from its riparian soil. Overall, this dissertation concludes that temperate IRES are dynamic ecosystems where dry-wet cycles and environmental factors modulate their sediment microbial community structure and function trajectories in the short- and long term.
The Taylor-Couette (TC) flow, the flow confined between two concentric independently rotating cylinders, is used as a perfect model to investigate shear flow over concave surfaces and one of the paradigmatic systems of the physics of fluids. In this thesis, an experimental investigation of the turbulent TC flow in a very wide gap geometry with a radius ratio 𝜂 = 0.1 is performed. The physical and dynamic behavior of the flow is studied in a geometry that has rarely been investigated before the current study, which makes this study unique. The study aims to understand the effect of curvature on the TC flow, particularly in cases where the circumferential length of the inner cylinder is smaller than the gap width. The flow is studied in the different rotation regimes: counter-rotating, co-rotating, and purely inner cylinder rotating regimes up to shear Reynolds numbers Re_s≤ 150000. The flow field has been qualitatively studied using visualization techniques. By probing the different flow parameters, familiar coherent TC flow patterns appear, in addition to newly observed patterns we assume only exist for very wide gap TC flows. For a more detailed quantitative study, a time-resolved velocity field measurement has been conducted using the High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry technique through the system end plate. The radial and azimuthal velocity components in the 2D horizontal plane are measured at different axial positions, in order to scan the axial variance of the flow. The recorded flow field is used to compute the angular momentum transport in terms of the quasi-Nusselt number (Nu_ω). The results show a maximum of Nu_ω for low counter-rotating rates of −0.011 ≤ μ_max ≤ −0.0077, which is associated with large-scale structures that span the entire gap. Moreover, the Nu_ω decreases for counter-rotation rates higher than μ_max until it reaches a minimum value and then tends to increase again for higher counter-rotation cases. The space-time behavior of the turbulent flow field for the high counter-rotating cases shows the existence of newly observed patterns next to the outer cylinder wall that propagates inward, enhancing the angular momentum transport and resulting in a second maximum in transport for higher counter-rotating rates. For the pure rotating inner cylinder, the momentum transport scaling with the shear rate Nu_ω ∼ Re_s^α has been studied, and it shows a transition in scaling to 𝛼 = −0.76 for all flows with Re_(s )≥ 25000. This new scaling reveals the transition of the flow from the classical turbulent regime to the ultimate one, where this transition is accompanied by a clear change in the flow behavior. Moreover, the flow in the co-rotating regime and particularly in the centrifugal stable regime (𝜇 > +0.01) is investigated. The Velocity measurements show the presence of disturbed flow near the inner cylinder, where the measured velocity profiles showed a clear deviation from those predicted by laminar flow for flows up to 𝜇 = +0.04.
Stochastic optimal control problems of residential heating systems with a geothermal energy storage
(2023)
In this thesis we consider a residential heating system equipped with several heat production and consumption units and investigate the stochastic optimal control problem for its cost-optimal management. As a special feature the manager has access to a geothermal storage (GS) which allows for inter-temporal transfer of heat energy by storing leftover solar thermal energy generated in summer for satisfying demand later. It is charged and discharged via heat exchanger pipes filled with a moving fluid. Further, the manager of that system faces uncertainties about the future fuel price and heat demand. The main goal is to minimize the expected aggregated cost for generating heat and running the system. This leads to a challenging mathematical optimization problem. The problem is formulated first as a non-standard continuous-time stochastic optimal control problem for a controlled state process whose dynamics is described by a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), stochastic differential equations and a partial differential equation (PDE). The PDE, which describes the temperature distribution in the GS, is first converted into a high-dimensional system of ODEs by semi-discretizing the space variables and its stability is investigated. This makes it possible to compute some aggregated characteristics which are useful for the operation of the GS embedded in the residential heating system. Second, the linear time-varying system of ODEs is approximated by a suitable linear time-invariant system. This allows the Lyapunov balanced truncation model order reduction method to be applied. Finally, we investigate the solution of the resulting standard optimal control problem for a controlled multi-dimensional diffusion process using dynamic programming methods and derive the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. However, no analytical solution of the HJB equation can be expected for the control problem under investigation. Therefore, we transform the continuous-time optimal control problem into a discrete-time control problem for a controlled Markov chain with finitely many states by discretizing both the time and the states. After determining the transition probabilities, the problem is solved using methods from the theory of Markovian decision processes. The thesis presents results of extensive numerical experiments carried out with the developed methods which reveal typical properties of the value function and the optimal strategy of the optimization problem. We end this thesis by describing some alternative methods to overcome the curse of dimensionality.
Ungauged and data-scarce coastal river catchments, small and medium-sized ones in particular, are popular worldwide, especially in developing countries in Southeast Asia. In general, coastal river catchments are exposed to various coastal hazards such as fluvial floods, typhoons, and sea-level rise. In addition, climate change and socio-economic development will substantially change global flood risks. However, in scientific research, flood risk and future flood risk assessments in such coastal river catchments have not been significantly considered. Therefore, the overall objective of this thesis is to propose an innovative methodological framework for modeling and evaluating flood risk in such river catchments in the future under the impacts of climate change, sea-level rise, and land-use change based on using numerical models (hydrological models and land-use change models) and remote sensing data (satellite images and precipitation) in combination with other state-of-the-art methods, tools and models, and new approaches, such as flood risk assessment methods, regionalization methods, and statistical downscaling methods. The proposed framework was adopted, applied, and validated successfully for a case study - Tra Bong River Catchment - on the south-central coast of Vietnam as a test application. The main conclusion of this research is that the proposed framework can provide valuable information and projections of changing future flood risk associated with climatic and socio-economic changes in ungauged and data-scarce coastal river catchments. The proposed framework is designed with free model and method choices, meaning that it can apply different methods and tools for each step depending on the natural characteristics of river catchments, data collection, tools, and understanding of models, etc. Finally, this research can be used as a technical reference for designing and building national, regional, or local frameworks/guidelines for assessing future flood risk in ungauged and data-scarce coastal river catchments in Vietnam and other countries in Southeast Asia.
Precession driven flows are believed to play a relevant role in planetary dynamics, such as in atmospheric phenomena, and as a complementary energy source for homogeneous dynamo action, i.e. the self-generation of planetary magnetic fields. Precessional motion occurs when a body rotates around an axis, which itself is rotating around another axis. The main influence of this forcing mechanism is a gyroscopic effect on the fluid flow which gives rise to a wavy dynamics even in the laminar regime. If the forcing magnitude is strong enough the flow goes through a series of phenomena such as instabilities, resonant interactions between waves, and transition to turbulence whose occurrence depends on the container shape and the angle between the two axis. Although many phenomena have a satisfactory explanation, others still remain elusive and merit further investigations.
The interest in moderate to large forcing is particularly motivated by the need of theoretical supports for the upcoming DRESDYN (DREsden Sodium facility for DYNnamo and thermohydraulic studies) precession experiment, whose main purpose is to test the capability of a precessing fluid system to achieve a dynamo effect. Here, the possibility to generate a magnetic field is connected to the emergence of three large scale structures in the bulk flow: a directly forced standing wave, poloidal vortices, and a geostrophic axisymmetric flow.
In this thesis we use numerical simulations to study and understand the flow behavior in a fluid-filled precessing cylinder. We use two types of approaches: a global study to investigate large scale phenomena and the resulting magnetohydrodynamics behavior, and a local model to analyze and unveil the properties of turbulence forced by precession. The bulk flow behavior present different responses with respect to the sense of motion: while prograde precession shows a steep transition to turbulence when increasing the forcing magnitude with a marked breakdown of the directly forced mode, retrograde precession presents a much smoother change. A related distinction has been found also for the dynamo action, which is more likely to occur for perpendicular and retrograde precession. The precession driven turbulence is a complex scenario determined by the coexistence of geostrophic vortices (called also condensates), a typical feature of rotating turbulence prone to an inverse cascade of energy, and small scale 3D waves characterized by a direct energy cascade. We observe the interaction of these two structures as being governed by a clear hierarchy.
The accelerated urbanization has led to increasing tension on urban land use. In this context, more and more slender high-rise buildings are being built worldwide in pursuit of better economic benefits. However, these structures are susceptible to wind excitation due to their lower first natural frequency. Different passive, semi-active, and active damping systems have been developed to reduce wind-induced structural vibration. Among them, the tuned mass dampers are widely used and proved as a very effective method in practice. However, this system requires a large additional damping mass. This also causes additional reinforcement, which increases the cost and carbon footprint. A huge space near the top story of the building is needed for the installation. In this research, a novel system named distributed-Multiple Tuned Facade Damping (d-MTFD) system is proposed by using specially designed parallel moveable Double-Skin Facade (DSF) outer skin as damping mass. These moveable facade elements can be installed on the upper stories of the high-rise building. Smooth-running guide rail systems are used to achieve the parallel moveability. Multi-objective optimization based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to reduce the maximum top floor acceleration (Objective I) and to reduce the maximum facade relative displacement (Objective II) simultaneously. The optimization results for the passive and semi-active systems are presented in the form of the Pareto front. The trade-off between these selected two competing optimization objectives is observed. This approach was first validated in a simulation using a 306 m tall reference building for a wind speed of 13.5 m/s at 10 m above ground level with a return period of 10 years. Acceptable peak accelerations at the top story for hotel use and a maximum facade relative displacement of less than ±0.5 m could be achieved for the benchmark building with the d-MTFD system. For semi-active control, the variable damping coefficient can be achieved by using stepper motors in generator mode. The electrical damping coefficient can be continuously adjusted by the developed power electronics. In addition, electrical energy can be generated and stored in a battery. A full-scale prototype with one parallel moveable facade element was built. Based on the prototype, the functionality of the semi-active control using a stepper motor and its energy harvesting performance was tested by applying Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulations. Greybox system identification was used to estimate some parameters (spring stiffness, friction, etc.) in the connection. The accurate system identification results ensure further validation using HiL simulations. The HiL simulations successfully demonstrated the feasibility of a self-powered semi-active d-MTFD system.
The incompressible temporally developing turbulent boundary layer (TBL) and spatially developing turbulent boundary layer (SBL) with and without blowing is analyzed using the map-based stochastic one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model. An understanding of these idealized flows is of fundamental relevance for boundary layer-type problems, which are frequently encountered in several applications, from atmospheric sciences to engineering. In the ODT model, the flow variables are resolved on all scales along a wall-normal, 1-D domain. These variables are evolved by a deterministic process representing molecular diffusion and by a stochastic process modeling the effect of turbulent advection and pressure fluctuations. Due to the reduction in dimensionality, the model is particularly appropriate for high Reynolds number flow. It is shown that the ODT model is able to capture salient features of the turbulent boundary layer-type flows by comparing the results with various available reference direct numerical simulation (DNS), large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental results. The comparison is presented for the mean velocity profiles, turbulent velocity fluctuation profiles (up to fourth order), the skin friction coefficient and shape factor for different bulk (Reb) and momentum Reynolds numbers (Reθ) using fixed model parameters. The influence of the model parameters is also discussed for various momentum Reynolds numbers for each investigated flow configuration. The results discussed in this thesis suggest that the ODT model is an economical and reasonably accurate approach for the simulation of turbulent boundary layer flows.
A demonstrator plant of a recently patented process for improved sludge degradation has been implemented on a municipal scale. In a 1500 m3 sewage sludge digester, an intermediary stage with aerobic sewage sludge reactivation was implemented. This oxic activation increased the biogas yield by up to 55% with a 25% reduction of the remaining fermentation residue volume. Furthermore, this process allowed an NH4-N removal of over 90%. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing of the reactivated digestate showed a reduced number of methane-forming archaea compared to the main digester. Multiple ammonium-oxidizing bacteria were detected. This includes multiple genera belonging to the family Chitinophagaceae (the highest values reached 18.8% of the DNA sequences) as well as a small amount of the genus Candidatus nitrosoglobus (<0.3%). In summary, the process described here provides an economically viable method to eliminate nitrogen from sewage sludge while achieving higher biogas yields and fewer potential pathogens in the residuals.
In this study, heat-treated and multisurface engineered DIN 1.2367 tool steel was subjected to room and elevated temperature wear tests, and the effect of nitriding on its tribological behavior was investigated. CrN, AlTiN, and CrN/AlTiN coatings with a total thickness of 2 µm were obtained by arc cathodic physical vapor deposition on conventional heat-treated and gas-nitrided steels. The white layer formed during nitriding was removed, and a diffusion layer (100 µm) was achieved in the cross section of the steel having a tempered martensitic matrix. The highest surface hardness was attained with an integral coating (CrN/AlTiN), and surface hardness increased even more after nitriding due to the formation of a multicomponent ceramic layer on top of the diffusion layer. The room temperature wear tests performed against an alumina counterpart revealed that (i) CrN/AlTiN-coated steel had the highest friction coefficient of 0.26, which further increased to 0.33 by nitriding due to the increase in shear strength, and that (ii) with increasing surface hardness, the specific wear rates (W) of the heat-treated and coated steels could be ranked as follows: WCrN/AlTiN < WAlTiN < WCrN. The wear rates decreased when nitriding was carried out prior to coating. In order to simulate the aluminum extrusion conditions, hot wear behavior of the surfaces against AA6080 alloy at 450 °C was investigated. The hot wear tests revealed that (i) high friction coefficients were reached due to the adhesive characteristic of aluminum to the surfaces, (ii) the nitrided and CrN/AlTiN-coated sample exhibited the lowest wear rate among all studied surfaces, and (iii) the film damage on the worn surfaces mostly occurred in the form of droplet delamination.
Additive Manufacturing of metals has become relevant for industrial applications. The near net-shape production of components produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) enables new possibilities in component design combined with a reduction of the amount of needed material. Omitting the extra material, that was part of conventionally produced components due to machining constraints, results in components which in consequence lack the inherent additional safety margins provided by the higher material consumption of conventionally produced components. Therefore, to use PBF-LB/M metals in safety critical applications an in-depth understanding of porosity and internal stresses in parts made by PBF-LB/M is needed. Only non-destructive testing methods—such as computed tomography and residual stress analysis using neutrons—enable the assessment of porosity and stresses in the whole part. In this thesis I tackled creep and tensile static deformed specimens to fill research gaps in this field in terms of analysing PBF-LB/M stainless steel AISI 316L: from structural properties to in-situ behaviour. The initial void population of AISI 316L is studied using X-ray and synchrotron micro computed tomography. Specimens produced with different process parameters were analysed to quantify the influence of process parameters on the initial void population. The possibility to close voids using the laser illumination of subsequent layers is discussed by a quantitative study of the ability of the laser to melt different multiples of the applied layer thickness. The formation of internal stress is inherent to components produced by the PBFLB/ M process. These stresses remain in the components after production as residual stresses. In this thesis a study is presented which aims to unravel the mechanisms that define the spatial distribution of the residual stresses, and their magnitude. In the end, the population of internal voids during mechanical testing is studied by X-ray micro computed tomography. The evolution of damage accumulation in creep specimens is studied at different stages of the creep test. Results are compared to a creep tested conventionally made specimen and to a PBF-LB/M specimen from a tensile test. An interconnection between the PBF-LB/M microstructure and the pattern of damage is revealed.
Violent chronic conflicts, uprooting, and the continuous massive (re)generation of displacement waves constitute the main elements of the Kurds’ history within nation-states’ (changing) geographies. Today, Kurdish-inhabited territories represent palimpsests of involuntary dislocations and relocation stories, constantly (re)written by refuge-seeking/ granting (spatial) practices. Since 2011, contemporary uprisings and wars in Syria and Iraq have inscribed the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KR-I) territories with a new layer of displacement stories. These territories acted as frontline receptors for consecutive Syrian refugees and Iraqi internally displaced waves seeking protection. Displacees found refuge in the rural, urban and newly set humanitarian camps’ spaces; hence, they (temporarily) anchored and carved some sort of a presence within their receiving sites. The rationale behind such receiving sites' emergence, use and progression in the KR-I have historically oscillated between modernization, discipline, development and humanitarianism.
Guided by the urbanism lens, this research aims to narrate the KR-I’s forced displacement territorial biography of involuntary dislocated and (re)located Kurds. This narration chronologically traces these groups' newly (re)shaped receiving sites and how refuge-seeking/granting practices aggregated and (re) articulated the KR-I’s territories. It investigates the ways in which these receiving sites act as seeds of emerging urbanities in such a politically contested region. On the one hand, the research zooms out and repositions these sites' emergence and spatial progression within a broader geopolitical context, socioeconomic conditionalities, uses and meaning subversions due to the ever-changing actors. On the other hand, it zooms closely into the newly set Syrian-Kurdish refugee camps in the KR-I within and beyond predefined (nation-state) belongings in their ever-distorted time-space frames. It securitizes on the ways in which these sites are conceived and inhabited to (re)claim rights “to” and “in” space, territory, history and future. Between the large and small pictures, the research investigates the human and the non-human spatial agency that (re)patches these ruptured Kurds' collective memories and contemporary narratives of where, when, what and with whom (a future) home rests.
This study is an urgent call for the international and local constellation of actors to critically rethink their standardized ready-made solutions and piece-meal spatial interventions in geographies associated with chronic crisis, ever (re)branded under emergency, development and peace ‘help’ banners. It sets the basis for rearticulating and developing further research-based interventions that account for exhausted conflict-ridden (infra)structures, political sensitivities, socio-economic situations and environmental impacts.
Für die Personalisierte Medizin wird eine präzise und schnelle Analyse relevanter kardiovaskulärer, Tumor- oder Autoimmunbiomarker in der heutigen Labordiagnostik immer wichtiger. Patienten sollen möglichst individuell und auf ihre Bedürfnisse abgestimmt behandelt werden. Mithilfe einfacher, tragbarer, zeit- und materialsparender Analysemethoden sollen in Zukunft die Ärzte durch automatisierte, multiparametrische Testsysteme unterstützt werden. Um diese Probleme adressieren zu können, ist es notwendig, Systeme zu entwickeln, die einen simultanen Nachweis von Protein-, Nukleinsäure-, und Lipidbiomarkern ermöglichen. Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich mit der Entwicklung mikropartikelbasierter Nachweissysteme für hydrophile und amphiphile Biomarker auseinander. Hierbei wurde ein mikropartikelbasierter Mikrofluidikchip zur Analyse von vier Protein- und DNAbasierten kardiovaskulären Biomarkern entwickelt. Dieser zeigt gegenüber der Verwendung einer Multiwellplatte eine Reduzierung der Zeit von 1 h auf 7 min, die Reduzierung von Patientenmaterial, aufgrund des Einsatzes geringer Volumina und eine erhöhte Sensitivität um einen Faktor von fünf gegenüber den Herstellerangaben der Biomarker. Die Analyse amphiphiler Biomarker wie Phospholipide oder Lipoproteine setzte die Verwendung hydrophober Mikropartikel voraus. Neuartige, fluoreszenzkodierte, hydrophobe Mikropartikel wurden hergestellt und anhand verschiedener Kriterien wie Verhalten in Puffersystemen, Hydrophobizität, Lösungsmittelstabilität und Fluoreszenz- und Größenverteilung charakterisiert. Mithilfe der typisierten hydrophoben Mikropartikel wurden amphiphile Biomarker, wie z. B. Anti-Phospholipid-Antikörper gegen Cardiolipin, welche bei Autoimmunerkrankungen, Krebs und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen eine Rolle spielen, an die Mikropartikeloberfläche gekoppelt. Ein aussagekräftiger Nachweis der Anti- Phospholipid-Antikörper konnte sowohl auf Membran- als auch Mikropartikelbasis entwickelt werden. Mit dem entwickelten Proof-of-Principle konnten erste Patientenseren analysiert und eine eindeutige Zuordnung der positiven und negativen Seren vorgenommen werden.
In den letzten Jahren hat in der Forschung und Wirtschaft die mikrobielle Biogasproduktion großes Interesse geweckt. Mit diesem Konzept könnte die Versorgung mit erneuerbarer Energie in Zeiten geringerer Energieerzeugung gewährleistet und zusätzlich die Umwelt geschont werden. Bei der Power-to-Gas Technologie wird überschüssige elektrische Energie für die Herstellung von Wasserstoff durch Elektrolyse verwendet. Anschließend werden Wasserstoff und Kohlenstoffdioxid mithilfe von hydrogenothrophen methanogenen Archaeen zu Methan (CH4) umgewandelt. Bei ausreichender Qualität (>97%) könnte dieses ins nationale Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Dieses Verfahren kann durch die direkte Zugabe von H2 in einem Fermenter (in-situ) oder extern in einem separaten Biogasreaktor (ex-situ) stattfinden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die jüngsten Forschungsergebnisse in Bezug auf das ex-situ Verfahren analysiert und zusammengetragen. Genauer wurde die Beeinflussung der Prozessvariablen sowie optimale Reaktionsbedingungen diskutiert. Zusätzlich zum eigentlichen Ablauf des ex-situ Prozesses wird am Ende der Arbeit die Wirtschaftlichkeit erörtert. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die ex-situ Biomethanisierung eine Produktgasqualität von mehr als 95% erreichen kann. Dafür müssen die Prozessvariablen jedoch optimal eingestellt werden. Gut geeignet wäre z.B. eine mit Methanobacterium angereicherte Mischkultur mit einem pH-Wert im Bereich von 7,1 bis 8,5. Weiterhin erläutern viele Studien, dass eine ausreichende Nährstoffversorgung, 5 bar Betriebsdruck und eine Umgebungstemperatur von 35 °C bis 55°C optimale Betriebsbedingungen darstellen. Aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht ist Biomethan nach aktuellem Stand der Technik preisintensiver als herkömmliche Methanquellen. Jedoch könnten unter Berücksichtigung umweltschonender Effekte, Klimaschutz sowie dem Vertrieb von CO2- Zertifikaten die Kosten ausgeglichen und ein niedrigeres Preisniveau erreicht werden. Zusammenfassend stellt Power-to-Gas eine vielversprechende Zukunftstechnologie dar, welche die Möglichkeit auf eine umweltfreundliche und nahezu CO2-neutrale Biomethanproduktion unter Verwendung überschüssiger Energie eröffnet.
In this work we investigated the resistance of different kP implementations based on the Montgomery ladder against horizontal, i.e. single trace, attacks. Applying statistical methods for the analysis we were able to reveal the secret value k completely. The reason causing the success of our attacks is the key-dependent addressing of the registers and other design blocks, which is an inherent feature of binary kP algorithms. This dependency was successfully exploited in the past by Itoh et al. analyzing many hundreds of kP traces, i.e. this attack is a vertical address-bit differential power analysis attack against Montgomery ladder. The vulnerability of the Montgomery ladder against horizontal address-bit attacks was detected and demonstrated during our investigations. We were able to reveal the scalar k exploiting the address-bit vulnerability in single trace attacks using not only statistical methods, but also Fourier transform, selected clustering methods as well as one of the simplest methods – the automatized simple SCA. We performed successful horizontal address-bit SCA attacks against both types of ECs, i.e. against highly regular Montgomery ladder and against a binary kP algorithm implementing atomic patterns. The success of our attacks shows that the regularity and atomicity principles are not effective against horizontal address-bit attacks. As a means for reducing the attack success, we investigated the hiding ability of the field multiplier which is usually the largest block of kP designs. We implemented our field multiplier for ECs over prime fields corresponding to the 4-segment Karatsuba multiplication formula that reduces the execution time and the energy consumption for a kP operation by about 40 % in comparison to multipliers exploiting the classical multiplication formula. However, the energy consumption per clock remained in our multiplier without significant changes, i.e. the protective hiding properties of the multiplier as a noise source were not decreased. Another advantage of our field multiplier is its inherent resistance to horizontal collision attacks, in contrast to multipliers based on the classic multiplication formula. Additionally, we proposed regular scheduling for the block addressing as an effective strategy for reducing the success of horizontal address-bit attacks. Combining this approach with the hiding features of the field multipliers can increase the resistance of the kP designs for both types of ECs against a broad spectrum of SCA attacks. The mentioned analysis methods can be successfully applied for determining SCA leakage sources in the early design phase.
Nanopore sequencing, a third-generation sequencing technique that applies nanometre sized pores to transduce the physical and chemical properties of specific nucleobases into measurable electrical signals, shows attractive advantages over conventional next-generation sequencing techniques. However, primarily due to high sequencing error rates this technique has rarely been used so far in clinical laboratory diagnostics. In this cumulative dissertation Nanopore sequencing was established and validated in clinical diagnostics using the example of the molecular diagnosis of Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. First, a novel data analysis pipeline for accurate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping using Nanopore sequencing data was developed and validated with the corresponding sequencing protocol against conventional Sanger sequencing using 47 samples of patients with clinical suspicion of FMF. This method comparison showed a perfect agreement between both methods rendering current Nanopore sequencing in principle suitable for SNP genotyping in human genetics.
The bioinformatic analysis of sequencing data is one of the most challenging parts in Nanopore sequencing experiments and complicates the application in a clinical diagnostic setting. Therefore, six different bioinformatic tools for sequence alignment were evaluated regarding their applicability to Nanopore sequencing data. This evaluation revealed a good suitability of all except one of these tools although differences in quality and performance exist.
Since Nanopore sequencing showed a robust performance in SNP genotyping, a SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing (WGS) protocol was established to enable onside viral WGS in a clinical laboratory. This was especially important for viral molecular biological surveillance during the pandemic as shown by analysing viral genetic data over the course of one year. Applying this approach in a clinical research project to investigate host-virus interaction by aggregating for the first time viral genetic data, serological data and clinical data, showed diverse humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, that appear to be influenced by age, obesity and disease severity. Further, even small viral genetic changes may influence the clinical presentation of the associated disease COVID-19. Additionally, a novel reverse transcriptase (RT)- loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 was developed and validated for diagnostic use by method comparison with conventional RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In summary, by presenting advancements of sequencing and bioinformatic workflows with the focus on an application in clinical diagnostics, the results of this thesis may pave the way for a broader application of Nanopore sequencing in laboratory medicine in the near future.
Between 2000 and 2015, the services sector grew by 23% in OECD countries, with around two-thirds of the working population employed in this sector. In the European Union, 72.1% of the labor force worked in the services sector in 2018. With a growing global population, the demand for services is also increasing, making increasing service productivity an important research goal.
Public and private service companies are subject to different incentive structures that influence their approach to productivity. Public service enterprises, especially in the social, health, and education sectors, play a critical role in society. Improving public service productivity is therefore essential.
Two research questions are addressed: What factors have the greatest impact on the performance of service workers? How can performance improvement be expressed by managing the influencing factors of frontline employees? By focusing on frontline employees, this dissertation recognizes their essential role in increasing service productivity. The goal of the thesis is to gain insight into the factors that influence their productivity in public service.
The dissertation reviews service productivity models in detail. Differences and connections between the various models and schools of models are discussed. Grönroos and Ojasalo's model of service productivity is selected as the theoretical framework for the empirical study to examine the factors influencing frontline employees. The systematic selection of influencing factors as well as the evaluation of previous research on these factors, reveals research gaps, which are translated into hypotheses. The majority of the data for the empirical part comes from public service companies. The designed questionnaire serves as a starting point for the development of a scale for empirical validation for one part, a component of the Grönroos-Ojasalo model. The research results offer a basis for action for practitioners who want to achieve productivity improvements.
Solving differential equations is still a topic of major interest, due to their appearance in many fields of science and engineering and a classic approach with neural networks builds upon trial solutions, the so-called neural forms. The latter are incorporated in a cost function that is subject to minimisation, to train the involved neural networks. Neural forms represent general and flexible tools for solving ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations as well as systems of each. However, the computational approach is in general highly dependent on a variety of computational parameters and the choice of the optimisation methods. Studying the solution of a simple but fundamental stiff ordinary differential equations with small feedforward neural networks and first order optimisation shows, that it is possible to identify preferable choices for parameters and methods. The neural network weight initialisation appears to be a sensitive topic, while having a major impact on the solution accuracy. Especially the use of non-random (deterministic) weights partially shows poor performance, but removes a stochastic component. Further research reveals, that a new polynomial representation of the neural forms can significantly increase the reliability of a deterministic initialisation (all weights have initially the same values assigned). In order to maintain smaller neural network architectures and solve the differential equation, even on fairly large domains, a new technique called domain segmentation (for initial value problems) is introduced. The solution domain splits into equidistant subdomains and the above-mentioned collocation polynomial neural forms are solved separately in each domain fragment. At the boundary of any subdomain, a new initial value is provided by the neural forms solution and directly incorporated in the adjacent one. In classic adaptive numerical methods for solving differential equations, the mesh as well as the domain may be refined or decomposed, respectively, in order to improve numerical accuracy. The subdomain distribution can also be connected with an adaptive refinement. That is, the neural network training status is combined with an adaptive subdomain size reduction in the new adaptive neural domain refinement algorithm. That is, each subdomain is reduced in size until the optimisation is resolved up to a predefined training accuracy. In addition, while the neural networks are by default small, the number of neurons may also be adjusted in an adaptive way. Conditions are introduced to automatically confirm the solution reliability and optimise computational parameters whenever it is necessary.
Biofilme sind Zusammenschlüsse von Mikroorganismen, die eingebettet in einer selbstproduzierten Matrix vor äußeren Umwelteinflüssen geschützt sind und eine erhöhte Toleranz gegenüber Antiinfektiva aufweisen. Im Bereich der Humanmedizin werden 65-80 % aller bakteriellen Infektionen mit Biofilmen assoziiert. Problematisch ist die fehlende Biofilmanalytik in der Routinediagnostik, die auch von der Europäischen Gesellschaft für klinische Mikrobiologie und Infektionskrankheiten gefordert wird. So fehlen standardisierte Methoden für den mikroskopischen Nachweis einer Biofilm-assoziierten Infektion, die in situ Quantifizierung von Bakterien auf Implantaten und die Prüfung der Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit von Bakterien in Biofilmen. Mit den in dieser Arbeit etablierten Methoden wurden diese verschiedenen Schwerpunkte im Bereich der bakteriellen Biofilmanalytik beleuchtet. Basierend auf der an der Hochschule Lausitz entwickelten VideoScan-Technologie wurden fluoreszenzmikroskopische Methoden für die Untersuchung von Biofilmen entwickelt. Es wurde ein Modul geschaffen, welches qualitative und quantitative Aussagen über die allgemeine Fähigkeit von Bakterien zur Biofilmbildung treffen kann. Mit Anwendung dieser Methode konnte der Zusammenhang zwischen den genotypischen und phänotypischen Merkmalen von 187 klinischen E. coli-Isolaten und deren Biofilmbildung untersucht werden. Ein weiteres Modul erlaubte die Untersuchung der mit E. coli besiedelten Materialien Glas, Stahl und Titan. Insgesamt 44 Materialstücke (Coupons) wurden auf die Anzahl adhärenter Bakterien, die besiedelte Fläche und die maximal gebildete Biofilmdicke untersucht. Das dritte und letzte Modul fand Anwendung in der Untersuchung der Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit von S. aureus während der Biofilmbildung und unterschiedlich reifer S. aureus-Biofilme. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die etablierte Methode eine umfangreiche Analyse von Biofilmen für verschiedene Fragestellungen ermöglicht.
Nowadays day-to-day digital communication and social life has only fortified with the ongoing pandemic. People enjoy communication and information across various (direct) messaging platforms and accepted its ever-increasing impact on public discourse and society. While traditional platforms implement user profiles enabling social credit, the landscape also includes anonymity. Yet, a new type of application combining anonymity with a strong spatial focus, hyperlocality, emerged over recent years. To this point, platform implications of both uniquely combined design properties largely remain unknown.
In this thesis, we provide a first data-driven holistic view on Jodel that combines both properties. We leverage unbiased complete ground truth information to dissect a plethora of communities across two different countries: Germany and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This work follows a platform perspective identifying four major essentially important areas revolving around the individual.
That is, we begin with a broad analysis of three User Adoption processes along three different applications. After discussing our measurements of the user base adoption of the German COVID-19 digital contact tracing application, we provide evidence of well-established platforms being re-purposed as a side channel to evade censorship in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian hybrid war. We further showcase that the very same platform ingredients may yield vastly different outcomes on the messaging app Jodel. While any online platform builds upon User Interactions, we structurally characterize Jodel behavior across both countries. We discuss structural disparities and detail platform implications - solely induced by local user behavior. An in-depth look into the Saudi community landscape closes a research gap to platform usage in a different society, identifying differences.
Further, we discuss User Content analyzing information diffusion. Taking content to the next level, we developed a multidimensional classification scheme for intents (why) and topics (what) of social media messages and provide details of a crowdsourced campaign for Saudi Arabian contents. With neural word embeddings as a tool for making text tangible and the prevalence of emoji in social media communication, we discuss quantitative and qualitative insights to word-emoji embeddings reflecting semantics. Additionally, we make such embeddings interpretable and provide evidence that our method is well in line with human judgement.
In terms of User Management, we detail insights to distributed moderation processes and model the threat of abusive content. In the long term, platforms need to establish a sustainable, preferably growing, environment. That is, we next discuss user lifetime and possibly early churn factors, while modeling user lifetime from metadata. We finish with a blueprint of data-driven long-term quality of experience analyzes in a controlled massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) environment.
Multi- and manycore processors promise to combine high overall peak performance with moderate power consumption to meet the constantly growing demand for computational power under the energy constraints of today’s CMOS technology. Future systems with manycore processors are expected to contain a huge amount of cores, which exceeds the number of processes that will run simultaneously. Consequently, processor time sharing approaches, that introduce significant overhead from regular context switches in common OS, will no longer be necessary.
This work investigates mechanisms for scalable and energy-efficient spatial partitioning of multi- and manycore processor systems. In addition, it explores the implications of exclusive processor core allocation to user processes due to the absence of temporal multiplexing and offers approaches to ease the adaptation to the new programming model.
The proposed mechanisms achieved fast thread allocation which motivates applications for dynamic thread allocation and benefits performance as well as energy efficiency. The efficiency control and resource revocation mechanisms detect and prevent wasteful and inefficient resource occupation from poorly optimized or malicious processes. In this way, the global efficiency of the system is optimized. The dynamic processing resource allocation and revocation handling has been integrated into a task parallel runtime system, to disburden the application programmer from manual implementation and to increase productivity.
Le philosophe Pyrrhonien : comédie en trois actes ; texte établi d'après l'édition d'Angers, 1761
(2009)
La comédie "Le Philosophe Pyrrhonien" a été publiée en 1761 à Angers, dans le nord de la France. L’auteur de l’oeuvre est Monsieur Martin, professeur au collège de Château-Gontier. Avec sa pièce de théâtre, Martin veut réfuter le scepticisme du philosophe grec Pyrrhon (~360 - ~270 av. J.-C.) et faire connaître à son public la théorie de la connaissance et l’éthique d’Aristote. L’ouvrage, publié à l’apogée des Lumières, est donc aussi -sous une forme voilée- un témoignage des débats philosophiques de son époque.
Le récit "La semaine mémorable" du 24 Juillet 1789 fait partie des descriptions contemporaines qui décrivent en détail les événements survenus à Paris au moment de la prise de la Bastille. Son auteur anonyme se montre un partisan résolu de la Révolution. Il rejette cependant catégoriquement toute anarchie et souhaite que le pouvoir politique passe aux mains des citoyens de la manière la plus ordonnée possible. Il voit son principal adversaire dans la haute noblesse, notamment dans les ministres du roi. Louis XVI est pour lui un souverain qui se range du côté de la population et qui n'est empêché de mettre en pratique sa bonté que par son entourage.
Mémoire sur les Etats généraux, 1er juin 1789 : un manuscrit inconnu de la Révolution Française
(2011)
Le manuscrit "Mémoire sur les Etats généraux", qui est publié ici pour la première fois, fut écrit le 1er juin 1789. D’après son auteur anonyme, la plupart des exigences exprimées dans les cahiers de doléances furent déjà satisfaites par les concessions accordées par Louis XVI. Pour lui, la plus grande différence réside dans les diverses opinions concernant le mode de vote des Etats généraux.
Les commentaires de l’auteur sur les demandes des cahiers de doléances montrent clairement ses convictions politiques. D’une part, il demande la restriction du pouvoir absolu du roi, d’autre part, il veut maintenir le système des trois ordres. Sa position en faveur d’une monarchie forte ne le fait même pas reculer devant une critique envers le roi, certes prudente. Il craint qu’avec l’abolition complète des privilèges, la monarchie ne perde sa raison d’être et trouve sa fin.
A cause de ses opinions conservatrices concernant l’armée et de son appui pour les différences entre les trois ordres, il est fort probable que l’auteur du "Mémoire" ait été membre de l’aristocratie militaire.
Das BULE+/BMEL-Forschungsprojekt DigPion analysiert die Netzwerke und Kooperationsstrategien digitaler Vordenkerinnen und Vordenker im ländlichen Raum. Dazu wurden digitale Pionierinnen und Pioniere mit IKT-Kenntnissen in den Fallregionen Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Baden-Württemberg identifiziert, die soziale Innovationen und regionale Entwicklung in ländlichen Regionen vorantreiben. Die Broschüre umfasst Handlungsempfehlungen für die regionale Governance, um eine nachhaltige räumliche Entwicklung in ländlichen Regionen zu fördern.
In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird das Problem der Auswahl von Antennenstandorten für eine maximale räumliche Abdeckung in 5G-Funknetzen untersucht. Das Hauptziel besteht darin, eine effiziente Lösung für dieses kombinatorische Optimierungsproblem zu finden, indem es als Partial Set Covering Problem formuliert und gelöst wird. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile: Der erste Teil bietet eine Einführung in die mathematischen Grundlagen des Partial Set Covering Problems, einschließlich Definitionen, Formulierung und Lösungsverfahren. Im zweiten Teil wird ein praktischer Ansatz zur Lösung dieses Problems präsentiert, wobei realen Instanzen für die Auswahl von Antennenstandorten analysiert werden. Hierbei werden zwei Hauptfragen untersucht: 1) Wie kann die gegebene Instanz in ein Partial Set Covering Problem umformuliert werden? 2) Wie kann dieses Problem mithilfe eines heuristischen Verfahrens, insbesondere des Simulated-Annealing-Algorithmus, gelöst werden? Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit tragen dazu bei, fundierte Entscheidungen über den Aufbau von 5G-Netzen zu treffen und die Netzwerkabdeckung unter Berücksichtigung von Nebenbedingungen zu maximieren.
For the third time we were able to hold our PhD workshop "Research is Calling" on smart medical devices and systems, this time in Berlin again. This unique workshop brings together young scientists from computer science and medicine to provide a forum to discuss the very latest approaches to smart medical devices and systems. This year, for the first time, it is possible to publish corresponding workshop proceedings via the publication service of the Brandenburg Technical University (BTU). In our view, this format can create true interdisciplinarity because everyone presents their ideas and interim results to colleagues from a wide variety of disciplines and, conversely, hears and sees the latest from many other specialties. This forum is the vehicle for initiating new collaborations and planning joint research projects. The 'Cottbus project' emerged from personal partnerships between 'technicians' and 'physicians' and was planned from the beginning as a platform and an offer: as a platform for free and fully open scientific exchange and discourse, as an offer to all who are interested, also and gladly beyond Brandenburg. Begun as a "PhD Colloquium", Cottbus' "Research is Calling" is an ideas laboratory for young scientists. Cottbus is to establish a university medical faculty in the next few years as part of the structural change program following the coal phase-out. From our point of view, this lab is an important building block to establish cross-sectional issues right at the interface between medicine and technology, a culture of open discourse and scientific dialogue. The workshop covers the following topics in particular: Smart sensors for medical applications, Low-power wearable sensors, artificial intelligence for medical applications, medical robots, algorithms for medical applications, applications and case studies. Despite the pandemic situation the workshop could be held in presence. In five exciting presentations new ideas and cooperation possibilities were shown. Two keynotes (including Alina Nechyporenko, Marcus Frohme as special guests) and a dinner rounded off the program. At this point we would like to thank all participants, the reviewers, and the organizers, Stefan Scharoba and Kathleen Galke. We look forward to establishing this event as permanent and reaching an ever-growing audience.