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In this paper, through a literature review, I clarify the meaning of public space and reflect on theoretical approaches to and methods of assessing the ability of historic public spaces to enhance social sustainability. I explain how the definition of public space and approaches to urban planning share concepts with social sustainability.
Finally, reflecting on examples of empirical research that attempt to
link physical and social components of public spaces, I point out the
methodological strengths and weaknesses in the field.
This study closely examined how oil exploration has caused environmental degradation and untold hardship to the local communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Nigeria is known to be the sixth largest producer of crude oil among the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and thelargest in the African continent. The crude oil that puts Nigeria in this position is being produced in the Niger Delta region of the country. Nigeria’s economy is based on crude oil exports. Despite this enormous wealth coming from the Niger Delta, there is pervasive poverty and despicable environmental damage as a result of crude oil mining activities going on in this region. Suffice it to say that, there is total neglect of the region in terms of infrastructural development and economic empowerment of its local populace by the government and oil companies operating in the region. This has led to youth restiveness and hostage taking in the area. A sound methodological research approach was developed and utilized in this study. Both primary and secondary data were collected from questionnaires, structured interviews, personal observations, relevant literature, documentation from government agencies and oil companies. These data were analyzed, and they synthesized the discussions contained in this study. This study is all about charting a new course in the way the oil companies operating in the Niger Delta region carry out their activities in order to ensure the environmental sustainability of the region, and improve the economy of the rural communities in the region at the same time. It identifies the constraints to effective implementation of Nigeria’s environmental laws and policies especially the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as it concerns oil prospecting, which has hitherto contributed in hindering her environmental sustainability. It also unveils the critical issues concerning the deplorable state of the economy of the local populace of the region. After identifying the various problems contributing to the environmental woes, and the poor economic growth of the region, this research proffers recommendations that should be conscientiously and vigorously implemented to reverse the trend. Although, the oil companies have made some efforts towards providing the necessary infrastructures needed in the region, they need to do more in the area of capacity building, and use of green technologies to ensure healthy environment of their host communities. The government on her part should strengthen the various Ministries and Agencies vested with the responsibility of protecting the Nigerian environment, by providing them with the necessary incentives for maximum efficiency. This study therefore emphasizes a concerted approach from all the stakeholders in the Niger Delta region for the successful implementation of the recommendations herein to ensure the sustainable development of the region, and Nigeria in general.
Cameroon has vast renewable energy resource potentials, with a hydropower potential of about 55,200MW, second only to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa. So far, its energy needs are met by 4.8% hydropower (which accounts for less than 5% of its total hydropower potential), 0% wind and 0% solar. Cameroons’ energy sector still goes through insufficient electrical energy production, especially during the heart of the dry season, which runs from December through March. Coincidentally, the wind and solar power potentials for Cameroon are at their peak during these months and could conveniently supplement for the shortfalls in generation during these periods. In this research, technical analysis were carried out to determine the wind and solar energy resource potentials for Cameroon using the RETScreen software tool provided by CANMET Canada. These analysis revealed that the northern regions of Cameroon had higher wind and solar resource potentials than any other location in Cameroon. A 2MW installed wind energy capacity would be capable of generating well over 1.5GWh electrical energy per year, while a 2KW installed solar energy capacity will be capable of generating well over 3MWh electrical energy per year. In the final sections, financial analysis were carried out to determine the economic viability of such projects and the possibility for self-financing. Emission analyses were also done based on the ability for such projects to offset greenhouse gas emissions and ensure sustainability in the energy sector. The analysis for Maroua revealed that 78.6tCO2/yr for wind and 0.1tCO2/yr for solar could be reduced by those installations. Finally, the legislations and legal frameworks governing the energy sector in Cameroon were dissected to determine possible weaknesses and constraints limiting the use, promotion and development of the full potential of Cameroon’s renewable energy resources.
Heutzutage ist Nachhaltigkeit in allen Lebensaspekten besonders wichtig. Durch den Klimawandel und den übermäßigen Konsum aufgrund des Bevölkerungswachstums, werden die globalen Trinkwasservorräte in großen Maßen ausgenutzt. Um diese negativen Tendenzen zu unterbrechen, sind entsprechende Maßnahmen zur effizienten Nutzung der Wasserressourcen in den urbanen Räumen weltweit zwingend erforderlich. Diese Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem Entwurf für einen effizienten und nachhaltigen Teil des städtischen Bereiches, mit besonderer Betrachtung von Systemen zur Wasserwiederverwendung, Regenwasserbewirtschaftung und Low Impact Development sowie deren Abhängigkeit von regionalen Aspekten. Der Entwurf soll eine Grundlage zur Entwicklung und Planung für urbane Räume in Verbindung mit Wassereffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit in bestimmten Regionen bilden. Auf Grundlage der Bewertung anhand der Kriterien der Gebäudezertifizierung wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Integration der oben beschriebenen Methoden sowohl auf regionaler als auch auf globaler Ebene mehrere Vorteile für Gebäude und deren Umgebung bringen. Es wurde eine Tendenz beim nachhaltigen Bauen, das auf natürliche Systeme und Methoden zurückgreift, erkannt. Heutzutage sollen Gebäude in einer Harmonie mit der Umgebung und der Umwelt gebaut werden, was zur Reduktion der menschlichen Einflüsse auf den Klimawandel führt. Durch die Förderung dieser Art der Entwicklung in urbanen Räumen, können zukünftige Städte zur Bewältigung der Wasserknappheit, Verbesserung der Wasserqualität und Regeneration der Wasserressourcen einen Beitrag leisten. Eine gelungene Planung erfordert jedoch Beobachtungen der vielfältigen Wechselwirkungen sowie der verschiedenen sozialen, ökologischen, ökonomischen, rechtlichen und politischen Aspekte.
Die deutsche Wirtschaft und ihre international anerkannten Qualitätsstandards sind insbesondere von einer hohen Anzahl an kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) geprägt. Diese Unternehmen sind gekennzeichnet von hoher Spezialisierung, traditionsreichen Unternehmensgeschichten mit familiärem Hintergrund und einer regionalen Verwurzelung, aber ebenso auch von begrenzten Ressourcen, limitierter Infrastrukturanbindung, Fachkräftemangel sowie Nachfolgeproblemen. Vor dem Hintergrund der stetig voranschreitenden internationalen Nachhaltigkeitstransformation, die sowohl auf gesellschaftlicher, finanzieller als auch regulatorischer Ebene stattfindet, wird diese Unternehmensgruppe vor große Herausforderungen gestellt. Dennoch liegen hinsichtlich der KMU-Unternehmensgruppe nur begrenzt wissenschaftliche Arbeiten vor, die sich empirisch mit der Integration von nachhaltigen Finanzierungsformen und -zwecken auseinandergesetzt haben. Der vorliegende wissenschaftliche Beitrag ging unter Durchführung einer theoretischen Literaturrecherche und einer empirischen Unternehmensbefragung von 100 deutschen KMU der Frage nach, inwiefern Hemmnisse hinsichtlich der Integration nachhaltiger Finanzierungsformen und -zwecke bestehen. Des Weiteren wurde untersucht inwiefern die Integrationsbereitschaft in Zusammenhang mit charakteristischen Unternehmensmerkmalen wie u. a. der Unternehmensgröße und dem Alter der Unternehmensführung bzw. Ausprägungsmerkmalen von nachhaltigen Finanzierungsformen wie u. a. deren Verständlichkeit und finanzielle Rentabilität stehen. Im Rahmen der empirischen Untersuchung wurden deskriptive Auswertungsformen, Korrelationsanalysen sowie die multiple lineare Regression angewendet. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass hinsichtlich der Unternehmensmerkmale ausschließlich das Alter der Unternehmensführung und die Bedeutung des öffentlichen Unternehmensimages signifikant in einem Zusammenhang mit der Integrationsbereitschaft standen. Ausprägungsmerkmale nachhaltiger Finanzierungsformen konnten hingegen kaum in Zusammenhang mit der Integrationsbereitschaft gesetzt werden, was vermutlich auf den bisher eher gering ausgeprägten diesbezüglichen Kenntnis- und Erfahrungsstand in den Unternehmen zurückgeführt werden kann. Anhand dieser Ergebnissen kann abgeleitet werden, dass in der aktuellen Situation besonders niederschwellige Beratungs- und Informationsangebote sowie eine politische Dialogkultur, die sich an den individuellen Rahmenbedingungen von KMU orientieren, förderlich sein können, um den Wissensstand und die Integrationsbereitschaft auszubauen. Ebenso könnten die gezielte Ansprache durch Finanzpartner sowie wirtschaftliche Anreize in Verbindung mit nachhaltigen Finanzierungsformen und -zwecken dazu führen, dass das Thema stärker in den Unternehmensfokus gerückt werden kann.
Der weltweite Anstieg des Bedarfs an Primärenergie und das Wachstum des weltweiten Bruttoinlandsprodukts geht einher mit der Zunahme damit verbundener Emissionen. Aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Studien zufolge beträgt der Anteil des Energiesektors (Energiewirtschaft, Industrie und Verkehr) 83 % der weltweiten Treibhausgasemissionen. Der Klimawandel und die Projektion der Auswirkungen von Treibhausgasemissionen auf die Atmosphäre werden inzwischen auch auf politischer Ebene akzeptiert und weitergehende Maßnahmen diskutiert. Da aber Zugang zu Elektrizität und nachhaltige Entwicklung untrennbar verknüpft sind, stellt sich die Frage, wie diese Aufgabe innerhalb der nächsten Jahre gelöst werden kann. Weiterhin ergibt sich gleichzeitig durch die verbleibende Laufzeit des aktuellen Kraftwerksparks, je nach Szenario, für Deutschland im Jahr 2020 eine Versorgungslücke von bis zu 12.000 MWh. Ein Teil der Lösung dieser Problematik liegt in der nachhaltigen Gestaltung von Kraftwerken. Die Erstellung der Lebenszyklusanalyse eines GuD-Kraftwerks aus Sicht eines Herstellers in höchster Detailtiefe bildet daher den Hauptbestandteil dieser Arbeit. Erst die Darstellung des gesamten Produktsystems sowie der Bilanzierungsergebnisse ermöglichen das Aufzeigen von Verbesserungspotentialen. Die Systemgrenzen für die Ökobilanz umfassen alle Abschnitte des Produktlebenszyklus (Materialien, Fertigung, Transport, Betrieb, Wartung und End of Life). Die Erfassung der Materialmengen und Energiedaten liefert die Sachbilanz für alle Komponenten und Lebensphasen. In der Interpretation der Ergebnisse der Ökobilanz, insbesondere für die Kategorie Globale Erwärmung in kg CO2e überwiegen die Emissionen der Betriebsphase naturgemäß. Die Ergebnisse wurden aber für alle Wirkungskategorien und Lebensphasen erarbeitet. Auf Basis der erarbeiteten Module der Ökobilanz wurden die Umweltprofile verschiedener Konfigurationen und Betriebsszenarien dargestellt und stehen damit als Entscheidungshilfe bereits während der Produktentwicklung zur Verfügung. Die Darstellung der Auswirkungen von Designentscheidungen auf den ökologischen Fußabdruck des Produktsystems in einer aggregierten Form vereinfacht das Verständnis für Kunden und kann damit in die Kaufentscheidung einbezogen werden. Weiterhin wurde die Basis für ein Reporting der Treibhausgasemissionen nach dem GHG Protokoll erstellt. Die Ergebnisse werden außerdem in Form einer Typ II Produktumwelterklärung nach ISO 14021 veröffentlicht und als Referenzwert für die Berechnung der Emissionsfaktoren für den jeweiligen Strommix bereitgestellt.
Cameroon’s forest is one of the richest ecosystems in the Congo Basin and in Africa as a whole in terms of its biodiversity. These forest types are currently subjected to multiple categories of threats. By enacting a new forestry law in 1994, the government of Cameroon intended to intensify efforts toward the protection and conservation of this rich biodiversity. This study aimed to compare two forest management systems, a state management system (the case of Takamanda National Park) and a community-based management system (the case of Bimbia- Bonadikombo Community Forest), to determine which management system better conserves and protects the forest against biodiversity loss. The study applied a methodological framework that made use of selected indicators and criteria to evaluate the extent of sustainability of the two forest management systems and challenges faced in implementing them. Both quantitative and qualitative results were realized through the administration of questionnaires, semi-structure interview and in-depth contents analysis of Law No.94-1 of 20th January 1994 that lays down forestry, wildlife and fisheries regulations and the 1996 Environmental Management Law that directs Cameroon’s compliance to the international standard of protecting the environment.Results indicated that community-based system of forest management is a much more sustainable approach of forest management than a state management system. Based on the criterion of cultural values attributed to natural resources in the community-based management zone (Bimbia- Bonadikombo Community Forest), 78.2% of the local communities were more willing to protect biodiversity as opposed to 48.3% from state management zone (Takamanda National Park). This study found that the level of participation in the community-based management system was much more inclusive and transparent. On the other hand, in the state management system, a high level of corruption, lack of transparency, delayed and irregular salaries of forest guards and minimal participation of local communities in forest management decision-making was noted and likely responsible for the ineffectiveness and unsustainable management efforts in this system. The study recommends the adoption and implementation of a more inclusive, transparent and accountable management in the state managed system (Takamada national park), particularly the full involvement of respected Elites, Chiefs and Traditional Councils.
Sustainable forest management in 1992 was recognized by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development as the most important contribution the forestry sector can inject into any sustainable development initiative. The author’s extensive literature review established this as the premise on which Ghana‘s quest for sustainable economic growth and development strategies is being implemented. Since embarking on this endeavour, conscious efforts have been made to define essential components of forest resources against which sustainability assessments could be performed in Ghana. The conceptual framework of the present research rests on FAO’s concept on criteria and indicators as useful tools in monitoring progress towards sustainable forest management and resource-use. In addition, an empirical approach seeks to elicit answers from staffs involved in the management of natural resources as well as from other stakeholder groups in order to address four pertinent questions as; i. the specifics of forest management practices and policies that exist in Ghana‘s high forest zone, ii. interactive forces that come into play with the identification and development of national level criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, iii. who constitute the stakeholders and lastly, iv. the extent to which progress towards sustainable forest management has been achieved and in which direction it is moving. First a quantum of forest management policy documents were reviewed out of which applicable criteria and measurable indicators, specific to the high forest zone of Ghana, were identified. Together with stakeholder's involvement, performance scores were established for indicators identified within the trio-sectors (forest ecosystem, forest communities and the economy) for sustainability assessments. Based on actual performance scores, measures of successes towards sustainable forest management operations were quantitatively performed with estimated maximum and minimum thresholds levels at which resource-use would be sustainable using the measure of forest resource-use sustainable scale-MoFRUSS. Outcomes of these measurement operations, as depicted on the scale, revealed the actual extent to which stakeholder’s initiatives, towards sustainable forest management have progressed and in which direction they are moving. The study also offers optional policy baskets for resource management interventions from which the Socio-eco-Economy bundle is the most recommendable if the environmental aspect of Ghana‘s Vision 2015 (sustainable development) is to be achieved; with improved societal well-being, improved environmental health and vitality and improved economic growth and development. The study concludes with recommendations to both policy makers and the other vested stakeholders a viable opportunity which could be harnessed to improve on management‘s performance through avoided deforestation.
Background: Food sustainability is becoming increasingly important for the achievement of sustainable development goals, especially in light of recent global challenges of climate change, geopolitical conflict and the increasing vulnerability of food systems. The world is emphasising the importance of holistic approaches to agriculture and food systems to tackle these challenges. Germany’s Sustainable Development Strategy for 2030 associates SDGs 2, 3 12 and 15 with sustainable agriculture and food systems as crucial elements to achieve these goals. However, with the lack of knowledge in this area, and the scarcity of tools to monitor and assess food sustainability, it has become crucial to investigate potential holistic approaches and frameworks to assess the sustainability of food systems.
Purpose: This study uses the national framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as the only available valid holistic framework, to explore the sustainability of the bread system in Germany. It operationalises the SDGs to bakery level to identify significant indicators that could, potentially, be used to assess the sustainability of artisan bakeries, and identify to which SDGs the bakeries contribute.
Methods: This study utilises a mixed-methods research design to address the multi-disciplinary nature of the food sustainability concept. It critically evaluates the SDG framework and identifies a set of indicators, which are expanded with further indicators to address the cultural dimension of bread as a cultural heritage. To collect data, a 26-item questionnaire was issued to 586 artisan bakeries with a response rate of 8.8% (n = 52); the 52 bakeries own 562 branches. This was followed by interviews with an acceptance rate of 19% (n = 10). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data, while the interviews were transcribed from German to English and coded using NVivo 11.
Results: Sustainable bread is redefined from a holistic perspective encompassing theory, policies and artisan bakeries. The results confirm that bakeries positively contribute to bread sustainability in Germany, as well as towards achieving the national SDGs. Progress areas include energy efficiency, sustainable packaging, local procurement, heritage promotion, waste reduction and ecolabels. Interestingly, individual bakeries appear to be slightly more sustainable than chains due to their flexibility in adapting to new practices and their use of organic products; however, chain bakeries are slightly less sustainable, but are proven to be more efficient in terms of productivity and market reach.
The unprecedented population growth, rising in community living standard and urbanization have left most municipalities in African Countries grappling to find viable solutions to their waste management problems. Improper waste management is attributed to systemic failure of policy makers and municipal authorities to identify the most sustainable approach to dealing with it so as to meet environmental and socio-economic aspirations. This study aims to find a new approach involving people of different social, ethnic, gender and religious groups in the reconstruction of local waste management systems creating typical win-win situations. The main objectives of this research are as follows: • Investigates how gender affects solid waste planning and the influence of different social status of the community especially the role of households. • Examines the level of community involvement in solid waste management in terms of policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. The case study area Cameroon “Africa in miniature” is used to highlight waste management burdens and challenges which are characteristic of most African cities. This research sought to answer one principal question: Can top-down approaches in municipal solid waste management be successful without sufficient community engagement and sense of ownership? Top-down approaches where considered in terms of policies and technology transfer. An integrated methodology was used involving a desk study, field survey for situation analysis, household questionnaire survey, habitat scale, “waste to cash seminar” for stakeholders’ analysis and focus group discussion. The outcome of this holistic investigation reveals a strong concern for a clean environment thus citizens’ participation and awareness creation is so vital to take the message to grass roots level. Municipal waste collection services are more effective when they work in collaboration with community led primary collection from households. It is clear that where a reliable service can be guaranteed communities are willing to pay for it. Building the capacity of communities implies empowering community to sustainably manage their waste. An integration of several factors is vital to increase sustainability. However, this does not undermine the fact that the best implementation in some situations is some sort of a middle ground between Top-down and Bottom-up.