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This thesis contributes to the understanding of the collaborative economic model and its applicability in the development of heritage tourism in rural areas. It does so by examining the conceptual and operational attractiveness of the collaborative economy and by proposing a new collaborative model for tourism development. The first part of the research provides a broad theoretical contextualisation of the collaborative economic model. The main assumption is that the duality between individual and collective values lies at the core of all social interactions, and is essential in understanding the conceptual appeal of the collaborative model. The study draws upon concepts and paradigms from a wide range of academic disciplines to frame this assumption: moral philosophy, religion, history, national and political narratives, neuroscience, evolutionary biology, psychology, anthropology and World Heritage discourses. It continues with an analysis of this duality within various theoretical models in the history of Western political economy, and argues that the search for an ideal model of economic policy represented a constant balancing act between individualist or collective goals. The thesis further investigates this duality at the microeconomic level, in relation to specific aspects of economic behaviour: motivation, interaction, ownership, and modes of consumption. The research continues to examine the key characteristics of the collaborative economy, as an emerging model that challenges the structures of the dominant market economy. It demonstrates how the collaborative economy provides an ingenious manner to reconcile individual interests with a sense of community and cooperative action, developing a narrative that rehabilitates the social nature of economic activities. The second part of the thesis investigates the operational attractiveness of a potential collaborative tourism model. It explores the perspectives of both the providers (hosts) and the consumers (tourists) of travel experiences. With the help of data collected from a survey conducted at four selected locations in Romania (Hrabusna, Breaza de Sus) and India (Bhavikeri, Gokarn), the study identifies a high level of acceptance from potential hosts towards a small-scale collaborative tourism model. Similarly, data collected from an online survey offers valuable insights into the tourists’ acceptance of a collaborative tourism model and the functional aspects of its implementation. Finally, the thesis proposes a new collaborative model for small-scale heritage tourism in rural areas – sharitage. The findings of this research provide a good basis for the elaboration of new socio-economic practices that would generate development opportunities and transparent benefits for vulnerable communities in rural areas, respond to the growing tourist demand for immersive, locally contextualised travel experiences, and contribute to the safeguarding of traditional knowledge and practices.
Cultural landscapes have become categories of increasing use in the nominations to the World Heritage, because they provide frameworks for the integration of alternative understandings of heritage into the List. Nevertheless, the concept of cultural landscape takes its roots within a Western naturalist ontology. By assuming this ontology the interpretation of heritage sites is based on the division between nature and culture. The lack of a model of protection designed for the integration of all categories of heritage is evident, with the models used following the culture/nature and tangible/intangible divides.
In order to study this problem, a comparative approach has been used. Two sites from mountain areas have been selected as case studies. The Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park in Spain has been part of the transnational mixed cultural and natural heritage property in the World Heritage List Pyrenees/Mont Perdu since 1997, shared with France. The Archaeological Park of Ollantaytambo, neighbor to the Sanctuary of Machu Picchu in Peru, is included in the serial and transnational property Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System inscribed in the List in 2014. These sites are protected under two different models: the first focused on the conservation of nature and the second on the conservation of the past. Nevertheless, both sites have been nominated as cultural landscapes based on the presence of Intangible Cultural Heritage maintained by agropastoral communities inhabiting them. The focus is to put in question the relevance of the concepts of conservation and sustainability in these contexts and to propose landscape management as an alternative that implies maintenance and at the same time adaptation to change.
The methodological design is based on a qualitative approach. The focus is the analysis of the ‘emergent landscape management’, defined as a self-organized process resulting from the interactions between the most influential actors in landscapes – the state, local communities and visitors -, ultimately leading to synergies between these actors’ practices.
The results show that, first, the diversity of approaches to the notion of “landscape” entails the lack of precision of the object to be conserved. The definition set in the Operational Guidelines of the 1972 World Heritage Convention presents the concept from different epistemological perspectives. Contrasted with the criteria under which these sites have been justified as World Heritage Cultural Landscapes, an inherent contradiction is evident between the models of protection and the continuity of the way of life of local communities that represent their heritage value. Second, three landscapes have been identified based upon the model of the emergent landscape management: the landscape as a container; the landscape as habitat; and the landscape as picture. Three sets of maps, corresponding with each group of actors portray the results. Nevertheless, the groups and its understandings are not close. Key actors have been found playing roles in different groups. An overlay of the maps shows the potential for common ground connected by the key actors. Finally, even if these sites represent particular cases, they exemplify the need to reflect upon the inherent contradictions of the current conservation system. In order to develop comprehensive strategies for the viability of cultural landscapes alternatives for the continuity and autonomy of local communities need to be reflected upon.
„Das ist ja wie im Museum!“ ist eine Aussage, der wir bei der Beschreibung von denkmalgeschützten Orten begegnen. Doch wie lässt sich Musealität für den städtischen Kontext definieren und messen? Welche Gründe gibt es für Musealität und wie kann sie gelenkt werden? Ausgangspunkt und Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Beschreibung „wie im Museum“ wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen und eine Grundlage dafür zu liefern, dass Veränderungsprozesse, die zu Musealität führen, in Planungsprozessen berücksichtigt werden können. Der Begriff Musealität und der Prozess der Musealisierung werden durch die Arbeit für den städtischen Zusammenhang von denkmalgeschützten, touristisch genutzten Zonen definiert. Dafür werden Musealitätsmerkmale benannt und Funktionsveränderungen, Kontextveränderungen und Veränderungen in der Aneignung öffentlicher Räume analysiert. Es wird dargestellt, welche Musealisierungshandlungen zu welchen Veränderungen führen und welche Rollen dem Denkmalschutz und dem Fremdenverkehr in Welterbeortschaften zukommen. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschreibt Untersuchungsmethoden mit der Musealität dokumentiert und ihrer Gründe analysiert werden können. Drei Feldstudien in spanisch-kolonialen Welterbestädten (Trinidad auf Kuba, Guanajuato in Mexiko und Vigan auf den Philippinen) veranschaulichen die Anwendung der Methoden. Aus den im Feld gewonnenen Dokumentationsergebnissen wird ein System von räumlichen und zeitlichen Musealitätsmustern abgeleitet. Es wird ein Spektrum an Abhängigkeiten aufgezeigt, die den Veränderungsprozess Musealisierung prägen. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick darauf gegeben, wie Veränderungsprozesse, die zu Musealität führen, in Planungsprozesse einbezogen werden können. Der Ausblick zeigt Möglichkeiten für die Lenkung der Veränderungsprozesse und stellt die Rolle der entwickelten Untersuchungsmethoden für Planungsprozesse dar.