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Das Internet der Dinge (IoT) und drahtlose Sensor-Netzwerke (WSNs) sind grundlegende Konzepte für die Vernetzung der heutigen globalen Informationsgesellschaft, die auf kleinen drahtlosen Geräten basiert. Wenn die Funktionalitäten oder Daten dieser Geräte manipuliert werden, kann der potenzielle Schaden erheblich sein. Daher ist die Sicherung der Datenübertragung zwischen diesen Geräten mithilfe von Kryptografie entscheidend. Die Sicherheit kryptografischer Algorithmen hängt jedoch von der Geheimhaltung der kryptografischen Schlüssel ab, die aufgrund der physischen Zugänglichkeit anfällig sein können. Side-Channel-Angriffe können diese Anfälligkeit ausnutzen, indem sie physikalische Parameter nutzen, die mit dem Betrieb kryptografischer Chips verbunden sind, wie z. B. die elektromagnetische Strahlung während kryptografischer Operationen.Als Antwort auf diese Herausforderung wurde in dieser Arbeit das "Leakage Source Cartography Tool" (LSC-Tool) entwickelt, um die Analyse der elektromagnetischen Strahlung in den elliptischen Kurvenkryptografie-Designs des IHP zu beschleunigen. Das LSC-Tool ermöglicht die automatisierte Auswertung von Sätzen von elektromagnetischen Traces, die aus verschiedenen Messpositionen über einen kryptografischen Chip gewonnen wurden. Die Analyse führt zu einer "Leakage Source Map" (LS-Map), die den Erfolg von elektromagnetischen Analyseangriffen an jeder Messposition darstellt. Dieses Tool bietet eine kostengünstige und schnelle Möglichkeit, die Widerstandsfähigkeit kryptografischer Designs gegen Angriffe zu bewerten, und bietet Designern Einblicke in die anfälligsten Bereiche des Chips sowie Informationen über den Leakage pro Taktzyklus.Durch den Einsatz des LSC-Tools wurde der Widerstand von zwei IHP ECC-Designs gegen horizontale differentielle elektromagnetische Analyseangriffe an 25 Messpositionen getestet. Die statistische Analyse von Traces kann mit drei Methoden durchgeführt werden: der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate, dem Difference-of-means-Test oder der Difference-of-the-mean-Methode. Die generierten LS-Maps zeigen, dass die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Methoden unterschiedliche Anzeichen für Leakagestellen liefert. Die Kombination dieser Karten erhöht die Erfolgsrate des Angriffs. Beachtenswert ist, dass im Laufe dieser Forschung klar wurde, dass das LSC-Tool angepasst werden kann, um LS-Maps für die funktionellen Blöcke von ECC-Designs zu erstellen und so die Analyse simulierter Power-Traces für das IHP ECC-Designs zu ermöglichen.
Mathematically, cryptographic approaches are secure. This means that the time an attacker needs for finding the secret by brute forcing these approaches is about the time of the existence of our world. Practically, an algorithm implemented in hardware is a device that generates a lot of additional data during the calculation process. Its power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, etc. can be measured, saved and analysed for key extraction. Such attacks are called side channel analysis attacks and are significant threats when applying cryptographic algorithms. By considering these attacks when implementing a cryptographic algorithm, it is possible to design an implementation that is more resistant against them.
The goal of this thesis was to design a methodology to securely implement the Montgomery kP-operation using an IHP implementation as a starting point. In addition, the area and energy consumption of the secure Montgomery kP-multiplier should still be highly efficient. The resistance against power analysis attacks of two different IHP ECC implementations was analysed in this thesis. A horizontal power analysis attack using the difference-of-means test was performed with the goal of finding potential leakage sources exploited in side channel analysis attacks, i.e. finding the reasons of a correct extraction of the cryptographic key. For both analysed ECC designs, four key candidates were extracted with a correctness of 90% or more. Through analysis of the implemented Montgomery kP-algorithm’s functionality and its power consumption, it was established that the algorithm’s operation execution flow was the main cause of the implementations’ vulnerability. Thus, a design methodology consisting in changing the Montgomery kP-algorithm operation flow was developed. As a result, the re-designed implementations do not deliver any correctly extracted key candidates whenever the difference-of-means test is performed on them. These re-designs implied an increase on the chip area by about 5% for each implementation. The execution time needed for performing a complete kP-operation was reduced for both designs. Thereby one implementation’s execution time was reduced by 12% in comparison to its original version and even though its power consumption was increased by 9%, its energy consumption per kP-operation was reduced by 4.5%.
Mathematically, cryptographic approaches are secure. This means that the time an attacker needs for finding the secret by brute forcing these approaches is about the time of the existence of our world. Practically, an algorithm implemented in hardware is a device that generates a lot of additional data during calculation. Its power consumption, electromagnetic radiation etc. can be measured, saved and analysed for the key extraction. Such attacks - the side channel analysis attacks (SCA attacks) - are significant threats when applying cryptographic algorithms. By taking the issue of physical attacks into consideration when implementing a cryptographic algorithm, it is possible to design an implementation that is resilient - at least to a certain extend - against side channel analyses. In this report, we give implementation details of the IHP accelerator for the elliptic curve point multiplication. We analysed the implemented algorithm ow and its power consumption using simulated power traces for the 130nm CMOS IHP technology. We made a horizontal power analysis attack using the difference-of-means test with the goal of finding potential SCA leakage sources, i.e. finding the operations in the algorithmic ow that are responsible for the correct extraction of the cryptographic key.