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This dissertation proposes a cross-layer framework able to synergistically optimize resilience and power consumption of processor-based systems. It is composed of three building blocks: SWIELD multimodal flip-flop (FF), System Operation Management Unit (SOMU) and Framework Function Library (FFL). Implementation of the building blocks is performed at circuit, architecture and software layer of the system stack respectively. The SWIELD FF can be configured to operate as a regular flip-flop or as an enhanced flip-flop for protection against timing/radiation-induced faults. It is necessary to perform replacement of selected timing-critical flip-flops in a system with SWIELD FFs during design time. When the system is active, the SWIELD FFs operation mode is dynamically managed by the SOMU controller according to the current requirements. Finally, the FFL contains a set of software procedures that greatly simplify framework utilization. By relying on the framework, a system can intelligently interchange techniques such as Adaptive Voltage/Frequency Scaling, selective Triple Modular Redundancy and clock gating during operation. Additionally, a simple and convenient strategy for integration of the framework in processor-based systems is also presented. A key feature of the proposed strategy is to determine the number of SWIELD FFs to be inserted in a system. Using this strategy, the framework was successfully embedded in instances of both single- and multicore systems. Various experiments were conducted to evaluate the framework influence on the target systems with respect to resilience and power consumption. At expense of about 1% area overhead, the framework is able to preserve performance and to reduce power consumption up to 15%, depending on the number of SWIELD FFs in the system. Furthermore, it was also shown that under certain conditions, the framework can provide failure-free system operation.
An empirical and simulation-based assessment of tree growth in temperate alley-cropping systems
(2020)
The potential of biomass generated from dedicated energy crops, used in short-rotation coppices (SRC), progressively grows recognition as a flexible primary source for the generation of energy, heat, fuel, and bio-based materials and chemicals. The alley-cropping systems (ACSs), which can integrate tree strips managed as SRC into agriculturally managed fields, are often regarded as an adaptable multi-crop land-use strategy that can provide ecological and economic benefits. The research aim of the present dissertation has focused on investigating the prospective implications of different site-specific conditions and scenarios on tree growth in ACSs with SRC, thus incorporating several experimental and simulation-based studies. For this, the ability of a process-oriented, eco-physiological tree growth model was investigated in order to (i) impute missing empirical data, thus securing a reliable repository of tree growth characteristics, (ii) simulate the tree growth in terms of woody biomass production in strong relation to the interactions with adjacent crops and their respective resource capture, (iii) predict and evaluate the tree growth sensitivity to prospective climate changes, thus performing risk assessments for the near and distant future, and (iv) derive and assess the land equivalent ratio (LER) and gross energy yield for different climatic, soil, and management scenarios. The findings have corroborated the potential tree growth vulnerability to prospective climatic changes, particularly to changes in water availability, and have underlined the importance of coping management strategies in SRC for forthcoming risk assessments and adaptation scenarios. Both LER and gross energy yields had resulted in a convex curve where the maximum values were achieved when either the tree or crop component was dominant (>75% of the land area) and minimum when these components shared similar proportions of land area. Collectively, the implications of different site-specific conditions and scenarios on tree growth in ACSs with SRC have been investigated in order to improve the decision-making, optimization, and adaptation of such systems. Last but not least, this dissertation has emphasized the considerable potential of modelling approaches in ACSs, as they can impute missing data from scarce available data and simulate tree and crop yields for specific site-conditions in a non-intrusive, inexpensive, and prompt way while supporting early site-setup planning.
This thesis is a combined work of understanding the high temperature oxidation chemistry of cycloalkanes viz. methylcyclohexane based on previously developed cyclohexane and extending it to generate the larger n-propylcyclohexane chemical kinetic mechanism. The detailed kinetic reaction mechanism model for the oxidation of 1-hexene previously developed has been added to account for the ring opening of cyclohexane forming 1-hexene. As an update to the publication, preference of allylic H-abstractions from 1-hexene has been taken into account and retro-ene reaction producing propene has been added. The complete model is composed of 329 species and 2065 reactions with 3796 reversible elementary reactions. Further, these models have been validated against different experiments such as shock tubes, jet stirred reactors and laminar flames to cover full range of temperatures, pressures and equivalence ratios making the models comprehensive and was found to be adequate to satisfactorily reproduce the experimental data. The allylic radicals (C₆H₁₁-D1R3) preferred abstractions from 1-hexene improves the C₆H₁₁ profiles in the 1-hexene model. But it also influences the otherwise isomerization path of C₆H1₁₁-D1R6 to CYC₆H₁₁ (Cyclohexyl radical) which would further form cyclohexene (CYC₆H₁₀). It is observed that CYC₆H₁₀ profiles in 1-hexene flames and cyclohexane speciation are over-predicted. The major decomposition pathway of the cycloalkanes is through H-abstractions on the ring. The path which leads towards ring opening to form olefin is observed for cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane but is very low. The fulvene pathway influence on benzene profiles of 1-hexene is obvious but do not seem to affect the cycloalkanes. This infers there are other benzene formation pathways in cycloalkanes. Some possible pathways would be the dehydrogenation of dienes and dehydrogenation of cyclo-olefins.
The main idea of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the fine resolution CLM model in the state of Brandenburg Germany, create a bias correction method and reanalyze the climate signals of the corrected simulations on projections of the 21st century. The bias correction method is a distribution oriented method and the analysis is mainly focused on the extreme events such as 95 and 5 percentile daily temperatures and 95 percentile daily precipitations in a period of 30 years, but also includes seasonal temperature, daily temperature difference and monthly precipitation to demonstrate the effectiveness of the correction method. The results showed that the correction method was very effective on different variables. After correction, the extreme daily temperature bias was reduced from a cold bias of 1-2K to less than 0.1K. The corrected projection simulations suggested that the extreme temperatures were about to increase both in intensity and in frequency. The extreme precipitation after correction was meant to become more severe and frequent as well.
Gekoppelte fluidmechanische Modelle für Desinfektionsvorgänge und deren Effizienz in UV-Reaktoren
(2005)
Ziel der Dissertation ist es, mikrobiologische, biophysikalische, optische und fluidmechanische Ansätze von einem theoretischen Standpunkt derart zu vereinen, dass für den betreffenden Anwendungsfall mit einem durchgängigen Rechengang der optimale UV-Reaktor dimensioniert werden kann. Ein solches die Einzeldisziplinen verbindendes Modell erhält die Bezeichnung Gekoppeltes Fluidmechanisches Modell (GFM) bzw. wenn weitere Gesichtspunkte eine Rolle spielen Gekoppelte Fluidmechanische Modelle. Dieses Ziel wurde durch die Formulierung und die Aufstellung der entsprechenden Gleichungssysteme erreicht. Für diesen Zweck wurden aufbauend auf dem Erkenntnisstand der Einzeldisziplinen die adäquaten Ergebnisse und Modellansätze ausgewählt und mathematisch erprobt. Eine repräsentative Auswahl der derzeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seitens der Industrie verwendeten UV-Reaktorkonstruktionen wurden untersucht und bewertet. Die im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickelten Gekoppelten Fluidmechanische Modelle (GFM) wurden unter dem Aspekt eines theoretischen Modellreaktors und einer konkreten technischen Anwendung (Praxisreaktor) sowie deren Erweiterung durch die Variation eines Konstruktionsparameters, in numerische Berechnungen getestet. Vorliegende meßtechnische in der Praxis des Betriebs von Schwimmbädern gewonnene Ergebnisse dienten als experimenteller Hintergrund. Der Inhalt der Arbeit ist derart aufbereitet, dass die Ansätze und Verfahrensvorschläge für die Einbindung in ein existierendes CFD-software-Paket geeignet sind oder in einer kombinierten Form genutzt und angewendet werden können (spread-sheet-Lösung). Während der Analyse wurde eine Klassifizierungsmethode entwickelt, die sich auf den technischen Details der Reaktorkonstruktionen und auf den in diesen verwendeten Plasma - Strahlungsquellen gründet.